by Dan Snow
14. Montcalm to de la Molé, 24 August 1759, Quebec, in LAC, MG 18 N 18, VII.
INDEX
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Abenaki of St François (Native Americans) 66, 129, 170, 212, 294
Abercrombie, General James 52, 160, 242, 307, 309
Acadia 68, 73, 108, 109, 161, 168, 257, 333
Admiralty 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 37, 96-7, 115, 290, 298, 403
‘advance to contact’ 346-7
Adventure 317
Albany 20, 52, 192, 306, 309
Alberta 53
Alderney 81
Algonquian (Native Americans) 129
Allegheny Mountains 3, 5, 127
American Revolution xviii, 332, 370, 425, 426
Amherst, Major General Jeffrey 100, 194, 266, 283, 348, 383, 418; 15th Regiment of Foot and 27, 96; lands on Île d’Orléans 96; on former French soldiers serving in British units 22; orders enemy messengers to be kept outside camp defences 146-7; prohibits scalping 260; push towards Montreal 102, 187, 195, 243, 250, 276, 286, 288, 289, 298, 305, 306, 307-8, 325, 418; thin red line, belief in 349; threatens southern invasion route into Quebec 66; Wolfe, communication with 15-16, 177, 286
Ancienne Lorette 360, 361
Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-42 5-6
Anglo-Saxon model, British victory in Quebec and dominance of xvii, 424
Anglo-Zulu War, 1879 5
Ann and Elisabeth 90
Annapolis 23, 68
Annual Register 262
Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty, George 96-7, 403
Anstruther, Lieutenant-General Robert 139, 385
Atalante 58
atrocities: British xxi-xxii, 252-62, 280-1, 308; French 418; Native American 132, 162 see also Native Americans
Austria 7, 45, 56, 247, 346-7, 354
Baie St Paul 255
Baltimore 143
Barré, Adjutant General Isaac 137, 234, 252-3, 281, 296, 338-9, 382
Batiscan 77-8, 251
Beaumont village 126
Beauport shore 115, 134, 139, 143, 150, 151, 159, 222, 223, 265, 303, 317, 351, 363, 366, 399; floating batteries off 75, 98, 102; French retreat to 380, 388, 389, 399; Montcalm erects fortification along 72, 73, 74, 102; Phips on 69, 72; Wolfe’s plan to land on 102, 140, 184, 196, 202, 203, 209, 277, 288, 289, 311-12, 327, 340, 341, 342, 343
Beauséjour 108, 333
Bell, Thomas 144, 198, 203, 214, 279, 326
Belle Isle 420
Belle Isle, Duc de 60
Bengal 6
Berryer, Nicolas-René 56, 58
Bigot, François 59, 73, 208, 388, 394
Bismarck, Otto von 424
‘Black Act’, 1723 270
Blackheath 406
Bohemia 45
Boisrond, Lieutenant Colonel Hector 106, 282
Bordeaux 58, 423
Boston 23, 31, 404
Botwood, Sergeant Edward ‘Ned’ 229-30, 234
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de 126-7, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 292, 321; British, relations with 242, 253; Canadians, criticises 50; character 54; family and history 53-4; Foulon landings, reaction to 342; heads force sent to observe British movements up and down the St Lawrence 243-4, 245, 246, 247, 265, 310, 311, 312, 313, 320, 327, 340; Native Americans and 52, 54, 126-7, 129, 130, 131, 132, 261; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 349, 351, 359, 360, 361, 362, 366, 373, 381, 382, 387, 389; Quebec’s defences, on 71; returns to France to plead for more military assistance 54-5, 56-7, 58; St Lawrence, on difficulty of navigating 92; struck by beauty of Canada 65; surrender of Quebec, learns of 398-9; truces, role in 146; voyageurs, describes 49
Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon de 45
Bouquet, Lieutenant Colonel Henry 213
Bourlamaque, François Charles de 250, 306, 307, 361
