The Wisdom of Menopause

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The Wisdom of Menopause Page 86

by Christiane Northrup


  8. Cosgrove, M. C., et al. (2007). Op. cit.

  9. Serbinova, E., et al. (1991). Free radical recycling and intermembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alphatocotrienol. Free Radic Biol Med, 10, 263–275.

  10. Traber, M. G., et al. (1998). Penetration and distribution of alphatocopherol, alpha-or gamma-tocotrienols applied individually onto murine skin. Lipids, 33 (1), 87–91.

  11. Hoppe, U., et al. (1999). Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. Biofactors, 9 (2–4), 371–378.

  12. Sinatra, S. (1998). The Coenzyme Q10 Phenomenon. Chicago: Keats Publishing.

  13. Swanson, C. L., et al. (Mar. 8, 2010). Biomarker analysis confirms the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a colorless turmeric extract, in vitro. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, Miami, FL.

  14. Bangha, E., Elsner, P., Kistler, G. S. (1996). Suppression of UV-induced erythema by topical treatment with melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine): A dose response study. Arch Dermatol Res, 288 (9), 522–526.

  15. Zhao, J., Wang, J., Chen, Y., & Agarwal, R. (1999). Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3’-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis, 20 (9), 1737–1745; Kanda, T., et al. (1998). Inhibitory effects of apple polyphenol on induced histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells and rat mast cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 62 (7), 1284–1289; Tomen, Inc. (1994–1999). Unpublished data.

  16. Owen, D. R., et al. (Feb. 1999). Anti-aging technology for skincare ’99. Global Cosmetic Industry, 38–43.

  17. Katayama, K., et al. (1993). A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production. J Biol Chem, 268 (14), 9941–9944.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Sederma, Inc. Unpublished data.

  20. Wilkinson, R. E. Photoaging: The role of UV radiation in premature skin aging and a review of effective defense strategies. Article published on the Trienelle website at www.trienelle.com/research-monograph.aspx.

  21. Schmidt, J., et al. (1998). Treatment of skin aging with topical estrogens. Int J Pharm Compounding, 2 (4), 270–274.

  22. Draelos, Z. (Nov. 2005). The effect of Revival soy on the health and appearance of the skin, hair, and nails in postmenopausal women. Results of unpublished study available online at www.revivalsoy.com/home/newsletter/v08n01/art2.html?flash6=yes.

  23. Kim, S. Y., et al. (2004). Protective effects of dietary soy isoflavones against UV-induced skin-aging in hairless mouse model. J Am Coll Nutr, 23 (2), 157–162; Miyazaki, K., Hanamizu, T., Iizuka, R., & Chiba, K. (2002). Genistein and daidzein stimulate hyaluronic acid production in transformed human keratinocyte culture and hairless mouse skin. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol, 15 (3), 175–183; DiSilvestro, R. (Sept. 2003). A diversity of soy antioxidant effects. Presented at the fifth annual International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, Orlando, FL; Djuric, Z., Chen, G., Doerge, D. R., Heilbrun, L. K., & Kucuk, O. (2001). Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on markers of oxidative stress in men and women. Cancer Lett, 172 (1), 1–6.

  24. Saliou, C., et al. (1999). French Pinus maritima bark extract prevents ultraviolet-induced NF-KB–dependent gene expression in a human keratinocyte cell line. Abstract of a poster presentation at the Oxygen Club of California, 1999 World Congress.

  25. Eberlein-Konig, B., et al. (1998). Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol, 38, 45–48.

  26. Engels, W. D. (1982). Dermatological disorders: Psychosomatic illness review (No. 4 in the series). Psychosomatics, 23 (12), 1209–1219; Bick, E. (1968). Experience of the skin in early object relations. Int J Psychoanal, 49, 484–486.

  27. Strauss, J. S., & Pochi, P. E. (1963). The human sebaceous gland: Its regulation by steroidal hormones, and its use as an end organ for assaying androgenicity in vivo. Recent Prog Horm Res, 19, 385–444.

