by Sam Kean
Plan of a Settlement to Be Made Near Sierra Leona on the Grain Coast of Africa, by Henry Smeathman, 1786, last accessed November 18th, 2020, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/c16ace30-ff74-0133-adc4 -00505686a51c
“The Royal Society, Slavery, and the Island of Jamaica: 1660–1700,” in The Notes and Records of the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, by Mark Govier, volume 53, issue 2, May 22nd, 1999
“Science’s debt to the slave trade,” in Science, by Sam Kean, April 5th, 2019, volume 364, issue 6435, pages 16–20
“Slavery and the Natural World,” by the Natural History Museum, in London, last accessed November 18th, 2020, https://www.nhm.ac.uk /discover/slavery-and-the-natural-world.html
“Slavery in the Cabinet of Curiosities: Hans Sloane’s Atlantic World,” by James Delburgo, British Museum, 2007, last accessed November 19th, 2020, www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Delbourgo%20essay.pdf
“A Slaving Surgeon’s Collection: The Pursuit of Natural History through the British Slave Trade to Spanish America,” in Curious Encounters Voyaging, Collecting, and Making Knowledge in the Long Eighteenth Century, by Kathleen S. Murphy, University of Toronto Press, 2019
“Some Account of the Termites Which Are Found in Africa and Other Hot Climates,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, by Henry Smeathman, volume 71, 1781, last accessed November 19th, 2020, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1781.0033
“The South Sea Company and Contraband Trade,” in The American Historical Review, by Vera Lee Brown, volume 31, issue 4, July 1926, pages 662–678
Chapter 3—Grave-Robbing: Jekyll & Hyde, Hunter & Knox
“Acromegalic Gigantism, Physicians, and Body Snatching. Past or Present?” in Pituitary, by Wouter W. de Herder, volume 15, pages 312–318, 2012
The Anatomy Murders: Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh’s Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes, by Lisa Rosner, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011
Brain, Vision, Memory: Tales in the History of Neuroscience, by Charles Gross, MIT Press, 1998
The Diary of a Resurrectionist, by James Blake Bailey, 1896, available on Google Books
“The Emperor’s New Clothes,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, by Don C. Shelton, volume 103, pages 46–50, 2010
Explorers of the Body, by Steven Lehrer, Doubleday, 1979
Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, by Ronald L. Numbers (editor), Harvard University Press, 2010
The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery, by Wendy Moore, Crown, 2006
Leicester Square: Its Associations and Its Worthies, by Tom Taylor, 1874, available through Google Books
The Life of Sir Astley Cooper, by Bransby Blake Cooper, 1843, available on Google Books
A Sense of the World: How a Blind Man Became History’s Greatest Traveler, by Jason Roberts, Harper Perennial, 2007
Sites Of Autopsy In Contemporary Culture, by Elizabeth Klaver, SUNY Press, 2005
“William Smellie and William Hunter: Two Great Obstetricians and Anatomists,” in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, by A.D.G. Roberts, T.F. Baskett, A.A. Calder, and S. Arulkumaran, volume 103, pages 205–206, 2010
Chapter 4—Murder: The Professor and the Janitor
“Anatomy’s Use of Unclaimed Bodies: Reasons Against Continued Dependence on an Ethically Dubious Practice,” in Clinical Anatomy, by D. Gareth Jones and Maja I. Whitaker, volume 25, issue 2, pages 246–254, March 2012
“The Art of Medicine: American Resurrection and the 1788 New York Doctors’ Riot,” in The Lancet, by Caroline de Costa and Francesca Miller, volume 377, issue 9762, pages 292–293, January 22, 2011
“Bill Would Require Relatives’ Consent for Schools to Use Cadavers,” in The New York Times, by Nina Bernstein, June 26th, 2016, last accessed November 21st, 2020, at www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/nyregion /new-yorks-written-consent-bill-would-tighten-use-of-bodies-for -teaching.html
Blood & Ivy: The 1849 Murder That Scandalized Harvard, by Paul Collins, W.W. Norton, 2018
“A Brief But Sordid History of the Use of Human Cadavers in Medical Education,” in Proceedings of the 13th Annual History of Medicine Days (W.A. Whitelaw, ed.), by Melanie Shell, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 2004
“A Brief History of American Anatomy Riots,” from The National Museum of Civil War Medicine, by Bess Lovejoy, last accessed November 21st, 2020, at https://www.civilwarmed.org/anatomy-riots/