Braddock, General 5, 100, 168, 307, 367, 373, 400
Bragg, Colonel 26, 139, 152, 156, 194, 272, 303, 329, 348
Brant, Molly 248
Brest 46, 402
Brézé 181
Bristol Channel 54
Britain: annexes Canada 419; Empire, apogee of 423-6; Empire, nadir of 426; government borrowing aides Seven Years War effort xviii, 7, 191, 420, 425; occupation of Canada 418; reaction within to victory at Quebec 403-12; Seven Years War xvii, xviii, 4-9, 403, 411, 417-18, 419-26; significance of Canadian victory to 419-26
British Army: alcohol and 193-4; artillery 357-9; barracks and billets 24-5; battalions 106; brigades 107; camp colourmen 139, 300; camps 103-5; Catholic Irishmen in 211; colonels 105, 106; colours 352-3; cowardice in 269-70; debt in 239; desertion in 275, 324-5; diet 95, 148, 191-4; discipline and punishment within 268-71; disease within 17-18, 20, 21-2, 283-4; firing procedures 24, 369-72; Highlanders in xxiv, 25-6, 98, 109, 179, 213, 221, 233-4, 243, 245, 263, 271, 283, 303, 314, 328, 329, 332, 325, 348, 350-1, 357, 376-7, 379, 380, 414, 416, 424 see also British Army units: 78th Regiment of Foot; musicians 353; North Americans in xxii-xxiii, 211-12; pay xxii, 193, 239; peacetime 24; positioning of men before battle 353-4; procedures for death and defeat 239-40; promotion within 272-5; purchase of commissions 273-4; rations, augmenting 193; regiments, history and organisation of 105-6; standing army, arguments over 24; sutlers and 193, 194; uniforms 353; women and 188-91
British Army in Canada: arrival in Canada xxi-xxii, 1-3, 35; accept surrender of Quebec 395-8, 399-400; attacked by Canadians and Native Americans xxiii, xxiv, 20, 51-2, 78-9, 84, 123, 124, 133, 139, 142-5, 148, 156, 158-60, 185-7, 195, 209-10, 214, 215, 253, 260-1, 268, 271-2; Anse Au Foulon, landing at 318-28, 329-44; artillery/batteries 31, 124, 138, 139, 141, 164-76, 179, 180, 184, 240, 281, 292, 315, 317, 329, 357, 358, 382, 396, 401; Beauport shore landing plan 102, 140, 184-5, 196, 202, 203-4, 209, 217, 223, 277, 288, 289, 311-12; bombardment of Quebec 124, 138, 173-84, 208, 240, 242; brigadier generals 107-13 see also under individual brigadier general name; brutality xxi-xxii, 252-62, 271, 280-1, 308; Canadians, treatment of civilian xxi-xxii, 99, 100, 253-62, 280-1, 308; casualties, exaggerate number of enemy 156-7; casualties, numbers of 214, 234, 268, 346, 384-6, 416; commanders 107-13 see also under individual commander name; Deschambault, Murray targets 263-7, 289; desertion within 275-6, 278, 299, 324-5, 413; drunkenness in 194, 413, 416; field hospital, Île d’Orléans 139, 157, 208, 387; fireships, reaction to French attack 117-24, 218; flat-bottomed boats, use of 95, 96-7, 114, 143, 146, 151, 203, 220, 221, 225, 226, 228, 243, 263, 266, 287, 305, 309, 315, 317, 319, 322, 326, 327-8, 337, 339; former French soldiers in 22; French, relations with 52, 146-7, 208, 219, 240-1, 242, 252-3; French attack off the Île d’Orléans 84-6, 87; grenadiers 26, 150, 151-3, 185, 195, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228-9, 230-1, 232, 233, 234, 252, 256, 261-2, 265, 281, 291, 314, 345, 346, 348, 350, 353, 354, 355, 366, 373, 374, 378, 385, 396, 401; Halifax, arrival in 15; Île d’Orléans camp 103-5, 106, 139-40, 142, 144, 149, 162, 188, 208, 220, 223, 224, 290, 303, 304, 319, 359, 368; Île d’Orléans, landings on the 95-102, 103-5, 106-7, 113-16; illness within 281-8, 318, 413-14; light