by Tony Horwitz
22
Viking longship, from the Bayeux Tapestry (by special permission of the City of Bayeux).
34
Courtesy of the Rooms Provincial Museum, Newfoundland. Original in the Beothuk Collection.
52
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, Americae pars quarta, Frankfurt, 1594.
60
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias, Seville, 1535.
62
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From André Thevet, La cosmographie universelle, Paris, 1575.
64
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Lorenz Fries, Uselegun der Mer Carthen, Strasbourg, 1527.
78
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Mundus novus, Antwerp, ca. 1507.
86
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias, Seville, 1535.
115
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Bernardo de Vargas Machuca, Milicia y descripcion de las Indias, Madrid, 1599.
119
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Juan de Tovar, Historia de la benida de los yndios, Mexico, ca. 1585.
148
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, Brevissima relacion, Frankfurt, 1598.
156
Courtesy of Glasgow University Library, Department of Special Collections. From Diego Muñoz Carmargo, Descripción de la Ciudad y provincial de Tlaxcala, Mexico, ca. 1580.
162
Photograph by Ben Wittick. Courtesy Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe, negative number 016054.
181
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Francisco López de Gómara, Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias, Zaragoza, 1553.
207
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Antonia de Herrera y Tordesillas, Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos, Madrid, 1601–15.
235
Courtesy of Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
246
Courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol. By William H. Powell, commissioned 1847, purchased 1855.
263
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, America, Pt. 2, Frankfurt, 1591.
269
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, America, Pt. 2, Frankfurt 1591.
296
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Delle navigationi et viaggi, Venice, 1606.
317
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, Grands Voyages, pt. 1, Frankfurt, 1590.
318
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From Theodor de Bry, Grands Voyages, pt. 1, Frankfurt, 1590.
331
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From John Smith, The generall historie of Virginia, London, 1624.
335
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From John Smith, The generall historie of Virginia, London, 1624.
347
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. From John Smith The generall historie of Virginia, London, 1624.
375
Courtesy of John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Les voyages du sieur de Champlain, Paris, 1613.
INDEX
Entries in italics refer to illustrations.
Aberdeen, Mississippi, 247
Account (Cabeza de Vaca), 121, 125–26, 128–30
Acoma Pueblo (Sky City), 167, 168–72, 174
“Act to Preserve Racial Integrity” (Virginia, 1924), 351
Adams, Bill, 282–83
Adams, Henry, 340
adobe brick, 153
Adolfo “El Nazi” (Mexican guide), 136–37
Advertisements for the unexperienced Planters of New-England, or anywhere (Smith), 368
Africa
humans migrate out of, 19
route to Orient and, 52–54, 69
African Americans
brought as slaves to Americas, 61, 87–88, 98, 117
Indians and, 315–16, 361–67
Jamestown and, 364–66
Mississippi Delta and, 249
Plymouth and, 384 St. Augustine and, 280
Southwest and, 148–49
Agoyo, Herman, 173
AIDS, 102–3
Alabama, 231, 240–41
Alabama River, 231, 240
Alarcón, Hernando de, 159–61
Alberta, Canada, 39
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 166, 175
Alcalde, New Mexico, 167, 171–73
Algonquian Indians, 316, 334, 337, 361, 386
Alligator River, 305, 312
Amadis de Gaula, 118–19
Amazons, 77–78, 78
America. See also specific sites and towns
Columbus and, 46, 50–51
desire to learn pre-Mayflower, history of, 3–7
founding of, and of myth vs. history, 387–90
named after Vespucci, 79
American Historical Association, 178
American Indian Movement, 211
America Not Discovered by Columbus, 15
Anacaona, 97–98
Anastasia Island, 287
Anderson, Job, 18–19
Anglo, markings on El Morro, 167–68