  28. Peck, G. L., et al. (1979). Prolonged remissions of cystic and conglobate acne with 13-retinoic acid. N Engl J Med, 300, 329–333.

  29. Engels, W. D. (1982). Op. cit.; Bick, E. (1968). Op. cit.; Kaplan, H. I., &Sadock, B. J. (eds.) (1989). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (5th ed.), 1221. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

  30. DeVille, R. L., et al. (1994). Androgenic alopecia in women: Treatment with 2% topical minoxidil solution. Arch Dermatol, 130 (3), 303–307.

  31. Lewenberg, A. (1996). Minoxidil-tretinoin combination for hair regrowth: Effects of frequency, dosage, and mode of application. Advances in Therapy, 13 (5), 274–283.

  32. Halsner, U. E., & Lucas, M. W. (1995). New aspects in hair transplantation for women. Dermatol Surg, 21 (7), 605–610.

  33. Hayden, T., et al. (Aug. 9, 1999). Our quest to be perfect. Newsweek, 52–59.

  34. Burkitt, D. P., et al. (1974). Dietary fiber and disease. JAMA, 229 (8), 1068–1074; Braunwald, E. (ed.) (1987). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  35. Grismond, G. L. (1981). Treatment of pregnancy-induced phlebopathies. Minerva Ginecol, 33, 221–230.

  36. Ries, W. (1976). Prevention of venous disease from nutritional-physio-logic aspect. ZFA, 31 (4), 383–388; Braunwald, E. (ed.) (1987). Op. cit.

  37. Ako, H., et al. (1981). Isolation of fibrinolysis enzyme activator from commercial bromelain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn, 254, 157–167.

  Chapter 12: Standing Tall for Life

  1. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. (Feb. 14, 2001). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA, 285 (6), 785–795.

  2. Cummings, S., et al. (1985). Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiology Review, 7, 178–208.

  3. Lindsay, R. (1995). The burden of osteoporosis: Cost. Am J Med, 98 (2A), 9S–11S.

  4. Shipman, P., et al. (1985). The Human Skeleton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Brown, J. (1990). The Science of Human Nutrition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

  5. Lanyon, L. E. (1993). Skeletal responses to physical loading. In G. Mundy & J. T. Martin (eds.), Physiology & Pharmacology of Bone, 107, 485–505. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  6. Travis, J. (2000). Boning up: Turning on cells that build bone and turning off ones that destroy it. Science News, 157, 41–42.

  7. Manolagas, S. C. (1995). Sex steroids, cytokines, and the bone marrow: New concepts on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Ciba Foundation Symposium, 191, 187–202.

  8. Riggs, B., et al. (1986). In women dietary calcium intake and rates of bone loss from midradius and lumbar spine are not related. J Bone Miner Res, 1 (suppl.), 167; Genant, H. K., et al. (1985). Osteoporosis: Assessment by quantitative computed tomography. Orthop Clin North Am, 16 (3), 557–568.

  9. Trotter, M., et al. (1974). Sequential changes in weight, density, and percentage weight of human skeletons from an early fetal period through old age. Anat Rec, 179, 1–8.

  10. Adams, P., et al. (1970). Osteoporosis and the effects of aging on bone mass in elderly men and women. J Medical News Series, 39, 601–615.

  11. Harris, S., et al. (1992). Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral neck and radius in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res, 17 (1), 87–95; Riggs, B., et al. (1985). Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women: Evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause. J Clin Invest, 77, 1487–1491.

  12. Fujita, T., et al. (1992). Comparison of osteoporosis and calcium intake between Japan and the United States. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 200 (2), 149–152.

  13. Frost, H. (1985). The pathomechanics of osteoporosis. Clin Orthop, 200, 198–225.

  14. Chappard, D., et al. (1988). Spatial distribution of trabeculae in iliac bones from 145 osteoporotic females. Maturitas, 10, 353–360; Biewener, A. A. (1993). Safety factors i
n bone strength. Calcif Tissue Int, 53 (suppl. 1), S68–S74.

