8 Philosopher and critic, Les Cahiers de I’Herne (1981).
9 WASP: White Anglo Saxon Protestant. A name often given to the East Coast elite.
10 Jean-Paul Torok, Pour en finir avec le maccarthysme (L'Harmattan, 1999),
11 The Glory and the Dream (Little Brown & Co., 1973).
12 La chasse aux socieres, (Complexes, 1995).
13 Alger Hiss died in 1996 aged 92.
14 OSS: A predecessor of the CIA.
15 FTP (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans) A radical resistance movement.
16 PCF (Parti communiste frangais) The French Communist Party.
17 Service B, (Fayard, 1985).
18 Historia, (1997)
19 Maurice Thorez (1900-1964), leader of the French Communist Party from 1930 until his death.
20 On chantait rouge, autobiographie, (Robert Laffont, 1977).
21 See Chapter 1.
22 Fuchs is German for fox.
23 DST (Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire): French domestic intelligence agency, established in 1944.
24 See Chapter 1.
25 Les Visiteurs de i’ombre, (Grasset, 1990).
26 Ibid.
27 The International Brigades (Spanish: Brigadas Internacionales) were military units, made up of volunteers from different countries, who travelled to Spain in order to fight for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War, between 1936 and 1939.
28 PSL (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe). The Polish People's (or Peasants) Party.
29 Police Secrete, (Flammarion, 1999).
30 See Chapter 8.
31 He took the surname Blake from his mother's second husband, who was a British citizen.
32 Le Point, 1977.
33 See Chapter 1.
34 No Other Choice:An Autobiography, (Jonathan Cape, 1990).
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 KGB:The Inside Story, (Hodder, 1990).
38 The system (in the former Soviet Union) whereby influential posts in government and industry were filled by Party appointees.
39 This testimony derives from a curious document, whose authenticity is in doubt. It appeared in the United States in 1965 and was supposed to be the confession or memoire of the spy. See the explanation at the end of the chapter.
40 KGB:The Inside Story, (Hodder, 1990).
41 Le Guide mondial de i’espionage, (Le Cherche-Midi, 1998).
42 He was the victim of the famous ‘spy crate' story and was nearly sent to Egypt in a specially converted trunk. It was later revealed that Louk was an Israeli agent who had infiltrated the Egyptian services. See Monsieur X,Journal secret, (Denoel, 1998).
43 Mossad: Israeli’s Secret Intelligence Service, (Paddington Press, 1978).
44 Officially the Likud-National Liberation Movement, this is the major centre-right political party in Israel.
45 See previous chapter.
46 Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community (Houghton Mifflin, 1990).
47 See previous chapter.
48 L’Gil deTel-Aviv, (Stanke, 1978).
55 Les Visituers de l'ombre (Grasset, 1990).
56 SDECE (Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionage): France's external intelligence agency from 1944-1982, before being replaced by the DGSE (Direction Generale de la Secruite Exterieure).
57 Chalet led the famous Farewell affair, the codename of the KGB mole who collaborated with the DST and resulted in the unmasking of dozens of eastern spies. It was an operation that highlighted the importance of the looting of western technological secrets by the Soviets.
58 A Soviet network that operated in France and Belgium during the Second World War and worked closely with the French Resistance.
59 The codename would later inspire Leon Uris for the title of his best-seller ‘Topaz', in 1967.
60 DST, Secret Police, (Flammarion, 1999).
61 Le Figaro, 17 July 1964.
62 Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of Mossad (St Martin's, 1999).
63 L’Espion qui venait d’Israel (Fayard, 1967).
64 According to Uri Dan and Ben Porat, this meant the Mossad agent based in Switzerland.
65 Every Spy a Prince (Houghton Mifflin, 1990).
66 Histoire mondiale du renseignement, (Robert Laffont, 1993).
67 FFI: French Forces of the Interior.
68 A pseudonym.
69 Cinq ans a la tete de la DST, (Plon, 1985).
70 Le Monde, 28 October 1968.
71 See Chapter 10.
72 Cinq ans a la tete de la DST, (Plon, 1985).
73 Monsieur X, Memoires secrets, (editions Denoel, 1998).
74 Mossad, (Stanke, 1977).
75 L’ttl deTel-Aviv, (edition speciale, 1970).
76 25 June 1971.
