16. Bell, letter to her father, 10 January 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
17. Liora Lukitz, ‘Bell, Gertrude Margaret Lowthian (1868–1926)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
18. Coote Diary, Sunday 13 March 1921; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 546–7.
19. Coote Diary, Monday 14 March 1921.
20. Boyle, Trenchard, pp. 381–4.
21. Bell, letter to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 549–50; Catherwood, Churchill’s Folly, pp. 135–6.
22. Coote Diary, 15 March 1921.
23. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 551–2; Churchill to Lloyd George, 16 March 1921, in Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,396–7.
24. Coote Diary, 17 March 1921.
25. Churchill to Lloyd George, 14, 18, 21, 23 March 1921, and Lloyd George to Churchill, 16 and 22 March 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 1,388–415; also, Barr, A Line in the Sand, pp. 124–7.
26. ‘Scrutator’, The Sunday Times, 20 March 1921.
27. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 557.
28. Lawrence to his brother Bob, quoted in Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 556–7; Bell to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
8 THE SMILING ORCHARDS
1. Coote Diary, 24 March 1921; Ridley, Bertie, p. 388.
2. Wasserstein, Herbert Samuel, p. viii.
3. Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem, pp. 412–19; Shalom Goldman, ‘The Rev. Herbert Danby (1889–1953): Hebrew Scholar, Zionist, Christian Missionary’, Modern Judaism, vol. 27, no. 2, May 2007.
4. Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,449.
5. Coote Diary, 21 March 1921.
6. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 559.
7. Storrs, Orientations, pp. 311, 325.
8. Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem, pp. 441–3.
9. Storrs, Orientations, pp. 282–4.
10. Coote Diary, entries for 25 and 26 March 1921; Storrs, Orientations, pp. 432–3.
11. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, pp. 3, 29–30; Graves (ed.), Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan, p. 202; Churchill to the House of Commons, 14 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, p. 3,095.
12. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, p. 53.
13. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, pp. 90–1; Churchill to Curzon, 5 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,432; Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, pp. 207–15.
14. See Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 562–6.
15. Coote Diary, 29 March 1921.
16. Churchill, ‘Transjordania’, Memorandum for the Cabinet, 2 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,430; Churchill to Curzon, 5 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,432.
17. Coote Diary, entries for 27, 28, 30 March 1921.
18. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 572–5.
19. Twenty years later the Esperia was torpedoed by a British submarine off the coast of Tripoli.
9 TRAGEDY STRIKES
1. See Churchill’s hotel bill for 4–8 April 1921 in CHAR 1/154; Martin, Jennie, vol. 2, pp. 395–6. The error that Churchill rushed back to London is repeated in Roberts, Churchill, p. 284; Roy Jenkins simply ignores the episode.
2. McConkey, Free Spirit, pp. 148–9; Churchill’s Foreword was drafted for him by his private secretary Eddie Marsh; The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 17 December 1921. For Lavery’s election to the Royal Academy, see The Times, 2 March 1921. Sir Martin Gilbert makes no mention of this Cap d’Ail visit in the main narrative of his official biography; it appears only as a footnote in the relevant companion volume of documents.
3. The Times, 28 April 1921.
4. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 581–2.
5. For Bill Hozier’s death, see The Times, 16 April 1921; for Lady Blanche’s letter to Churchill, see CHAR 1/138.
6. Letter from New York of 8 April 1921, CHAR 1/138; Bricrin Dolan, ‘Clare Sheridan, an Adventuress and her Children’, Journal of Irish Literature, vol. 19, no. 2, May 1990, pp. 3–46. In 1943 Clare was to suggest to her cousin Winston that he include her brother Oswald on a mission to Moscow on the grounds that he had driven by motorcycle with her across Russia in 1923 and hence possessed ‘an exceptional understanding’ of the Soviet Union. See Clare to Winston, 27 September 1943, in Gilbert and Arnn, The Churchill Documents, vol. 19, pp. 286–7.