  15. Brown, S. (1996). Better Bones, Better Body: Beyond Estrogen and Calcium. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing.

  16. Lees, B., et al. (1993). Differences in proximal femur bone density over two centuries. Lancet, 341, 673–675; Eaton, S., et al. (1991). Calcium in evolutionary perspective. Am J Clin Nutr, 54 (suppl.), 281S–287S.

  17. Bauer, D. C., et al. (1993). Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med, 118 (9), 647–665.

  18. Rigotti, N. A., et al. (1984). Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med, 311 (25), 1601–1605.

  19. Prior, J., et al. (1990). Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N Engl J Med, 323 (18), 1221–1227; Cann, C., et al. (1984). Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheic women. JAMA, 251 (5), 626–629.

  20. Schuckit, M. (1994). Section 5: Alcohol and alcoholism. In K. Isselbacher, et al. (eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, vol. 2 (13th ed.), 2420. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  21. Diamond, T., et al. (1989). Ethanol reduces bone formation and may cause osteoporosis. Am J Med, 86, 282–288; Bikler, D. D., et al. (1985). Bone disease in alcohol abuse. Ann Intern Med, 103, 42–48.

  22. Gold, P. W., et al. (1986). Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing’s disease: Pathophysiology and diagnostic implications. N Engl J Med, 314, 1329–1335; Michelson, D., et al. (1996). Bone mineral density in women with depression. N Engl J Med, 335 (16), 1176–1181.

  23. Tatemi, S., et al. (1991). Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 73 (5), 1067–1072; Gaby, A., &Wright, J. (1988). Nutrients and Bone Health. Seattle, WA: Wright/Gaby Nutrition Institute.

  24. Adinoff, A. D., & Hollister, J. R. (1983). Steroid-induced fracture and bone loss in patients with asthma. N Engl J Med, 309 (5), 265–268.

  25. Hahn, T. J., et al. (1988). Altered mineral metabolism in glycocorticoidinduced osteopaenia: Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D administration. J Clin Invest, 64, 655–665.

  26. Crilly, R. G., et al. (1981). Steroid hormones, ageing and bone. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 10 (1), 115–139.

  27. Johnell, O., et al. (1979). Bone morphology in epileptics. Calcif Tissue Int, 28 (2), 93–97.

  28. Briot, K., et al. (2010). Accuracy of patient-reported height loss and risk factors for height loss among postmenopausal women. Can Med Assoc J, 182, 558–562.

  29. Franklin, J. A., et al. (1992). Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density. Lancet, 340, 9–13; Paul, T. L., et al. (1988). Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women. JAMA, 259, 3137–3141; Coindre, J. M., et al. (1986). Bone loss in hypothyroidism with hormone replacement: A histomorphometric study. Arch Intern Med, 146, 48–53.

  30. Brincat, M. P., et al. (1996). A screening model for osteoporosis using dermal skin thickness and bone densitometry. In B. G. Wren (ed.), Progress in the Management of the Menopause: The Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Menopause, 175–178. Sydney: Parthenon Publishing Group.

  31. Robins, S. P. (1995). Collagen crosslinks in metabolic bone disease. Acta Orthopedica Scandinavia, 66 (266, suppl.), S171–S175; Garnero, P., et al. (1994). Comparison of new biochemical markers of bone turnover in late postmenopausal osteoporotic women in response to alendronate treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 1693–1700; Chesnut, C., et al. (1997). Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: Urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen monitors therapeutic effect and predicts response of bone mineral density. Am J Med, 102, 29–37.

  32. Cummings, S. R., et al. (in press). Regression to mean in clinical practice: Women who seem to lose bone density during treatment for osteoporosis usually gain if treatment is continued. JAMA. Cited in B. Ettinger (2000). Sequential osteoporosis treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Menopausal Medicine, Newsletter of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 8 (2), 3.

