ETERNAL BOY
Matthew Dennison
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About this Book
About the Author
Table of Contents
AN APOLLO BOOK
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About Eternal Boy
During the week Kenneth Grahame sat behind a mahogany desk as Secretary of the Bank of England; at the weekend he retired to the house in the country he shared with his fanciful wife Elspeth and fragile son Alistair and took lengthy walks along the Thames in Berkshire, ‘tempted… [by] the treasures of hedge and ditch; the rapt surprise of the first lords-and-ladies, the rustle of a field-mouse, the splash of a frog’.
The result of these pastoral wanderings was The Wind in the Willows: an enduring classic of children’s literature; a cautionary tale for adult readers; a warning of the fragility of the English countryside; and an expression of fear at threatened social changes that, in the aftermath of the World War I, became reality. Like its remarkable author, it balances maverick tendencies with conservatism. Graham was an Edwardian pantheist whose work has a timeless appeal, an escapist whose withdrawal from reality took the form of time travel into his own past.
Contents
Welcome Page
About Eternal Boy
Dedication
Frontispiece
Epigraph
1 ‘Brown sails, blue water and Highlanders’
2 ‘Happy, heedless victims’
3 ‘Rubs and knocks and competition’
4 ‘The huge world that roars hard by’
5 ‘Journeymen in this great whirling London mill’
6 ‘The memory of the glades and wood’
7 ‘I liked to get my meals regular and then to prop my back against a bit of rock and snooze a bit, and wake up and think of things going on’
8 ‘Woman as but a drab thing’
9 ‘I hardly feel I tread the earth I only know that thou art mine’
10 ‘I wish – Oh how I wish – I had married an Indian half-breed’
11 ‘There was a story in which a mole, a beever, a badjer and a water rat was characters’
12 ‘It’s much more sensible to pretend the world is fairy-land than an uninteresting dust heap’
13 ‘The somewhat inadequate things that really come off’
14 ‘Noble ideals, steadfast purposes’
15 ‘The Fellow That Walks Alone’
Plate Section
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Notes
Index
About Matthew Dennison
Also by Matthew Dennison
An Invitation from the Publisher
Copyright
For my father, who loves The Wind in the Willows and boats and the sea
Frontispiece
‘What the Boy chiefly dabbled in was natural history and fairy-tales, and he just took them as they came, in a sandwichy sort of way, without making any distinctions; and really his course of reading strikes one as rather sensible.’
Kenneth Grahame, ‘The Reluctant Dragon’
• 1 •
‘Brown sails, blue water and Highlanders’
IF WE IMAGINE Kenneth Grahame as a child as he described himself, he is doodling in the margins of a book. It is 1866 or thereabouts and he is seven years old.
He draws crocodiles of jagged outline and spear-bearing African tribesmen, licking the lead of his pencil to make each mark decisively black. He draws monkeys ‘gibbering with terror’, swarming up palm trees, and admits that an oak tree is beyond his skills. Most of the books he decorates are histories of the ancient world. He singles out Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, a Victorian schoolroom staple. Afterwards his doodles are imprinted on his mind more vividly than Hannibal’s stirring triumphs or ‘the ornate set speeches’ of Roman generals, whose voices – ‘powerless to pierce the distance’ of time – echo thin and faint. His pencil prefers exotica. In place of centurions or legionary banners he draws ‘the more attractive flesh and blood of animal life, the varied phases of tropic forest’. He ‘note[s], cite[s], and illustrate[s] the habits of crocodiles’.1 On the flyleaf he draws ‘ships and battles’.2
Like his pencil, his mind wanders with a boy’s unruly imagination. He amuses himself playing games with words. ‘By this single battle of Magnesia, Antiochus the Great lost all his conquests in Asia,’ he reads, and he substitutes ‘bottle’ for ‘battle’. Some margins he leaves blank. ‘The white spaces are “clear sky” ever through which I could sail away at will to more gracious worlds’ in the words of his river- and boat-loving adult self.3 He calls his ‘gracious worlds’ ‘cloudland’, the descriptor already coined by Robert Louis Stevenson. Sometimes he labels it ‘Elfland’ or ‘Poppyland’, suggesting by turns fairy tales, which he loves, or oblivion. All his daydreams are escapist – of crocodiles or tribesmen or monkeys – though he is lying on the nursery floor or in the drawing room, ‘in my sub-world of chair legs and hearth-rugs and the undersides of sofas’.4
At the same time the young Kenneth comes across an old-fashioned atlas. Its maps include empty passages where the mapmaker’s knowledge has run out. Later he described these voids lingeringly, remembering the excitement of first encounter: ‘broad buff spaces… unbroken by the blue of any lake, crawled upon by no mountain ranges’.5 Like the margins round Macaulay’s verse, the blanks inspire his drawing, as well as daydreams of ‘a dozen clamorous cities of magic, and… room for a prairie or two, a Sahara, and a brand new set of Rockies’. Best of all, his mind’s eye glimpses ‘kingdoms yet to discover, and golden realms that await their Marco Polo… shimmering with barbaric pearl and gold’.6 He takes out his paint box. ‘The obstinate lid… jams and slides a little, and jams again… the crimson lake sticks to the Prussian blue, and the gamboge persists in “rucking up” when the lid has to be pushed back.’7