infantrymen xxi, xxii-xxiii, 23, 26-7, 95, 126, 149, 151, 152-3, 160, 163, 185, 209, 210, 229, 243, 244, 253, 266, 272, 302, 303, 326, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 339, 349; looting 160-1, 256; Louisbourg 21-30; Louisbourg to St Lawrence, fleet sails from 30-5; Montmorency camp 154-7, 185, 186, 208, 217, 220, 224, 240, 267, 268, 271, 272, 279, 290, 300, 301-4, 309, 310, 359; Montmorency, fight French at 209-16, 220-38, 248, 271, 279, 373; Montmorency, move to north shore and camp near falls of 149-55; morale within 271, 278-9; Native American and Canadian raids, effect of upon xxiii, xxiv, 20, 51-2, 78-9, 84, 123, 124, 131-2, 133, 139, 142-5, 148, 156, 158-60, 185-7, 195, 209-10, 214, 215-16, 253, 260-1, 268, 271-2; navy and see Royal Navy; North Americans in xxii-xxiii, 211-12; paucity of resources for mission 16-17; Plains of Abraham, battle of 345-83; Plan of Operations 102-3; Point Lévis camp 139-40, 142, 162, 163-4, 188, 204, 208, 220, 224, 267, 276, 290, 291, 303, 304
, 319; Pointe aux Trembles, defeat at 207, 244-7; preparations for Canadian mission 11-12, 18-19, 20-2, 23-4, 25, 26-9; prisoners, treatment of 133-4, 167, 207-8, 240-1, 259, 261, 276-7, 336, 386; Quebec, arrive outside 101-2; Quebec defences and 101-3; Quebec, plan to sail and land upriver from 140-1, 146, 150, 151-4; Quebec, sail and land upriver from 196-202, 203-6, 305, 309-12, 314-18; Quebec, occupation of 401, 412-18; rangers xxi, xxii, 95, 101, 107, 115, 116, 126, 149, 150, 155, 156, 160, 163-4, 167, 209, 256, 272, 401; rapidly assembled units, poor performance of 271-2; regiments 105-6 see also British Army units; relaxation of dress code in North America 211-12; resupply convoys 148, 179, 191, 298; river above Quebec, Murray’s reconnoitre/raids around 140-1, 242-7, 250-2, 263-7; sail from England 13-15; second siege of Quebec and 416-18; sentries and outposts, attacks on 124, 162-3, 186, 187-8, 253, 261, 276, 413, 414; St Laurent camp 103-5; St Lawrence, sail up to Quebec 1-3, 35-41, 47, 52, 60-1, 64, 80, 81-94; strength of forces 16-18, 20-1, 22-4, 25-8, 29-32, 65, 96, 97, 98, 105; tactics, effect of North America upon 99, 177-8, 212-14, 279 see also Wolfe, General James; training 24, 25, 26, 106, 214; units see British Army units; wave of destruction along length of St Lawrence 253-62; voyage home 402-3; women’s role in 188-91; workload 194-6
British Army units: 3rd Foot Guards 108; 15th Regiment of Foot 27, 87, 96, 105, 110, 135, 222, 243, 350, 414; 20th Regiment of Foot 112, 124, 270, 371-2; 28th Regiment of Foot 26, 96, 105, 139, 156, 194, 329, 348, 373; 35th Regiment of Foot (Otway’s) 195, 209, 210-11, 212, 214, 239, 276, 303, 349, 374; 43rd Regiment of Foot (Kennedy’s) 22, 23, 29, 32, 97, 104, 125, 303, 314, 320, 327, 329, 348, 353, 385; 44th Regiment of Foot 271-2; 47th Regiment of Foot (Lascelle’s) 23, 139, 152, 229, 230, 272, 301, 303, 348, 375, 376, 385; 48th Regiment of Foot (Webb’s) 23, 105, 110, 271-2, 348, 350, 354, 375, 381-2, 385, 386, 412; 58th Regiment of Foot 98, 139, 348, 373, 379, 385; 60th Royal American Regiment 106, 150, 152, 190, 195, 197, 207, 212-13, 228, 229, 233, 243, 272-3, 304, 317, 324, 329, 348, 349, 350, 379, 381, 382, 385, 386; 78th Regiment 20, 27, 32, 221, 233-4, 243, 245, 263, 271, 283, 303, 332, 348, 350, 352, 372, 376, 385, 414, 416; Louisborg Grenadiers 110, 121, 150, 151, 162, 185-6, 225, 230, 256, 261-2, 275, 276, 281, 291, 305, 314, 348, 350, 353, 355, 373, 374, 385, 390, 396, 401
