leisure time, 119–122
leisure time, reduction in, 31
Lekies, Kristi, 150
Leopold, Aldo, 136, 198
Levin, Rabbi Martin, 291–292
liability concerns, see litigation, fear of liability insurance coverage, 241
Lieberman, Gerald, 206, 223
litigation, fear of, 30–31, 99, 154, 239, 247
park design and, 117
recreational use statutes, 237–238
remedies for outdoor play, 237–244
tort reform, 239, 242, 244, 311
loneliness, 66, 298
“loose-parts” theory, 87, 96, 97
Lorenz, Edward, 211
Los Angeles, California, 25, 128
Los Angeles Times, 149, 248
Lust, John, 196
Luther Standing Bear, 123
Maclean, Norman, 191
Mall of America, 61
malls, 61, 62, 268, 277, 283
simulated nature in, 62
Malraux, André, 166
Manhattanville College, 34
Marx, Hugh, 191–192
Maslow, Abraham, 293
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 21, 60
Massachusetts Psychologist, 53
Massey, David, 220
Matthiessen, Peter, 286
McAleer, Neil, 89–90
McDonough, William, 251
McGovern, George, 241
McKibben, Bill, 4, 68, 301
Medco Health Solutions, 50
media
fear of nature and, 130–131
portrayal of nature, 171
stranger danger and, 126–128
Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Jung), 293
Menninger, Carl, 45
mental health, 35, 312
contact with nature and, 3, 35, 44–52, 49, 100, 229–230, 311
sedentary lifestyle and, 31
Merrill Lynch and Company, 138
Merriman, Todd, 59
Michigan State University, 45
microbiology, 3, 41
Mike Two Horses, 24
Milstein, Michael, 148, 149
Milton, John, 8
Minieri, Joan, 294–295
missing children, 127–128
Mitchell, John G., 281
Mitchell, Joni, 270
MIT Press, 303–304
molecular biology, 143, 144
Monitor on Psychology, 104–105
Montessori movement, 73, 209, 262
Montgomery, M. R., 15
Moore, Robin, 33, 66, 86–87, 92, 116, 117, 124, 261
morality and ethics, nature as teacher of, 189–200, 295–296
Morra Park, Drachten, Netherlands, 251–252
Morris, Edmund, 152
Morrow, Lance, 194
Mothering, 197–198
motor skills, 49
Muir, John, 72, 90, 133, 136, 161, 198
Mulligan, Hugh A., 64
multitasking, 119
Nabhan, Gary Paul, 210, 303
names of flora and fauna, knowing the, 41, 141, 143
nanotechnology, 22–23
Narayan, Madhu, 153–156
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 303
National Council of Churches, 300, 302
National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, 207
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 214
National Geographic, 281
National Incidents Study of Missing Children, 127
National Institutes of Mental Health, 108
National Outdoor Leadership School, 230
national parks, 130
National Religious Partnership for the Environment, 300, 303
National Scouting Museum, 155
National Teachers Association, 212
National Wildlife Federation, 209, 218
natural history, study of, 3, 41, 135, 139–144, 224–226
Naturalist (Wilson), 151
Natural Remedy Bible, The (Lust), 196
Natural Resources Defense Council, 258
nature, defining, 8–9, 309
Nature Company, 60–61
Nature Conservancy, 301
Nature Conservancy, 300
nature-deficit disorder, 10, 36, 100, 159
“nature smart” (naturalist intelligence), 203
indicators of, 73–74
Necessity of Experience, The (Reed), 65
Netherlands children’s contact with and knowledge of nature in, 33–34
green design in, 251–252, 253–254
outdoor play in, 123
New England, farming in, 281
Newsweek, 169
New Urbanism, 284, 311
New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), 214–215
Division of Criminal Justice Services, 127
New York State trout-in-the classroom program, 214–215
New York Times, 204, 249, 260
Nicholson, Simon, 87
Nixon, Will, 210
Nolen, John, 266–267
Norman, Seth, 296
North American Association for Environmental Education, 219
Northern Arizona University, 148
Northwestern University, 22–23
Norway, 48, 221
Oberlin College, Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, 257–258
obesity, 31–32, 47–48, 100, 117, 128, 265
O’Brien, Karyl T., 153–156
Observer, The, 25
Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC), 312–313
oil, dependence on Middle East, 311
Olympic National Forest, 131
Oregon trail system (the Loop), 257
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 204
organ transplants, 22
Orians, Gordon, 46–47
Orion Society, 210, 211
Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 265
Orr, David, 223–224, 277
outdoor play, 33–35, 47–49, 179–180
creativity fostered by, 7, 55, 86–98
criminalization of unstructured natural play, 27–32, 237
cultural influences on, 117–118
“environmental sacrifice zones,” 240
experiential, environment-based education, 138, 139–145, 203–234
facing fears of, 178–188
friendships and, 51, 78–79
future environmentalists and unstructured, 150–156
