Paul Redmond retired from the CIA in 1999, but was called back in 2001 to assess the damage to national security from the Hanssen case.
Jack Platt retired with predictable flair on “International Workers Day”—May 1—in 1987. He is a partner in an international security company and works closely with his old adversaries assisting American businesses in Moscow.
Paul Stombaugh left the CIA in the mid-1990s to take over as CEO of York Barbell, an international sports equipment enterprise, and a Pennsylvania investment group, Susquehanna Investment.
Steve Weber died of a heart attack while visiting his native Budapest in 1994.
Edward Lee Howard, according to Russian police authorities, died in Moscow on July 12, 2002, as a result of an accidental fall in his residence. His body was cremated privately at the instructions of his next of kin.
Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen are in federal prison and will remain there for the rest of their lives.
ENDNOTES
*“Dogs, do you want to live forever?”
A NOTE ON SOURCES
The Main Enemy is an oral history based on hundreds of interviews with dozens of intelligence officers who played critical, hands-on roles on both sides of the Cold War competition between the CIA and KGB. In many cases, our sources asked that they not be identified. In the cases of the KGB sources, the coauthors used both the interview method and written responses to specific questions or written materials provided by the former KGB officers themselves.
The written answers to questions posed to General Leonid Shebarshin, as well as excerpts from his memoirs published in Russian that he graciously provided, added critical texture to the characterization of the Soviet side of the Afghan period as well as the tumultuous days of August 1991 at Lubyanka and Yasenevo. We are greatly appreciative of his assistance. Similarly, Rem Krassilnikov’s patient cooperation and his writings, particularly his account of CIA operations and activities in Moscow cited in the bibliography, provided unique insight into the workings of the KGB’s Second Chief Directorate as it tracked its main adversary. We are deeply in Krassilnikov’s debt for his help.
The minutes of Politburo meetings and records of conversations between Soviet Politburo members made available by the Gorbachev Foundation and Anatoly Chernyaev and the Woodrow Wilson Cold War International History Project provided valuable insight into Soviet thinking not only about the decision-making process of intervening in Afghanistan, but about the debate on how to withdraw from the war. Chernyaev’s presentations and participation in the discussions during the April 2002 conference “Toward an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989,” hosted by the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, in cooperation with the Asia Program and the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the George Washington Cold War Group at the George Washington University, and the National Security Archive, provided rich insight into the thinking in the Kremlin as Gorbachev brought the Politburo around to the decision to withdraw from Afghanistan.
Finally, of all the books used as references, David Wise’s work on the Edward Lee Howard story is the definitive account of that strange twist of the Cold War. It proved immensely valuable in constructing a timeline for merging the various elements and other firsthand accounts of Howard’s defection.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
DOCUMENTS
CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union 1947–1991. Editors Gerald K. Haines and Robert E. Leggett, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2001.
The Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series. Cold War International History Project, the Woodrow Wilson Center, senior editor Christian F. Ostermann, Washington, D.C., 2002.
Lundberg, Kirsten. Politics of a Covert Action: The U.S., the Mujahideen, and the Stinger Missile. Kennedy School of Government Case Study. Cambridge, Mass., 1999.
Minutes of Politburo Meetings and Records of Conversations between Soviet Politburo Members. Courtesy of the Gorbachev Foundation and Anatoly Chernyaev and the Woodrow Wilson Cold War International History Project, Washington, D.C., April 2002.
On the Front Lines of the Cold War. Documents on the intelligence war in Berlin, 1946–1961, editor Donald P. Steury, CIA History Staff. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1999.
BOOKS
Adams, James. Sellout. New York, 1995.
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. Instructions from Center. London, 1991.
———. KGB: The Inside Story. London, 1990.
Andrew, Christopher, and Valili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield. New York, 1999.
Ash, Timothy Garton. The Magic Lantern. New York, 1990.
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets. New York, 2001.
———. The Puzzle Palace. New York, 1983.
Barker, Rodney. Dancing with the Devil. New York, 1996.
Behr, Edward. Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite. New York, 1991.
Benson, Robert Louis, and Michael Warner. Venona. Washington, D.C., 1996.
Chernyaev, Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev. English translated version. University Park, Pa., 2000.
Claridge, Duane R., with Digby Diehl. A Spy for All Seasons. New York, 1997.
Coleman, Fred. The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York, 1996.
Crozier, Brian. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire. Roseville, Calif., 1999.
Daniloff, Nicholas. Two Lives, One Russia. New York, 1988.
Dunloop, John B. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Union. Princeton, 1993.
Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton, 1980.
Early, Pete. Confessions of a Spy. New York, 1997.
Echikson, William. Lighting the Night. New York, 1990.