“The Doctors Riot 1788,” from The History Box, last accessed November 21st, 2020, at http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/riots/riots_article7a .htm
“The Gory New York City Riot that Shaped American Medicine,” from SmithsonianMag.com, by Bess Lovejoy, last accessed November 21st, 2020, at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gory-new-york -city-riot-shaped-american-medicine-180951766/
History of Medicine in New York: Three Centuries of Progress, by James J. Walsh, National Americana Society, 1919
“Human Corpses Are Prize In Global Drive For Profits,” from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, by By Kate Willson, Vlad Lavrov, Martina Keller, Thomas Maier, and Gerard Ryle, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://www.huffpost.com/entry /human-corpses-profits_b_1679094
“The Janitor’s Story: An Ethical Dilemma in the Harvard Murder Case,” in the American Bar Association Journal, by Albert I. Borowitz, volume 66, issue 12, pages 1540-1545, December 1980
“Murder at Harvard,” in The American Scholar, by Stewart Holbrook, volume 14, issue 4, pages 425-434, Autumn 1945
Trouble With Testosterone: And Other Essays On The Biology Of The Human Predicament, by Robert Sapolsky, Scribner, 1998
Chapter 5—Animal Cruelty: War of the Currents
“Five Little Piggies: An Anecdotal Account of the History of the Anti-Vivisection Movement,” in Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days (W.A. Whitelaw, ed.), by Vicky Houtzager, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 2001
“Are animal models predictive for humans?”, in Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, by Niall Shanks, Ray Greek, and Jean Greek, volume 4, issue 2, 2009
Auburn Correctional Facility (Images of America), by Eileen McHugh and Cayuga Museum, Arcadia Publishing, 2010
Brain, Vision, Memory: Tales in the History of Neuroscience, by Charles Gross, MIT Press, 1998
“The Dangers of Electric Lighting,” The North American Review, by Thomas Edison, volume 149, issue 396, pages 625-634, November 1889
Edison and the Electric Chair, by Mark Essig, Walker Books, 2004
“Edison and ‘The Chair,’” in IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, by Terry S. Reynolds and Theodore Bernstein, volume 8, issue 1, March 1989
The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, by Craig Brandon, McFarland, 2009
“Electrifying Story,” in The Threepenny Review, by Arthur Lubow, issue 49, pages 31-32, spring 1992
Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World, by Jill Jonnes, Random House, 2004
“Harold P. Brown and the Executioner’s Current: An Incident in the AC-DC Controversy,” in The Business History Review, by Thomas P. Hughes, volume 32, issue 2, pages 143–165, summer 1958
Henry Smeathman, the Flycatcher: Natural History, Slavery, and Empire in the Late Eighteenth Century, by Deirdre Coleman, Liverpool University Press, 2018
“Heroes, Herds, and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and ‘The Battle of the Systems’ Reconsidered,” Industrial and Corporate Change, by Paul A. David, volume 1, issue 1, pages 129–180, 1992
“‘Killing the Elephant’: Murderous Beasts and the Thrill of Retribution, 1885–1930,” in The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, by Amy Louise Wood, volume 11, issue 3, pages 405–444, July 2012
The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery
, by Wendy Moore, Crown, 2006
“Life and Death by Electricity in 1890: The Transfiguration of William Kemmler,” in Journal of American Culture, by Nicholas Ruddick, volume 21, issue 4, pages 79–87, Winter 1998
“Modern biomedical research: an internally self-consistent universe with little contact with medical reality?”, in Nature Reviews, by David F. Horrobin, volume 2, February 2003, pages 151–154
“Natural History, Improvement, and Colonisation: Henry Smeathman and Sierra Leone in the Late Eighteenth Century,” by Starr Douglas, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, available at https://ethos.bl.uk /OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409707
Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity, by Steve Silberman, Avery 2016
The Power Makers, by Maury Klein, Bloomsbury, 2008
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis, by Robert N. Proctor, Harvard University Press, 1990
“Mr. Brown’s Rejoinder,” in The Electrical Engineer, volume 7, pages 369–370, August 1888