Dark-haired, pale-faced and short for his age, Kenneth Grahame was an imaginative child; he became an imaginative adult. He continued to invent ‘golden realms’ into old age; he let his thoughts take wing, and the playfulness of those thoughts remained boyish. ‘As the highest expression of the emotion of Joy, we would all of us naturally choose to spring upon a charger and ride forth into the boundless prairie,’ he wrote in 1925, at the age of sixty-six.8 He likened personal fantasy to a ‘fourth dimension’ or parallel universe: ‘side by side with the other life… always there, always handy to step into’, a ‘crowded and coloured panorama’ that his inner eye saw clearly.9 He celebrated its richly visual qualities and insisted on its reality. By comparison he dismissed as inanities, delusions and ‘pale phantasms’ adult preoccupations like politics and society, childlike in his contempt for the mundane.10 ‘Real life’, asserts the boy-narrator of one of a series of celebrated stories he wrote in his thirties, lies outside the drawing room and the scope of grown-up convention. In the orchard, the fir wood, the hazel copse and the duck pond are to be found magic and portents and robbers’ caves and hidden treasure, the ‘real’ ingredients of Kenneth’s own childhood games. He insisted that ‘a dragon… is a more enduring animal than a pterodactyl… every honest person believes in dragons – down in the back-kitchen of his consciousness’: his own belief was unshakeable.11 Revealing aspects of his doodling, dreaming younger self, he insisted on the hermetic, excluding nature of a child’s imagination and the solitariness of his own childlike fantasies. Pitilessly he described a mother in church. With delight she notes ‘the rapt, absorbed air of her little son, during the course of a sermon that is stirring her own very vitals’: ‘Ten to one he is a thousand miles away, safe in his own kingdom; and what is more, he has shut the door behind him. She is left outside, with the parson and the clerk.’12
Imaginat
ive escape moulded Kenneth Grahame’s childhood. It found expression in the scribbled margins of books and swashbuckling games played out in his head under the influence of Ballantyne’s The Dog Crusoe and His Master, a story of prairie settlers, Aesop’s Fables or newly published descriptions of the Nile by explorer Samuel Baker. Afterwards it dominated his memories. It provided threads of narrative that he pursued in his writing as well as his interior life, and the excitement of childish adventure and childhood stories never palled for him. He was a quiet child. When, seldom, he sat for a photographer, he appeared earnest or bored, and nothing of his heroic self-fashioning showed in his startled, blank gawping so typical of early photographs, with their long exposures and enforced stillness. Hard to trace in that unrevealing gaze traces of ‘the small boy [thrust] out under the naked heavens to enact a sorry and shivering Crusoe on an islet in the duck-pond’ or so consumed by excitement at the prospect of a circus that he longs ‘to escape into the open air, to shake off bricks and mortar, and to wander in the unfrequented places of the earth, the more properly to take in the passion and the promise of this giddy situation’.13
In an essay called ‘Long Odds’, he recalled his six- or seven-year-old self. He depicted a boy of fluid identity, able to shape-shift at will. The boy is so absorbed in fantasy that he becomes his fictional hero. ‘In the person of his hero of the hour [he] can take on a Genie… a few Sultans and a couple of hostile armies, with a calmness resembling indifference.’14 He has ‘a healthy appetite for pirates, a neat hand at the tomahawk, and a simple passion for being marooned’. If, like Ballantyne’s hero, he ‘sall[ies] out to deal with a horde of painted Indians’, the only defence he needs is ‘his virtue and his unerring smoothbore’.15 The ten-year-old hero of his story ‘A Saga of the Seas’ captains a bathtub in the centre of the nursery floor. He triumphs over icebergs, polar bears, pirates and picaroons, rocking the tub on an overturned towel horse. Singlehandedly he sees off the full-grown pirate chief, ‘a fine, black-bearded fellow in his way, but hardly up to date in his parry-and-thrust business’.16 Neither boy acknowledges obstacles or deterrents. They are rewarded with ‘ingots and Mexican dollars and church plate… ropes of pearls… and big stacks of nougat; and rubies and gold watches and Turkish Delight in tubs’, a delightfully jumbled account of the late-Victorian wish list, in which imperial greed contends with a child’s sweet tooth.17 Both boys’ stories include fragments of self-portrait: Kenneth Grahame was that boy at six and at ten – and, in imagination, ever after.