77 HVA (Hauptverwaltung Aufklarung): Main Directorate for Reconnaissance.
78 Authors of a Guide to Espionage (Le Cherche-Midi, 1998). According to them, the HVA resorted to considerable means and their results had largely satisfied the Soviets.
79 Parfaits espions, (Le Rocher, 2007).
80 Gehlen: a former Nazi general and founder of the West German intelligence agency at the instigation of the Americans. See chapter 8.
81 In his book, The Mitrokhin Archive.Vol I:The KGB in Europe and the West the author asserts that Gabriele Gast had a real fascination for Markus Wolf.
82 Un Vitnamien bien tranquille, (Equateurs, 2006),
83 Cruel avril 1975, (Robert Laffront, 1987).
84 A heroic figure in the North Vietnam Army, who left his country in 1990. Nine years later he published Vietnam, la face cachee du regime (Kergour), which is where this extract is taken from.
85 See Chapter 14.
86 In this article, published by La Croix on 10 February 1999, the journalist supports the theory that the East German archives were allegedly stolen by the CIA, while at the same time acknowledging that he did not know how the Americans had got their hands on them.
87 Junker was an aristocrat and great land owner.
88 Partido Obrero Unificacion Marxista (Workers Party of Marxist Unification), a Spanish revolutionary party formed in 1935.
89 Formally the Cheka before becoming the NKVD and finally the KGB after the Second World War.
90 The Mitrokhin Archive. Vol I:The KGB in Europe and the West (Allen Lane, 1999)
91 Le Monde, 10 October 1992. The journalist had dedicated a long article to Willy Brandt, following his death earlier that month.
92 Les MaLtres-espions, (Robert Laffont, 1994). The two authors are referring to the case of Hans-Joachim Tiedge.
93 L’^il de Berlin, written with the journalist Maurice Najman, (Balland, 1992).
94 In this story, the main protagonist's surname is not given as the author does not wish to cause any unnecessary harm to the person in question.
95 It was not until the defection of his friend, Stiller, that we would be able to put a face to this mysterious name, when he identified Wolf on a photograph taken during a meeting of key figures in the East German Communist Party.
96 See Chapter 1.
97 The KGB en France, (Grasset, 1986).
98 Services secrets sous Francois Mitterrand, (La Decouverte, 1988).
99 Every Spy a Prince:The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community (Houghton Mifflin, 1990).
100 Israel, ultra-secret, (Robert Laffont, 1989).
101 See Chapter 11.
102 The New Yorker, 1999.
103 Les Espions, realites et fantasmes, (Ellipse, 2008). The author had been the coordinator of French intelligence services during the Algerian War.
104 Golitsyn, a former KGB officer, convinced Angleton that all western intelligence services had been infiltrated by the Soviets. This resulted in a mole hunt that had seriously destabilised the agencies in question, so much so that some even wondered whether Angleton himself was being controlled by the KGB.
105 See Chapter 1.
106 See
Chapter 22.
107 See Chapter 23.
108 7 July 1984.
109 18 July 1984.
110 Editorial, 7 July 1984.
111 28 September 1985.
112 Le Matin, 6 November 1985.
113 Histoire de I’espionage mondial, (Editions du Felin, 2002).
114 Icon, (Bantam Press, 1996). In this novel, the author uses Ames as the protagonist.
115 The Mitrokhin Archive. Vol I:The KGB in Europe and the West (Allen Lane, 1999)
116 See Chapter 21.
117 Histoire de l’espionage mondial, (Editions du Felin, 2002).
118 ‘Le plus grand desastre de l'historie de la defense nationale', Spectacle du monde (1994).
119 See Chapter 22.
120 See Chapter 1.
121 Time Magazine, 5 March 2001.
122 An internet website that publishes information on the world of intelligence. It cites extracts from the FBI dossier, in particular a passage from one of the typed letters that the spy sent to his correspondents.
123 As in a lot of other American administrations, federal agents must all accept that their fingerprints are taken when they join the bureau.
124 Le Monde, March 2001.
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