Anglo-American Protestants,, 6
Indians and, 147–49
Spanish in Southwest and, 178
Angola, Maryland, 364
Anhaica, 213–15, 216
anthropologists, 153
Antietam, Battle of, 239
Antilles, 132
Apache Pass, 146
Apaches, 151, 158, 161
Apalachee Indians, 123, 208, 213–15, 262
Appalachian Mountains, 5, 215, 227, 231
apples, 230
archaeology
Anhaica site in Tallahassee, 213–15
Cofitachequi and, 223–25
Concepción de la Vega in Dominican Republic and, 104–5
De Soto and, in Bradenton, 212–13
De Soto’s route in Southeast and, 220–21
Etowah and, 233–35
Floydada and Blanco Canyon and, 185–86
Jamestown and, 341–43
La Isabela and, 110
Mavila and, 241
Norse graves and, 44–45
Norse site at L’Anse, 22–23, 30–31
St. Augustine and, 285
Zuni at Hawikuh and, 155–58
Argall, Samuel, 343–44
Arizona
Alarcón and, 159–61
Coronado and, 137–59, 141
Arkansas, 248, 253–58
Arkansas City, 248, 258–60
Armada, Capitán General de la, 68
arrowheads, 157
Asia, 19, 50–51, 78, 154
Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 340
Atahualpa, 120, 199, 222, 237
Athens, Georgia, 218–19
Atkins, Ken, 235
Augusta, Georgia, 216
Austin, Stephen, 148
Azores, 66–67, 297
Aztec, 6, 117–19, 119, 157
Bad Land (El Mal País), 166
Bahamas, 56, 58–59, 67–68
Bailey, James, 365–66
Balaguer, Joaquín, 80
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 117
Bangor, Maine, 4
barbecue, 88
Barlowe, Arthur, 298
baseball, 389–90
&nb
sp; Basque fishermen, 33, 372
Bay D’Espoir, 35
Bayeux Tapestry, 22
Bayou Boggy, Arkansas, 258
Beak Point, Newfoundland, 27–28
beans, 146, 230, 317
Beaufort, South Carolina, 267, 274
beaver, 33, 36
33–37, 34, 44
Berkeley Plantation, 387
Beverley, Robert, 356
Bierce, Ambrose, 95
blackflies, 33
black legend (a leyenda negra), 148–49, 148, 179
Blanco Canyon, 183, 185–86
Block Island, 388
Blue Ridge Mountains, 227
Bohio Island, 63
Bolling, Jane Rolfe, 350
Bolling, Robert, 350
Bolton, Herbert, 176, 178–79
Book of Mormon, 233
Book of Prophecies, The (Columbus),51
“Borderlands Festival,” 140
Bornfriend, Carl, 321–23
Boston, Massachusetts, 376
Bowman, Richard, 363–67
Bradenton, Florida, 200–201, 209–12, 216
Bradford, William, 1, 6, 367, 374–75, 377
Brazil, 129
Brewster, William, 329
Brown Man, 30
buffalo, 6, 43, 150, 165, 180, 181, 186, 188–90, 192, 255
Burke, Tim, 201–6, 260
Burroughs, William, 196
butternut, 32
caballeros, 118
Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez, 121–31, 122–23, 133, 137–38, 160, 200, 255
Cabot, John, 294, 295
Cacique, 69
Cahokia mounds, 233
Calafia, queen of Amazons, 388
Calderon’s Company, 200–206
California, 5, 327, 388
Calusa Indians, 205
Calvin, John, 266
Calvinism, 270, 276, 291, 379–80
Camden, South Carolina, 216
Camilo, Bishop Antonio, 104
Canada, 23–24, 37, 39
Canary Islands, 54–55, 61, 121
Canibales (Caribs), 70
cannibalism, 63–64, 64, 66, 267–68, 294
Canoabo (artist), 95–96, 99–114
Canoabo (Indian cacique), 69, 96–98
canoes, 59, 60, 88
Cape Cod, 1, 372, 373, 374, 380
Cape Verde, 384
caravels, 52–54
Caribbean, 4, 69
Carib Indians, 64–66, 70, 85, 86
caribou, 33
Carlos II, King of Spain, 288
Carolinas, 4
Caroline Fort, La, 268–81, 291, 294–95
National Memorial, 271–72, 274, 276–78
Cartier, Jacques, 17
cassava, 88
Castañeda, Pedro de, 197–98
Castro, Fidel, 68
Catawba Indians, 225–27
catfish, 247
Catholic Church, 48, 51, 68, 86–87, 117–19, 124, 127, 148, 154, 160, 163, 171, 175–76, 193, 266, 275–81, 286–87, 289, 291–92
centipede, giant, 142
Central America, 76
Cervantes, Miguel de, 199
Champlain, Samuel de, 375, 375
Charles City County, Virginia, 363, 365
Charles I, King of Spain, 118
Charles II, King of England, 356
Charles River, 376
Charlotte, North Carolina, 216
Cheatham, Richard, 349
Cherokee Indians, 232
Chesapeake Bay, 280, 302–3, 305, 310, 320, 328, 332, 333
Chesapeake Indians, 310, 325
Chesnut, Mary, 225–26
Chicasa, 244
Chichilticale, 141, 142–43, 146
Chickahominy Indians, 363–64, 367
Chief Coosa Welcomes De Soto to Childersburg (mural), 247
Childersburg, Alabama, 231, 247
China, 63, 83
chivo guisado (fricasse kid), 75
Choctaw Indians, 262
cholla, 142
Christianity. See also Calvinism; Catholic Church; Huguenots; Protestants; Puritans
Apalachee Indians and, 214–15
Micmac and, 35–37
Norse and, 15, 22, 25
Cibao, 64, 70, 97, 102, 103–5, 111–12
Cibola, 131–33, 141, 143–46, 149–58, 156, 160, 191. See also Zuni
Cicuique pueblo (Pecos Pueblo), 165–66, 167