Browne, Lieutenant Henry 374, 391, 409
Burke, Edmund 405
Burkston, George 404
Burton, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph 110, 223, 234, 304, 321, 322, 354, 375, 381-2, 392, 400
Byng, John 6
Cameron, Gentleman Volunteer 272, 273, 274, 275, 326
Cameron, Ewan 377
Campbell, Iain 98, 179, 390-1
Campbell, John 354
Canada: beauty of 65; British annexe 419; British attitude towards 421; British occupy 418, 419; British invasion of 1-2, 8-9; French attitude towards 55-7, 422-3; history of 79-8; importance in Seven Years War 8-9; population of 64-5 see also under individual area
Canadian civilian population (settlers or habitants) xxi, 1, 2, 3, 96, 161, 163, 209, 368; abandonment of farms and evacuation to Quebec 62-3, 67; British, relations with xxi-xxii, 99, 100, 108-9, 160-2, 163, 253-62, 284, 368, 389, 390, 395, 396, 397, 400, 413; British wave of destruction along St Lawrence and 253-62; French relations with 47, 50, 62, 162, 321; in Quebec 43, 67, 87, 96, 166-7, 208, 217, 242, 389, 390, 395, 396, 397, 400, 413; ruggedness of 43, 47; Wolfe attempts to ensure neutrality of 160-2
Canadian troops/militia xxiii, xxiv, 167, 203, 204, 222, 232, 233, 236, 261, 275; British attitudes towards 162; French attitude towards 49-50, 51, 53, 159-60, 168, 169, 171, 215, 378; nature of warfare xxi, xxiii, 47-8, 115, 116, 145, 212; Plains of Abraham battle, role in 348, 351, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 375, 380, 385; raids and skirmishes with British xxiv, 51-2, 78-9, 84, 123, 133, 142-5, 148, 157, 158-60, 186, 187, 196, 215, 233, 253; sharpshooters 351, 352, 356, 373
Candiac, France 44
Candide 422
canister 135, 365, 372
Cap Diamant 68, 70
Cap Tourmente 80, 84, 89
Cap Rouge 205, 290, 310, 315, 316, 318, 327, 345, 381, 417
Cape Breton Island 7, 14, 229
Captain 151
Caribbean 6, 17, 46, 354, 419
Carillon, Fort 52, 54, 122, 160, 250, 305, 308, 309
Carleton, Colonel Guy 88, 124, 125-6, 137, 138, 206-7, 279, 304, 382, 391
Cartagena 17, 110
Cartier, Jacques 35, 68, 79, 265
Centurion 83, 84, 86, 88, 97, 120, 121, 222, 237
Chads, Captain 320, 323-4, 329, 330
Champlain, Samuel de 68, 152, 345
Channel Islands 81, 402
Charles I, King 24
Charles III, King 420
Charlesbourg 360
Chatham 8
Chauvelin, François Claude Bernard Louis de 422
Cherokee 57
Chignecto Isthmus 108, 333
Choiseul, Duc de 422, 423
City of London 191
Clive, Robert 6
colonialism, 18th Century attitudes towards 45-6
Cook, James 81-3, 84, 86, 93, 222, 223, 237, 327
Cooper, Samuel 405
Coote, Colonel Eyre 419
Côte d’Abraham 360
Courval, François Louis Poulin de 218, 219
Cromwell, Oliver 24, 274
Crown Point 305
Cuba 419, 420, 423
Culloden, battle of, 1746 25, 109, 111, 380
Cumberland, Fort 23
Cumberland, Prince William Augustus, Duke of 20, 25, 111, 112, 125, 273, 308, 347
Daine, François 208-9, 393, 395
Dank, Captain Benonie 155, 160
Darby, Thomas 269
Death of General Wolfe, The (West) 409-10
Delaune, Captain 407
Delwares (Native Americans) 130
Deptford 14
Deschambault 263-4, 265, 280, 289
deserters 133, 170, 194, 275-6, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286, 299, 305, 306, 311, 319, 321, 324-5, 331, 340, 397, 413, 418
Dettingen, battle of, 1743 20, 108, 111, 359, 371
Devonshire 83, 84, 85
Diana 32, 40, 114, 196-7, 200-2, 231, 279, 417
Dieskau, Baron Jean Armand 46, 248, 373-4
Dominica 419
Dover 8
Dragon 292
Drake, Sir Francis 118