green urban design, 261–267
in green vs. built spaces, 87–88
liability concerns, see litigation, fear of organized sports, see sports, organized in previous generations, 11, 12
research on de-naturing of childhood, 31–35
in rural areas, 34–35
safety concerns of parents, see parents, safety concerns of sensory awareness and, 66
therapeutic value of, 53
Outward Bound USA, 230
Page, Margot, 191
Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915, 62
parents
backyard nature, introducing, 170–175
dealing with fears, 178–188
enthusiasm of, 163–166
fear of nature, 123, 130–132
fear of strangers, 123, 124–129, 171, 183–186
parent-child attachment, 157–158
safety concerns of, 13, 116, 123–132
time use, modeling of, 118
work demands on, 119–120
parks, 120, 277
company advertising logos on, 62
design, 54, 179, 240
environmental rules restricting outdoor play in, 239–240
national, 130, 131, 147–150
public health and, 109
urban, 18, 116, 247–248, 256, 260, 261–262, 269–270, 274
see also green design of urban areas
Pediatric Nursing, 132
Pediatrics, 120
People for the Ethical
Treatment of Animals (PETA), 155, 195
Pergams, Oliver, 148
Pertschuk, Michael, 310
pets, 45, 297
physical education, 99–100
physical fitness, 11
Pipher, Mary, 228
Planning, 258
play, 163
children’s descriptions of, 118
at fast-food restaurants, 132
indoor for-profit play centers, 116
outdoor, see outdoor play
Polikov, Scott, 262
Portland, Oregon, 256–257
Portland State University, 257
Potter, Beatrix, 92
President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 132
Price, Jennifer, 248
primary experience, 65, 66, 67
Project Learning Tree, 218
Project WILD, 218
Prozac, 50
Psychiatric Services, 49
public schools, 2
curricula of, 136–137, 216–218
ecoschools, 218–222, 253, 311
environmental education in, 134–135
experiential, environment-based education in, 138
natural school reform, 203–234
recess in, 99
testing in, 204
Puget Sound Environmental Learning Center, 231–232
Pyle, Robert Michael, 68, 77–78, 146, 173, 210, 256
Quakers’ Friends Hospital, Pennsylvania, 45
Rails to Trails Conservancy, 311
Raleigh News and Observer, 301
ranches, “schooling” on, 221
Raven, Nick, 20–21, 24
Ravitch, Diane, 137
recreational use statutes, 237–238
Reed, Edward, 65
regional strategies for green design, 264–267
renewable energy programs, 259
residential regulations, outdoor play and, 2, 27–29, 30–31, 237
Reviving Ophelia (Pipher), 228
Richtel, Matt, 62
Rick, John, 27–28, 31, 79–80, 136–137
Ritalin (methylphenidate), 101, 169
Riverkeeper, 199
River Runs Through It, A (Maclean), 191
Rivkin, Mary, 218–219
Robert Redford building, Santa Monica, 258
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 32, 311
Rogers, Fred, 306
Rogers, Will, 265
Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History, 209–210
romanticizing nature, 16, 24, 142, 296
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 91–92
Roosevelt, Theodore, 17–18, 152, 197
Roszak, Theodore, 44, 147
rural areas
back-to-the-land movement, 274–287, 313
development of, 272
green towns in, 283–287
outdoor play in, 34–35
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 45
Rushin, Steve, 99
Rutgers University, 275
safety
adult supervision and, 179–180
dealing with fears, 178–188
hyperawareness in nature and, 180–183
parental concerns about, 13, 116, 123–132
risk-taking in nature, 186–188
Sala, Enric, 225
Salahuddin, Rasheed, 145
Sallis, James, 32–33
Sandia National Laboratories, 22
San Diego, California, 267–269, 314
San Diego County school districts, 138
San Diego Park and Recreation Department, 269
San Francisco Bay Area, 243, 261–262
San Francisco (magazine), 102
San Francisco Chronicle, 261–262
Santostefano, Sebastiano, 53
Schad, Jerry, 130–131, 163–166
Scheehan, Lauren, 205
Schmidt, Brian, 243
Schmitt, Elizabeth, 83
School and Society (Dewey), 203
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 198
Schoolyard Habitats, 218, 311
Science, 23
Scientia Marina, 225
Scouting organizations, 14, 153–156, 159, 193–194
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 231–232
Seattle Times, 131
Sedbrook, Judy, 174–175
sedentary lifestyle, 31, 32, 47, 48, 49
Seegar, Nancy, 258
self-confidence, instilling, 180–183, 185, 186, 228–229, 230
self-esteem, 229, 230
senses, awareness of and use of, 7, 8–9, 55, 57–70, 75–76, 180, 186–187
diminished use, 57–59
experiential education, 139–145, 174–175, 203–234
naturalist intelligence and, 73–79
Shelters, Shacks, and Shanties (Beard), 15–16
Shuston, Aletha, 169
shyness, 128–129
Sierra Club, 152–153, 240, 302
Simas, Ambrose, 29
Simon, Paul, 60
Simpson, Alan, 241