Cimarron National Grassland, 183, 187–88
civil rights movement, 366
Civil War, 175, 218, 221, 225–26, 239, 249, 304, 340, 381
Clifton, Arizona, 141, 146–47, 149
Cochise County, Arizona, 142–43
cocido (salt pork and garbanzo bean stew), 290
cod fishery, 23–24, 28, 30
Cofitachequi, 216, 221–27, 240
cohoba (hallucinogenic powder), 85
Colbourne, Clayton, 27–29
Cole’s Hill, 376–77, 382, 385
Coligny, Gaspard de, 266–68
Collapse (Diamond), 45
Colonial Spanish Quarter museum, 282–83
Colorado River, 159
Columbia, South Carolina, 216
Columbus, Diego (brother), 70
Columbus, Diego (son), 81, 82, 84
Columbus, Ferdinand (son), 48–49, 77
Columbus Day, 48, 67, 226
Dominican Republic and, 84–85, 88–94
Columbus (Don Cristóbal Colón), 3–5, 7, 9, 47–71, 52, 56–57, 60, 64, 75–81, 86, 96–97, 103–7, 109–13, 117, 120, 285, 286
bones of, 80–85, 89–94
death of, 76–77
jinx, in Dominican Republic, 80
journals of, 49, 54–55, 66–67, 87
Concepción de la Vega, Dominican
Republic, 102, 104–6, 109
Concord (ship), 372–73
Conne River, Newfoundland, 32, 35–37
conquistador reenactors, 200–206
Constantinople, 52
Continental Divide, 166
conversos (converted Jews), 54
Cook, Pocahontas, 357
Cook, Warren, 356–61
Cooperstown, New York, 389–90
Coosa, 230–36, 231, 240, 247
copper, 149, 234
Copper Era, The (newspaper), 146
Corazones, Valley of Los, 137
Corley, Lyn, 275–78, 286–89
Corley, Ted, 277–78
Cormack, W. E., 34–35
Cornelius, Rev. Elias, 232
corn (maize), 88, 146, 191, 230, 233, 290, 317, 337, 381
cornmeal lines, 154
Coronado, Father (present-day priest), 137
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 121, 134–51, 155–60, 163, 165–66, 168, 176–98
present-day memories of, 146–49, 153
route of, 141, 167, 166–68, 183
Coronado Heights, Kansas, 183, 193–96
Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (Boldon), 176
Coronado National Memorial, 139–42, 141
Coronado Peak, 140
Coronado Pit (copper mine), 149
Coronado Scenic Trail (Devil’s Highway), 150–51
Coronado State Monument, New Mexico, 167, 175–76
Coronado Trail, 146–47, 151
Cortés, Hernán, 117–20, 133, 199
Costa Rica, 113
Cotten, Sallie Southall, 314
Counterblaste to Tobacco, A (King James), 319
Cow Ford, 276
cows, 68
“Creations Myths of Cooperstown, The” (Gould), 389
Cree Indians, 39
Creek Indians, 215, 236, 262, 353
Croatoan (Hatteras Island), 303, 305, 309–12, 321–25
Croatoan Indians, 311–12, 315
Cuba, 56, 62–65, 68, 70, 81–82, 117, 209, 287
Cuetera, Dan, 378–80
Cumberland Gap, 135
Cuneo, Michele de, 69
Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 153–54
Custalow, Gertrude, 363
Cuttyhunk Island, Massachusetts, 6–7, 372, 373
Damp, Jonathan, 155–58
Daniel, Burl, 185
Daniels, Marty, 223–27
Dare, Ananias, 303
Dare, Elenor White, 303–4
Dare, Virginia, 21, 303–4, 306–7, 313–14, 319, 322
Daytona Beach, Florida, 120
“Day of Mourning,” 382
Deaf Smith County, Texas, 182–84
Decker, George, 29
Decker, Lloyd, 29–30
Decker, Loretta, 29–30, 32
Decker, Madge, 29–30
Declaration of Independence, 365
deer and venison, 290, 360, 381
Degree of Pocahontas, 351–54
Delaware, 332
De La Warr, Lord, 343
Dermer, Thomas, 374
Descendants of Ancient Planters, 366
De Soto, Georgia, 216, 218
De Soto, Hernando, 121, 198, 199–201, 203–4, 206–28, 207, 237–40, 242–60, 297, 336
“coffin” of, 258–59
Discovery of the Mississippi painting of, 245–46, 246, 262
encampment, archaeological excavation of, 213–15
Etowah and, 233–34
reenactment, 211
route of, 216, 219–21, 229–45, 231, 248
De Soto Celebration, later Florida Heritage Festival, 211
De Soto Chronicles, The, 219–20, 241–43, 254–55, 260
DeSoto County, Mississippi, 247
De Soto Historical Society, 200
parade, 209–11
De Soto National Memorial, 200
De Soto Trail, 220–21
Diamond, Jared, 45
Dias, Bartholomew, 53
Discovery of the Mississippi (painting), 245–46, 246, 262
Disney World and Epcot Center, 283
Dodge City, 183
Dominica, 69
Dominican Republic, 56, 69, 72–114, 102
Taino Indians in, 85–88, 95–96
Donne, John, 293
Dorantes, Andrés, 130
Doubleday, Abner, 389–90
Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain), 157–58
Drake, Sir Francis, 302, 324, 327, 368
Drayton, Michael, 326
Dredge Spoil Island, Florida, 271
drought, 325, 342
duck, 360
Dust Bowl, 186–87, 190
Dvorák, Antonín, 47
Dye, Sandra, 351–53
Eager, Arizona, 141, 151
Earth, shape of, and Columbus, 50–51
Earth, Texas, 183, 184