Topsy: The Startling Story of the Crooked Tailed Elephant, P. T. Barnum, and the American Wizard, Thomas Edison, by Michael Daly, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2013
“Is the Use of Sentient Animals in Basic Research Justifiable?” in Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, by Ray Greek and Jean Greek, volume 5, issue 14, 2010
Chapter 6—Sabotage: The Bone Wars
Beasts of Eden: Walking Whales, Dawn Horses, and Other Enigmas of Mammal Evolution, by David Rains Wallace, University of California Press, 2004
“Bone Wars: The Cope-Marsh Rivalry,” from The Academy of Natural Sciences, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://ansp.org /exhibits/online-exhibits/stories/bone-wars-the-cope-marsh-rivalry/
The Bonehunters’ Revenge: Dinosaurs and Fate in the Gilded Age, by David Rains Wallace, Mariner Books, 2000
Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion into the American Museum of Natural History, by Douglas J. Preston, St. Martin’s Press, 2014
“Edward Drinker Cope’s final feud,” in Archives of Natural History, by P. D. Brinkman, volume 43, issue 2, pages 305–320, 2016
“Empire and Extinction: The Dinosaur as a Metaphor for Dominance in Prehistoric Nature,” in Leonardo, by Paul Semonin, volume 30, issue 3, pages 171–182, 1997
The Gilded Dinosaur: The Fossil War Between E.D. Cope and O.C. Marsh and the Rise of American Science, by Mark Jaffe, Crown, 2000
The Great Dinosaur Hunters and Their Discoveries, by Edwin H. Colbert, Dover, 1984
“Marsh Hurles Azoic Facts at Cope,” in New York Herald, by William Hosea Ballou, January 19th, 1890, page 11
“Professor Cope Vs. Professor March,” in American Heritage, by James Penick Jr., volume 22, issue 5, August 1971
“Remarking on a Blackened Eye: Persifor Frazer’s Blow-by-Blow Account of a Fistfight with His Dear Friend Edward Drinker Cope,” in Endeavour, by Paul D. Brinkman, volume 39, issue 3–4, pages 188–192, Sept.-Dec. 2015
“Scientists Wage Bitter Warfare,” in New York Herald, by William Hosea Ballou, January 21st, 1890, page 10–11
Some Memories of a Paleontologist, by William Berryman Scott, Princeton University Press, 1939
“The Uintatheres and the Cope-Marsh War,” in Science, by Walter H. Wheeler, volume 131, issue 3408, pages 1171–1176, April 22nd, 1960
“Volley for Volley in the Great Scientific War,” in New York Herald, by William Hosea Ballou, January 13th, 1890, page 4
Chapter 7—Oath-Breaking: Ethically Impossible
“Anti-Smoking Initiatives in Nazi Germany: Research and Public Policy,” in Proceedings of the 11th Annual History of Medicine Days (W.A. Whitelaw, ed.), by Nathaniel Dostrovsky, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 2002
Asperger’s Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna, by Edith Sheffer, W. W. Norton, 2018
“Can Evil Beget Good? Nazi Data: A Dilemma for Science,” in the Los Angeles Times, Barry Siegel, October 30th, 1998, page 1
“Eponyms and the Nazi Era: Time to Remember and Time for Change,” in the Israel Medical Association Journal, by Rael D. Strous and Morris C. Edelman, volume 9, issue 3, pages 207–214, March 2007
“Ethical Complexities of Conducting Research in Developing Countries,” in the New England Journal of Medicine, by Harold Varmus, M.D., and David Satcher, volume 337, pages 1003-1005
“Ethical Dilemmas with the Use of Nazi Medical Research,” in Proceedings of the 11th Annual History of Medicine Days (W.A. Whitelaw, ed.), by Batya Grundland and Eve Pinchefsky, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 2001
“Ethical Failures and History Lessons: The U.S. Public Health Service Research Studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala,” in Public Health Reviews, by Susan M. Reverby, volume 34, issue 13, 2012
“The Ethical Use of Unethical Human Research,” by Jonathan Steinberg, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at http://www.bioethics.as.nyu .edu/docs/IO/30171/Steinberg.HumanResearch.pdf
“‘Ethically Impossible’: STD Research in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948,” from The Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, September 2011, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcsbi/node/654.html
“Ethically Sound: Ethically Impossible,” the Ethically Sound podcast, from the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://bioethicsarchive .georgetown.edu/pcsbi/node/5896.html
Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy, by Susan M. Reverby, University of North Carolina Press, 2013