As a child in ‘cloudland’ he circled the globe – like Puck, or like the part-fictionalized boys of his stories, or in his other guise of crocodile-doodling reader. He always came home. Ideas of escape and homecoming, twinned from childhood, mark the pendulum swing of his mind. They shape his only full-length fiction, The Wind in the Willows. Doggedly he embraced his own parallel universe as a reality and sugared it with guarantees of a safe return. In a similar way, in The Odyssey, a poem Kenneth Grahame knew well and plundered in The Wind in the Willows, Homer tempers the reader’s experience of Odysseus’s terrifying exploits with assurances of his fated homecoming. The certainty of a safe return as a corollary to escape, ‘the world shut out… the ideal encasement’, as Kenneth described it, was one source of happiness in his fragmented, peripatetic, orphaned and exiled childhood.18
And childhood happiness is not least among the surprises of his life.
*
He began well enough, with what he afterwards labelled ‘a proper equipment of parents’.19
Kenneth Grahame was born on 8 March 1859, in Edinburgh. 32 Castle Street was, as it remains, foursquare and handsome. Generous in its proportions, restrainedly neoclassical, it is typical of domestic architecture in Edinburgh’s New Town. Shallow steps rise to a front door topped by an elegant but simple fanlight. Glazing bars neatly bisect tall windows. The house is built of granite the colour of watercolour shadows. Kenneth’s first biographer places an almond tree outside it. Its branches stretch tight-furled buds towards first-floor windows.20 The same author, harried by Kenneth’s fanciful widow, furnishes those branches retrospectively with a single bird, a thrush from nearby Princes Street Gardens. Inevitably it heralds the new arrival in song.
In truth, it was a morning of brittle cold, with few intimations of spring. Scuds of snow lingered in the gutters, the wind as sharp and glancing as a knife blade. Inside, chloroform eased the pangs of the twenty-two-year-old mother, pretty Bessie Grahame. Dr James Simpson, who attended her, had made his name over the last decade as a pioneer of the miraculous, controversial and still highly dangerous anaesthetic: a short, whiskery man of humble background and cosy appearance and professor of midwifery at Edinburgh’s university. He did not remain long enough after delivery to weigh the newborn baby; his estimate of eight pounds was an accurate one. While Bessie rested after her ordeal, her baby slept in his crib beside her bed. Afterwards he was removed to the nursery and the company of Ferguson the nurse and his older siblings – Helen, then three, and year-old Thomas William, called Willie. Five years would pass before a third son, Roland, completed the close-knit family.