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 283
Sipple, Bill, 198
Skate Park Association of the USA, 240
Skolans Uterum, 218
sleep, 120
Smith, Jane, 141
Snyder, Gary, 8, 272–273, 309
Sobel, David, 133, 134, 135, 187–188, 207, 208–209, 240, 263
social standing, play setting and, 88
Society for Ecological Research, 219
solitude, 51
South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 241
Spacks, Patricia Meyer, 168
“spirit of place,” 96
spiritual health, contact with nature and, 3, 110, 291–306
Spiritual Life of Children, The (Cole), 293
Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, 83
sports, organized, 31, 48, 116, 117, 182, 183, 247
Square Foot Gardening Foundation, 217
Square Foot Gardening (Bartholomew), 216
State Education and Environmental Roundtable, 206
State University of New York at Buffalo, 62
Stebbins, Robert, 139–140
Stegner, Wallace, 152
Stephens, Leslie, 78–79, 182–183
Stepner, Mike, 268
Stoecklin, Vicki, 262
Stoliar, Joan, 214–215
strangers, fear of, 123, 124–129, 171, 183–186
stress, therapeutic value of nature and, 35, 47, 50–51, 163
Student Conservation Association, 230
suburbia, 284
green design of, 250–270
lack of natural play areas in, 25, 117
synthetic nature in, 19, 25–26
wild animals in, 24–25, 249–250
Sullivan, William C., 105–106
summer camp, 2, 170, 227–234
Sunnyvale, California, 263
Superchild syndrome, 121
Swallowtail School, 205–206
Sweden, 48, 49, 120
green urbanism in, 252, 253
synthetic nature, 60–61
Tanner, Thomas, 150
Taoism, 45
Target, 259–260
Taylor, Andrea Faber, 88–89, 105–106, 108, 110, 229, 312
technology, public education and, 137–138
teen centers, 170
television, watching, 31, 47, 57, 64–65, 119, 120, 169
ADHD and, 102
in cars, 63
sensory experience of, 66
Texas Education Agency, Division of Student Assessment, 207
Theroux, Phyllis, 95–96
Thompson, Susan, 298–299
Thoreau, Henry David, 5, 161, 275
Thunder Tree, The (Pyle), 173
time, use of, 175–176
overly structured lives, 34, 117, 121–122, 175–176
studies of changes in, 119–120
work demands, 119–120
TNS Intersearch, 123
tobacco control movement, 310–311
Tolkien, J. R. R., 167
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Tomlinson, John, 242–43
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (Howard), 284
touch deficit, 67
traffic, fear of, 124
travel, nature and, 63–64
tree houses and forts, 15, 146, 233–234, 240
as learning experiences, 80–84
regulations prohibiting, 28–29
Trout Unlimited, 214
Trust for Public Land, 116, 179, 265, 300, 301, 311
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 2, 4, 17, 18, 274
Ulrich, Roger, 46, 50
U.S. Census Bureau, 18, 58, 274, 276
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 30
U.S. Department of the Interior, “National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife,” 196–197
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 218
Habitat Evaluation Process (HEP), 266
U.S. Forest Service, 103
U.S. Justice Department, 127
U.S. Youth Soccer Association, 117
University of California, 23
University of Glasgow, 35
University of Illinois, Human-Environment Research Laboratory, 105–108, 108–109, 179
University of Maryland, 34
University of Massachusetts, 21
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 119
University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 22
urban areas, 245–287, 314
green design of, 25–26, 250–270, 311
infill, 274
zoopolis, 247–251, 257, 267–269, 272
Urban Corps, 55–57
urbanization, 102, 133
Utne, 196
Vanderhoff, Candy, 232, 233–234, 308
Van Gogh, Vincent, 201
Veblen, Thorstein, 93
Verboom-Vasiljev, Jana, 33, 34
Veterans Administration Hospital System, 45
“videophilia,” 148
Village Homes, Davis, California, 254–256, 285
Visions of Innocence: Spiritual and Inspirational Experiences of Children (Hoffman), 292–293
Voice of the Earth (Roszak), 44, 147
Waldorf schools, 209
walking in the woods, 170–175, 176
Washington Post, 18–19
Web of Life, The (Louv), 20–21
Wells, Nancy, 50–51, 105, 150
Western Europe, 120
green urbanism in, 251–254
outside play and contact with nature in, 34–35
playgrounds in, 263
Western Society of Naturalists, 144
West Nile virus, 131
“What Would Jesus Drive?” campaign, 302
White, Randy, 262
Whitman, Walt, 284, 289
wildcrafting, 196
wilderness adventure programs, 230
Wilkins, Gregory, 45–46
Will, George, 260
Wilson, Edward O., 43, 44, 90, 151, 303
Wilson, Frank, 67
Wilson, Leslie Owen, 73–74
Wolch, Jennifer, 246, 248–250
Wordsworth, William, 189, 292
World Health Organization, 47
World Trade Center, 260–261
Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder Page 37