Fischer, Benjamin. At Cold War’s End. CIA, Washington, D.C., 1999.
Gates, Robert M. From the Shadows. New York, 1996.
Gordievsky, Oleg. Next Stop Execution. London, 1995.
Grau, Lester, and Michael Gress. The Soviet Afghan War. Lawrence, Kans., 2002.
Herrington, Stuart A. Traitors Among Us. Novato, Calif., 1999.
Hough, Jerry F. Democratization and Revolution in the USSR. Washington, D.C., 1997.
Howard, Edward Lee. Safe House. Bethesda, Md., 1995.
Hunter, Robert W. Spy Hunter. Annapolis, Md., 1999.
Jalali, A. A., and Lester Grau. The Other Side of the Mountain. USMC, Quantico, Va., 1995.
Kalugin, Oleg. The First Directorate. New York, 1994.
Kessler, Ronald. Escape from the CIA. New York, 1991.
Klass, Rosanne. Afghanistan: The Great Game Revisited. Freedom House, Washington, D.C., 1987.
Koehler, John O. Stasi. Boulder, Colo., 1999.
Krassilnikov, Rem S. The Phantoms of Tchaikovsky Street. Moscow, 1999.
Maas, Peter. Killer Spy. New York, 1995.
Mangold, Tom. Cold Warrior. New York, 1991.
Murphy, David, and Sergei A. Kondrashev. Battleground Berlin. New Haven, 1997.
Persico, Joseph E. Casey. New York, 1990.
Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. The Encyclopedia of Espionage. New York, 1997.
Pryce-Jones, David. The War That Never Was. London, 1995.
Remnick, David. Lenin’s Tomb. New York, 1993.
Richelson, Jeffrey T. A Century of Spies. Oxford and New York, 1995.
———. The U.S. Intelligence Community, 4th ed. Boulder, Colo., 1999.
Roberts, Jeffrey. The Soviet Union in World Politics. London, 1999.
Schecter, Jerrold L., and Peter S. Deriabin. The Spy Who Saved the World. New York, 1992.
Shannon, Elaine, and Ann Blackman. The Spy Next Door. New York, 2002.
Shebarshin, Leonid V. The Hand of Moscow. Moscow, 1992.
———. The Life of the Intelligence Chief. Moscow, 1994.
Shvets, Yuri B. Washington Station. New York, 1994.
Singh, Simon. The Code Book. New York, 1999.
Sontag, Sherry, and Christopher Drew. Blind Man’s Bluff. New York, 1998.
Teltschick, Horst. 329 Tage. Hamburg, 1991.
Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men. New York, 1995.
Vise, David A. The Bureau and the Mole. New York, 2002.
Weiner, Tim, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis. Betrayal. New York, 1995.
Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. The Haunted Wood. New York, 1999.
Wise, David. The Spy Who Got Away. New York, 1988.
———. Nightmover. New York, 1995.
———. Spy. New York, 2002.
Wolf, Markus. Spionage Chef im Gehimen Krieg. Düsseldorf, 1997.
———. The Man Without a Face. New York, 1997.
Woodward, Bob. Veil. New York, 1987.
Yousaf, Mohammad. Silent Soldier. Lahore, Pakistan, 1991.
Yousaf, Mohammad, and Mark Adkin. The Bear Trap. Lahore, Pakistan, 1992.
Zelikov, Philip, and Condoleezza Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. Cambridge, Mass., 1995.
ARTICLES
Shannon, Elaine. “Death of a Perfect Spy,” Time Magazine International Edition, no. 32 (August 8, 1994).
Wise, David. “The Spy Who Wouldn’t Die,” GQ, July 1998.
———. “Spy on a Tightrope,” GQ, November 2000.
NEWSPAPERS
Los Angeles Times
The New York Times
The Washington Post
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
A thirty-year veteran of the CIA’s clandestine services, Milt Bearden was chief of the Soviet/East European Division at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union. As CIA chief in Pakistan, he supplied the Afghan freedom fighters who overthrew the Soviets. He received the Donovan Award and the Distinguished Intelligence Medal, the CIA’s highest honor. He is featured in the Discovery Channel’s Secret Warriors and the BBC’s Covert Action. He was born in Oklahoma and spent his childhood in Washington State, where his father worked on the Manhattan Project. He served in the Air Force before joining the CIA in 1964 and currently lives outside Washington, D.C., with his French-born wife.
James Risen covers national security for The New York Times. He was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize in 2002 for explanatory reporting for coverage of September 11 and terrorism, and he is coauthor of Wrath of Angels. He lives outside Washington, D.C., with his wife and three sons.
Copyright © 2003 by Milton Bearden and James Risen
All rights reserved under International and Pan-AmericanCopyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Ballantine Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.
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