Before that, Kenneth’s birth was another milestone in the happy marriage of James Cunningham Grahame and Bessie Inglis. Lawyer and merchant’s daughter, they enjoyed social position and a degree of material comfort. On the female side, the Grahames traced a double line of descent from Robert the Bruce. At a distance, Scottish nobles peppered the family tree. More recently, Grahame men had served as accountants or, like Kenneth’s father, lawyers. Defence of Usury Laws of 1817, Financial Fenianism and the Caledonian Railway of 1867 and Tables of Silver Exchanges of 1890, written by successive James Grahames, suggest aptitude in their particular spheres, if something short of literary fireworks, and a sterling commitment to respectability. Over the literary exploits of an earlier James Grahame, the family drew a veil. Abandoning the Scottish bar for an Anglican curacy, in 1809 he had published a lengthy devotional poem, The Sabbath, punctuated by the joyless refrain, ‘Hail, Sabbath! thee I hail, the poor man’s day.’ This dog-in-the-manger versifying earned him Byron’s dismissal in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers as ‘Sepulchral Grahame’. Instead of springing to his defence, his descendants preferred to ignore him. Like the shepherd in Kenneth’s story ‘The Reluctant Dragon’, they ‘[didn’t] hold with art and poetry much’.21 The instinct for respectability had its repressive side.
Inheritance is frequently unreliable. Evidently Kenneth’s father lacked the Calvinist convictions of so many of his forebears, dark prognostications about earthly pleasure. A romantic, poetry-loving streak linked him to Sepulchral Grahame, a strain of melancholy. His particular weakness was not poetry or morbid Anglicanism but claret: domestic felicity failed to bring about a cure. Following the births of his children, his alcoholic cravings grew. As a young man he had made a splash in his chosen career. His advocacy had a witty tang. He was quoted by his peers, admired, earmarked for success. In the face of escalating dependency his professional judgement faltered.
Whether it was Cunningham Grahame himself – bookish, pessimistic and prey to black moods – or practical, dauntless Bessie who evolved a scheme to preserve the family from shameful exposure is not recorded. Baby Kenneth would spend little more than a year in the house in Castle Street. In May 1860, the Grahames left the capital, never to return. Afterwards Kenneth remembered nothing of Edinburgh’s dignified thoroughfares, the ancient fortress on its mound, even his father’s tales of the house nearby, once home to Walter Scott. In appearance, 32 Castle Street suggests gentle sensibilities and financial certainties. Appearances are misleading. Cunningham Grahame’s drinking jeopardized both and neither would play much part in Kenneth’s childhood.
The Grahames took flight to Ardrishaig, on the tree-studded western slopes of Loch Fyne close to the mouth of the Crinan Canal, where Gaelic-speaking locals eked out a living fishing the loch waters for herring or busy about the harbour, a place ‘of brown sails, blue water and H
ighlanders’.22 From Edinburgh the family travelled first by train. Kenneth claimed the occasion afterwards as the source of his earliest memory, of ‘shiny black buttons, buttons that dug into dusty, blue cloth’: the railway carriage upholstery.23 By paddle steamer they completed their journey over the loch’s deep, inky waters, past green rises shadowed by clouds. Despite the opening of the canal half a century earlier and its traffic in passenger steamers made fashionable by Queen Victoria’s visit in 1847, Ardrishaig was an out-of-the-way place. ‘The steadfast mystery of [its] horizon’, Kenneth’s later measure of unspoiled landscape, had not yet been obliterated by railway lines or new building.24 For Cunningham and Bessie Grahame, its single main street and small spider’s web smattering of modest houses were a far cry from the squares and terraces of the New Town. In an image he used in The Wind in the Willows to describe the feelings of Portly the otter cub when he is discovered by Ratty and Mole, Kenneth recalled his own response to this first uprooting: ‘as a child that has fallen happily asleep in its nurse’s arms, and wakes to find itself… laid in a strange place’.25
Annfield Lodge, Ardrishaig, in which were shortly installed parents, children, household and nursery staff and, in time, a pair of Cairn terriers from the Isle of Jura, was all but new. With bay windows and pointed gables and surrounded by large gardens, it overlooked the loch. Given its distance from Inveraray, some thirty miles to the north, where Cunningham Grahame’s work required him frequently, it was scarcely a practical choice, and the Grahames were to move again to a house in nearby Lochgilphead before finally settling full time in Inveraray itself. Until then they took a lease on two houses, although a local official dismissed the small Inveraray house where Cunningham spent his working weeks without his wife and children as ‘quite unsuitable for a family residence’.26 His separation from Bessie for much of this period accounts for the lengthy interval between her third and fourth pregnancies.
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