  33. Watts, N. B., et al. (1995). Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipidlipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause. Obstet Gynecol, 85, 529–537.

  34. Cummings, S., et al. (1998). Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. N Engl J Med, 339, 733–738.

  35. Riggs, B., & Melton, L. (1986). Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med, 26, 1676–1686. Buchanan, J. R., et al. (1988). Early vertebral trabecular bone loss in normal premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res, 3 (5), 583–587.

  36. Carter, M. D., et al. (1991). Bone mineral content at three sites in normal perimenopausal women. Clin Orthop, 266, 295–300; Harris, S., &Dawson-Hughes, B. (1992). Op. cit.

  37. Heaney, R. P. (1990). Estrogen-calcium interactions in the post-menopause: A quantitative description. J Bone Miner Res, 11 (1), 67–84.

  38. Speroff, L. (Oct. 1999). Treatment options for the prevention of osteoporosis. Ob/Gyn Clinical Alert, 46.

  39. Lee, J. (1991). Is natural progesterone the missing link in osteoporosis prevention and treatment? Med Hypotheses, 35, 316–318; Prior, J. (1991). Progesterone and the prevention of osteoporosis. Can J Ob-Gyn Women’s Healthcare, 3 (4), 178–183; Lee, J. (1990). Osteoporosis reversal: The role of progesterone. Clin Nutr Rev, 10, 884–889; Prior, M. C., et al. (1994). Cyclic medroxyprogesterone increases bone density: A controlled trial in active women with menstrual cycle disturbances. Am J Med, 96, 521–530; Adachi, J. D., et al. (1997). A double-blind randomized controlled trial of the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone density of women taking oestrogen replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 104, 64–70; Prior, J. C., et al. (1997). Premenopausal ovariectomy-related bone loss: A randomized, double-blind, one-year trial of conjugated estrogen or medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Bone Miner Res, 12 (11), 1851–1863.

  40. Rossouw, J. E., et al. (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288 (3), 321–333.

  41. Lindsay, R., Gallagher, J. C., Kleerekoper, M., & Pickar, J. H. (2002). Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxy-progesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA, 287 (20), 2668–2676.

  42. Tremollieres, F. A., Strong, D. D., Baylink, D. J., & Mohan, S. (1992). Pro-gesterone and promegestone stimulate human bone cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-2 production. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 26 (4), 329–337.

  43. Dawson-Hughes, G., et al. (1990). A controlled trial of the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 323, 878–883.

  44. Feskanich, D., et al. (2003). Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: A prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 504–511.

  45. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., et al. (2007). Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 1780–1790.

  46. Castleman, M. (2009). The calcium myth. Natural Solutions, 57–62; available online at www.naturalsolutionsmag.com/articles-display/15403/The-Calcium-Myth.

  47. Aiello, L., & Wheeler, P. (1995). The expensive tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology, 36 (2), 199–221; Lorenz, K., & Lee, V. A. (1997). The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 8, 383–456; Cassiday, C. M. (1980). Nutrition and health in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers: A case study of two prehistoric populations. In R. F. Kandel, G. H. Pelto, & N. W. Jerome (eds.), Nutritional Anthropology: Contemporary Approaches to Diet and Culture, 117–145. Pleasantville, NY: Redgrave Publishing Company; Eaton, S. B., & Nelson, D. A. (1991). Calcium in evolutionary perspective. Am J Cli
n Nutr, 54 (suppl.), 281S–287S; Goodman, A. H., Dufour, D., & Pelto, G. H. (2000). Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. See also The Paleopathology Newsletter, published by the Paleopathology Association. Contact: Ms. Eve Cockburn, 18655 Parkside, Detroit, MI 48221–2208.

  48. McGuigan, J. (1994). Peptic ulcer and gastritis. In K. Isselbacher, et al. (eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, vol. 2 (13th ed.), 1369. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  49. Odvina, C. V., et al. (2005). Severely suppressed bone turnover: A potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 1294–1301.

 

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