Dublin 13, 206, 218, 276
Duclos, Monsieur 75
Dumas, Jean-Daniel 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 204-5
Duquesne, Fort 5, 249
Durell, Captain Thomas 9
Durell, Rear Admiral Philip 3, 9-10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 38, 40, 59, 60, 78, 83, 87-8, 147, 401
dysentery 5, 283
Eagle 82
East India Company 6
Edward, Fort 187
Edwards, Sergeant Major 190
Elliot, Major Robert 32
Employment 96, 327
English Channel 8, 33, 46
Etchemin River 140, 204, 257, 267, 290, 304, 320
Everett, Captain 198
Everson, George 269
Fair American 28
Fairfax of Cameron, Lord 4
Falklands 377
Ferdinand of Brunswick 6, 7
Ferrers, Lady 308
Fiedmont, Louis-Thomas Jacau de 394
fireships 117-23, 124, 142, 218
Flanders 21, 33, 110, 111, 161, 354
flat-bottomed boats 95, 96-7, 114, 143, 146, 151, 203, 220, 221, 225, 226, 228, 243, 263, 266, 287, 305, 309, 315, 317, 319, 322, 326, 327-8, 337, 339
Fletcher, Captain 239
Florida 423
Fontbonne, Louis Restoineau de 372
forts see under individual fort name
Fortitude 96
Foxes (Native Americans) 130
France: defeat in Quebec, effect upon 403, 411, 417-18, 419, 422-3, 424-6; Canada, attitude towards 55-8; Seven Years War and xviii, 2, 3-9, 410-11, 417-18, 419-26
Franklin, Benjamin 5
Fraser, Captain Simon 332, 337
; Fraser, Lieutenant-Colonel Simon 354, 416
Fraser, Malcolm 30, 226, 314; brutality of British troops, shocked by 163, 259; family and history 25, 26; floating batteries, on French 135; Foulon landings, role in 326, 332; Plains of Abraham, role in battle of 348, 350, 351, 365, 366, 375, 377-8, 385, 387; promoted 392; Quebec, time inside 399, 414, 415, 416; Quebec batteries, on French 206; sails from Louisbourg to St Lawrence 32; 78th Regiment of Foot and 27, 105, 221, 263, 271, 348; The Death of General Wolfe, appearance in 409; wounded 366, 385, 392, 409, 416
Fraser, Simon 379-80
Frederick II of Prussia, King 6, 7, 56, 346-7, 367, 374
French army: Béarn battalion 352, 363-4, 365; British, relations with 52, 146-7, 208, 219, 240-1, 242, 252-3; Canadian allies and see Canadian troops/militia; Canadian habitants and 47, 50, 62, 162, 321; casualties, number of 370, 372-3, 382, 384-5, 386-7, 404, 416, commanders and tactics 44-58, 133, 134, 147-8, 214-15, 216-17 see also under individual commander name; Compagnies franches de la marine 64; Deschambault, fight Murray at 263-6; fail to follow up successes of small-scale raids 158-60; first attack British moving up St Lawrence 41, 84-6; Fort Niagara, loss to British of 248-50; Foulon landings, attempt to stop British 331-44; Guyenne Regiment 227, 313, 340, 341, 342, 363-4, 372; La Sarre battalion 351, 372; Languedoc battalion 351; Montmorency, defeat British at 220-38; Montmorency, reaction to British move to 150, 151-2, 155-7; Native Americans allies and see Native Americans; North American warfare, style of 47-50, 51-2; Plains of Abraham, battle of 345-83, 384, 385, 386; Plains of Abraham, reaction to defeat on 388-90, 392-5; plan for defeat 77-8; Plan of Operations 76-7; Point Lévis, fight British at xxiv-xxv, 126, 133-4, 136, 169-72; Pointe aux Trembles 243-7; prepare for British attack on Quebec 53-80; prisoners, treatment of 133-4; retreat to Jacques Cartier River 389, 395; second siege of Quebec 416-17; strength of force 56-9, 64-5, 66-7, 77; surrender of Canadian force 419; surrender of Quebec garrison 388, 393-9; troupes de la marine 169, 249, 351; troupes de terre 64, 168-9