“Exposed: US Doctors Secretly Infected Hundreds of Guatemalans with Syphilis in the 1940s,” from Democracy Now, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://www.democracynow.org/2010/10/5 /exposed_us_doctors_secretly_infected_hundreds
“The Guatemala Experiments,” in Pacific Standard Magazine, by Mike Mariani, last accessed November 21st, 2020, at https://psmag.com /news/the-guatemala-experiments
The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery, by Wendy Moore, Crown, 2006
“Linking Groupthink to Unethical Behavior in Organizations,” in Journal of Business Ethics, by Ronald R. Sims, volume 11, pages 651–662, 1992
“Nazi Medical Experimentation: The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments,” in The Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society, by Baruch Cohen, Spring 1990, issue 19, pp. 103–26
“Nazi Hypothermia Research: Should the Data Be Used?”, Military Medical Ethics, Volume 2, by Robert S. Pozos, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published _volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-15.pdf
Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity, by Steve Silberman, Avery 2016
“‘Normal Exposure’ and Inoculation Syphilis: A PHS “Tuskegee” Doctor in Guatemala, 1946–1948,” in Journal of Policy History, by Susan Reverby, volume 23, issue 1, 2011, pages 6–28
“Obituary: John Charles Cutler / Pioneer in preventing sexual diseases,” in The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, by Jan Ackerman, February 12th, 2003, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://old.post-gazette .com/obituaries/20030212cutler0212p3.asp
“On the Philosophical and Historical Implications of the Infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Trials,” in Proceedings of the 11th Annual History of Medicine Days (W.A. Whitelaw, ed.), by Tomas Jiminez, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 2002
Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America, by Annie Jacobsen, Back Bay Books, 2015
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis, by Robert N. Proctor, Harvard University Press, 1990
“Reflections on the Inoculation Syphilis Studies in Guatemala,” Agents of Change podcast, from Lehman University, transcript last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at http://wp.lehman.edu/lehman-today /reflections-on-the-inoculation-syphilis-studies-in-guatemala/
“Results of Death-Camp Experiments: Should They Be Used? All 14 Counterarguments,”
from PBS NOVA, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experifull .html
The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, by Simon Baron-Cohen, Basic Books, 2012
“Thirty Neurological Eponyms Associated with the Nazi Era,” in European Neurology, by Daniel Kondziella, volume 62, issue 1, pages 56–64, 2009
“The Treatment of Shock from Prolonged Exposure to Cold, Especially in Water,” from Allied Forces, Supreme Headquarters, Combined Intelligence Objectives, by Leo Alexander, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101 708929-bk
“The Victims of Unethical Human Experiments and Coerced Research under National Socialism,” in Endeavour, by Paul Weindling, Anna von Villiez, Aleksandra Loewenau, Nichola Farron, volume 40, issue 1, 2015
“Why Did So Many German Doctors Join the Nazi Party Early?”, in International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, by Omar S. Haque, Julian De Freitas, Ivana Viani, Bradley Niederschulte, Harold J. Bursztajn, volume 35, issues 5–6, pages 473–479, 2012
“WHO’s malaria vaccine study represents a ‘serious breach of international ethical standards,’” in The British Medical Journal, by Peter Doshi, volume 268, pages 734–735
Chapter 8—Ambition: Surgery of the Soul
“Fighting the Legend of the ‘Lobotomobile,’” by Jack El-Hai, from Wonders & Marvels, last accessed on November 21st, 2020, at https://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2016/03/fighting-the-legend-of-the -lobotomobile.html
Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness, by Elliot S. Valenstein, Basic Books, 1986
The Great Pretender: The Undercover Mission That Changed Our Understanding of Madness, by Susannah Cahalan, Grand Central Publishing, 2019
The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness, by Jack El-Hai, Wiley, 2007
An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage, by Malcolm Macmillan, The MIT Press, 2000
“The Operation of Last Resort,” The Saturday Evening Post, by Irving Wallace, October 20, 1951, pages 24–25, 80, 83–84, 89–90, 92, 94–95