7. Lady Jean Hamilton Diary, undated but February 1921.
8. Handwritten note dated 29 June 1921, sold at Christie’s, New York, 23 June 2011, Sale 2456, Lot 7.
9. Martin, Jennie, vol. 2, pp. 396–401.
10. Boston Evening Globe, 29 June 1921; Boston Post, 10 July 1921, CHAR 1/146; Baruch, undated, CHAR 1/140/84.
11. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 605–6; The Sunday Times, 3 July 1921; The Times, 4 July 1921; Churchill to ‘Dearest Millie’, in Sutherland Papers, Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Library Services, online www.sutherlandcollection.org.uk. I am grateful to Paul Addison for this reference.
10 PEACEMAKER
1. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars 1918–1940, pp. 119–29; Lee of Fareham, ‘A Good Innings’, p. 208.
2. For the rising internal paranoia within the IRA of early 1921, see Townshend, The Republic, pp. 262–6; Walsh, Bitter Freedom, pp. 252–7.
3. For Stenning’s murder, see ‘List of Suspected Civilian Spies Killed by the IRA, 1920–21’ by Dr Andy Bielenberg and Professor Emeritus James S. Donnelly, at theirishrevolution.ie; for Frewen, see the biography by Leslie, Mr. Frewen of England, passim.
4. James S. Donnelly, ‘Big House Burnings in County Cork during the Irish Revolution 1920–1921’, Eire-Ireland, vol. 47, nos 3–4, Fall/Winter 2012, pp. 141–80; Leslie, Mr. Frewen of England, p. 195.
5. Charles Lysaght, ‘Leslie, John Randolph (‘Shane’)’, Dictionary of Irish Biography; Leslie, Cousin Clare, p. 163; Leslie, Long Shadows, p. 228.
6. Aidan Dunne, ‘A Passion for the Political’, The Irish Times, 26 July 2010; Lavery, The Life of a Painter, pp. 211–12 (he gives no date for this letter); Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 103. Bew claims it was a portrait of MacSwiney, but as no such portrait is known to exist it was presumably the Southwark Cathedral scene.
7. Isaiah Berlin, ‘Personal Impressions’, quoted in Robert Rhodes James, ‘Churchill the Parliamentarian, Orator, and Statesman’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, p. 108.
8. Soames (ed.), Winston and Clementine, pp. 231–2.
9. Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 105.
10. Street, Ireland in 1921, pp. 23–7.
11. Townshend, The Republic, p. 301.
12. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 666.
13. ‘Ireland and Anglo-American Relations’, 28 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,113–14.
14. James, ‘Churchill the Parliamentarian, Orator, and Statesman’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 506–17.
15. Duff Cooper Papers, DUFC 15/2/5, Churchill College, Cambridge; Field, Bendor, passim.
16. Rose, Churchill, p. 180; and see his article on ‘Churchill and Zionism’ in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 147–66; Makovsky, Churchill’s Promised Land, passim.
17. Quoted in Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, pp. 2, 105, 268. For his ornithological frauds, see Fortey, Dry Store Room No. 1, pp. 281–3; see also Garfield, The Meinertzhagen Mystery, passim. Meinertzhagen also claimed to have rescued one of the Tsar’s daughters from Ekaterinburg, and to have interviewed Hitler with a pistol in his pocket.
18. For his meeting with Churchill, see Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, pp. 148–9; Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem, pp. 26–8.
19. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 583; and Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, p. 267, fn 28.
20. For the speech, see Rh
odes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,095–111.
21. Thomas Marlowe, ‘Memorandum for Lord Northcliffe’, 30 May 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, pp. 1,477–8; Neville Chamberlain to his sister Hilda, 18 June 1921, in The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, Volume Two: The Reform Years 1921–1927, ed. Robert Self, p. 65; Churchill to Lloyd George, 17 June 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, p. 1,511.
22. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 598–9.
11 ‘WHERE ARE WE GOING IN EUROPE?’
1. The Times, 21 June 1921.
2. Churchill, My Early Life 1874–1908, p. 71.
3. Ibid, pp. 113, 215; The Times, 23 June 1921.
4. Sixsmith, Russia, pp. 8–9.
5. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 145–7; Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, pp. 48, 54–5.
6. Ibid, 18–19 June 1921; Egremont, Under Two Flags, p. 97.
7. Letter to her husband, 11 July 1921, in Soames (ed.), Winston and Clementine, p. 238.
8. Ibid, letters of 11, 20 or 27 July 1921, pp. 238–9; Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 217.
9. Memorandum for Lord Northcliffe by Thomas Marlowe, 30 May 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. III, pp. 1,477–8.
10. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 196.
11. There is a considerable scholarly literature about the Mui-tsai system. A useful starting point is the article by Susan Pedersen, ‘The Maternalist Moment in British Colonial Policy: The Controversy over “Child Slavery” in Hong Kong 1917–1941’, Past and Present, no. 171, May 2001, from which the quotation by Churchill is taken (p. 171). For a contemporary account by anti-slavery activists, see Lt Cmdr and Mrs H. L. Haslewood, Child Slavery in Hong Kong: The Mui Tsai System, London, The Sheldon Press, 1930.
12. ‘International Affairs’, 8 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,091–4.
13. The Times, 24 May 1921; see also 2 and 21 June 1921; Steiner, The Lights that Failed, p. 196.
14. ‘International Affairs’, Speech to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 8 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,091–4.
15. C. P. Snow, Variety of Man (1969), pp. 136–8, quoted in an article by Paul Addison, ‘How Churchill’s Mind Worked’. I am deeply grateful to the author for sharing this with me before publication. Hitler’s election as sole leader of the Nazi Party took place in Munich on 29 July 1921.
16. Graham, Arthur Meighen, a Biography, vol. II, pp. 76–81.
17. For Churchill’s 15 June speech, see The Times, 16 June 1921.
12 IMPERIAL DREAMS
1. For the guest list, see The Times, Court and Social Section, 28 June 1921.
2. Graham, Arthur Meighen, vol. II, p. 84.
3. Ibid, pp. 108, 507; The Times, 11 April 1921; Ian McGibbon, ‘Allen, James 1855–1942’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
4. ‘Prince and West Indies: Mr. Churchill on Links with Canada’, The Times, 25 June 1921.
5. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, ‘The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 17 June 1921’, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,512–13.
6. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, 4 July 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,539–42; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 606–7; Beloff, Imperial Sunset, p. 331; Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain’s Eastern Empire 1919–1941, p. 41.
7. Gilmour, Curzon, pp. 524–5; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 241.
8. Hancock, Smuts, pp. 129–30.
9. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,544–6.
10. Hamill, The Strategic Illusion, pp. 17–30. For other useful studies of the Singapore base, see McIntyre, The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base 1919–1942, and Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain’s Eastern Empire 1919–1941.
11. Wm. Matthew Kennedy, ‘Imperial Austerlitz. The Singapore Strategy and the Culture of Victory 1917–1924’, in Walsh and Varnava (eds), The Great War and the British Empire, p. 124. See also Hamill, The Strategic Illusion, pp. 25–9.
12. Toye, Churchill’s Empire, p. xvii; Clarke, The Locomotive of War, p. 94, and Mr. Churchill’s Profession, pp. 291–3.
13. The Times, 12, 13 July 1921.
14. Amery, Diaries, p. 270.
15. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, 23 July 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,563–6; Beloff, Imperial Sunset, pp. 341–4.
16. The Times, Friday 1 July 1921.
17. Quoted in Boyle, Trenchard, p. 159.
18. Bridge, William Hughes, passim.
19. The Times, 26 August 1921.
20. The Times, 8 September, 3 October 1921.
13 ‘I WILL TAKE WHAT COMES’
1. Churchill Cabinet Memorandum, ‘The Situation in Palestine’, 10 June 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,499–500.
2. ‘Note of a Conversation held at A. J. Balfour’s house’, 22 July 1921, ibid, pp. 1,558–60; Churchill to Cabinet, 11 August 1921, ibid, pp. 1,585–90.
3. ‘Conversation between Winston S. Churchill and Shibley Jamal’, 15 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,592–1601; Churchill, ‘Remarks to the Palestinian Arab Delegation’, 22 August 1921, ibid, pp. 1,610–18.
4. Churchill to Cabinet, 4 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,576–8; Churchill to Lloyd George, 7 August 1921, ibid, p. 1,582.
5. Churchill to Trenchard, 22 July 1921, in ibid, p. 1,561; see also pp. 1,497–8, 1,547.
6. Haldane to Churchill, 14 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,590–1.
7. Gertrude Bell to her father Sir Hugh Bell, 20 December 1921, Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
8. R. M. Douglas, ‘Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 81, no. 4, December 2009, pp. 859–87; and Haldane to Churchill, 14 August 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,590–1.
9. Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 136–7.
10. Librairie P-V Stock, Paris, to Churchill, 28 July 1921, in CHAR 1/153/15–18.
11. Churchill to Jackson, 22 July 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,562–3.
12. Lough, No More Champagne, p. 138; H. A. L. Fisher Diary, 19 August 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,609; Barker & Co. (Coachbuilders) Ltd to Churchill, 19 August 1921, in CHAR 1/153/ 27–28.
13. Churchill to Clementine, 18 July 1921 (not in Soames, Winston and Clementine), CSCT 2/14/30.
14. Gertrude Bell to Sir Hugh Bell, 28 August 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
15. Soames, Clementine Churchill, pp. 200–2; A Daughter’s Tale, p. 5; Winston and Clementine, p. 241; also Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 613.
16. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 241.
17. Leslie, Long Shadows, p. 24; Sinclair to Churchill, undated, but August, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,621–2; Elizabeth Walden to Churchill, 19 August 1921, in CHAR 1/ 153/26.
18. The Times, 21 August 1921.
19. Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 135–6.
20. Churchill to Clementine, 19 September 1921, in Gilbert, The World in Torment, pp. 613–14. For the full text, see CSCT 2/14/32.
21. Churchill to Edwina Ashley, 25 September 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,627.
22. Clementine to Churchill, 22 September 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 242; The Times, 27 September 1921.
14 ‘A SEAT FOR LIFE’
1. Churchill, The World Crisis 1918–1928: The Aftermath, pp. 311–12.
2. Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, p. 235. The idea for the map was Margo Greenwood’s.
3. For the text of the letter, and much that follows here, see Jones, Whitehall Diary, ed. Keith Middlemas), Volume III, Ireland 1918–1925, pp. 1,921–3. For De Valera’s ‘second-rate political margarine’, s
ee The Times, 7 September 1921.
4. Dundee Advertiser, 5 September 1921.
5. Owen, Tempestuous Journey, pp. 577–9.
6. ‘Brahan Castle: Wise Behind the Hand’, The Times, 6 September 1921.
7. Dundee Advertiser, 7 September 1921; The Times, 8 September 1921.
8. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, his Life and Reign, p. 359.
9. Jones, Whitehall Diary; Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath, p. 313.
10. The Times, 13 September 1921; for Lloyd George’s illness, see The Times, 21 September 1921; for Riddell, see his Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and Beyond, p. 325; for Houston, see Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl Birkenhead, pp. 97–8.
11. Letter to Clementine, 19 September 1921, in CSCT 2/14/32; for Lloyd George’s letter of invitation to De Valera, see The Times, 30 September 1921.
12. Tomlinson, Dundee and the Empire, p. 9; Paterson, Churchill, pp. 46, 48, 267. See also Jeffrey, This Dangerous Menace, p. 9.
13. Sir George Ritchie to Churchill, 17 June 1921, in CHAR5/24.
14. Speech at King’s Theatre, Dundee, 14 February 1920, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, p. 2,938.
15. Paterson, Churchill, p. 148; for an obituary of Ritchie, see the Dundee Advertiser, 5 December 1921; for Churchill’s letter to Ritchie on Socialism, see The Times, 17 February 1920; for that on the Middle East, see CHAR 5/21, final draft by Marsh with Churchill’s changes, dated 1 March 1921.
16. Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 159–60.
17. Cited in William M. Walker, ‘Dundee’s Disenchantment with Churchill: A Comment on the Downfall of the Liberal Party’, The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 49, no. 147, April 1970, p. 99.
18. Walker, Juteopolis, pp. 426, 440.
19. Walker, ‘Dundee’s Disenchantment’, p. 103.
20. Ibid, p. 104; Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, p. 161.
15 ‘THE COURAGE AND INSTINCT OF LEADERSHIP’
1. See the Dundee Advertiser, all issues 6–30 September 1921.
2. Churchill to Ritchie, 11 September 1921, in CHAR 5/24; D. J. Macdonald to Churchill, 17 September 1921, in CHAR 5/24; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955, p. 220.
3. Churchill to Worthington Evans, 15 July 1921; and Alexander Spence to Churchill, 21 July 1921, both in CHAR 5/24.
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