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Notes
*Please note some of the links referenced throughout this work may no longer be active.
ABBREVIATIONS
Bodleian
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
CSPD
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic
CSPV
Calendar of State Papers, Venice
DNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
ESL
Early Stuart Libels, http://earlystuartlibels.net
HoL
Journal of the House of Lords: vol. 3, 1620–1628 (London, 1767–1830), British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol3
TNA
The National Archives
Prologue
The sexual charisma … Shirley, 1833, vol. 6, p. 449; Cogswell, 2005, p. 84.
ACT I: CHRIST HAD HIS JOHN AND I HAVE MY GEORGE
The King’s Way
In the early seventeenth century … Earle, 1628, sig. C4.
These were the prospects facing George Villiers. TNA C 3/293/104, ‘Vyllyeres v Vyllyeres’ (undated, mutilated); TNA C 2/ Eliz/U3/32, ‘Villiers v Villiers’, 1599.
Mary had no land or wealth of her own to fall back on. Beaumont, 1929.
This was a practice his family … Parker, 1947, pp. 239–40; Nichols, 1795, vol. 2, p. 195.
George’s roguish uncle … Hoskins, 1941, p. 261.
Mary was evidently impressed with the glamorous visitor. Gardiner, 1871; Lockyer, 2014, p. 8.
John had what was politely termed ‘giddiness of the head’ … Wilson, 1653, p. 147; Lockyer, 2014, p. 116. George’s illness is implied in Mary’s Lenten letter to him: Bodleian, Tanner MS 74/194, quoted in Minor, 1986, p. 111.
Like his older brother … Lockyer, 2014, p. 8.
Though she remained … Wotton, 1672, p. 209; Lockyer, 2014, p. 10.
This showed that George senior owed over £2,500 … Bodleian MSS.Eng.hist./c.477/f112. For historical estimates of craftsmen’s income, see Clark, 2005, table A2.
For example, she decided to hire a personal musician … See Vautor, 1619.
To prepare George … Cuming, 1970.
The Malcontent
The King’s Men were booked … http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4TzvnDHl4btXXxxnZwG5bSM/shakespeares-company-visit-leicester [accessed 1 Dec 2016]. A payment of 40 shillings is recorded in the accounts of the city’s chamberlain. The entry is subsequently crossed out, so perhaps the fee was paid by someone else (a local benefactor), or a dispute led to Leicester’s chamberlain refusing to pay, or the production was cancelled.
The change of regime … See Wright, 1987.
In 1584 a narrative poem … Stewart, 2003, p. 51 ff. For circulation of the poem in England as well as Scotland, see Verweij, 2014.
James’s attitude towards Esmé … ‘Border Papers, Volume 1: May 1582’, in Calendar of Border Papers: Vol. 1, 1560–95, ed. Joseph Bain (London, 1894), pp. 81–4.
Christopher Marlowe made a sly allusion to Esmé … Bevington et al., 2002, p. 351 ff.
‘swum from France’ to ‘smile’ … Christopher Marlowe, Edward II, Act I, sc. i, 39.
‘minions’ and ‘ganymedes’ … Christopher Marlowe, Edward II, Act I, sc. iv, 390–3, 181.
Since James’s arrival in England … Cuddy, 1987.
The new version of The Malcontent … For a discussion on the political meanings of The Malcontent as they might have been perceived at the time, see Quarmby, 2016, chapter 2.
The play began with a warning … John Marston, The Malcontent [Prologue]; Act I, sc. ii, 5–10; ‘The Induction’, 95; Act III, sc. i, 48, 78; Act I, sc. v, 20–3.
All We Here Sit in Darkness
William Feilding, the son of a Warwickshire gentleman … DNB, Feilding, William, first Earl of Denbigh (c.1587–1643); Warwickshire County Records Office, CR 2017/F29.
Sir William Reynor was in his eighties … Bodleian MS.Eng. hist./c.477/f112; Reynor’s name is also spelled Reyner, Raynor and Rayner.
Though some suspected … Wotton, 1672, pp. 208–9.
Unfortunately for her … TNA STAC 8/12/8.
Sir William was in no condition … TNA PROB 11/108/376.
She had powerful connections. http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604–1629/member/holcroftsir-thomas-1557–1620 [accessed 1 Dec 2016].
Drawing on these links … The details of the case are to be found in the proceedings of the Court of Chancery (TNA C 2/JasI/ R1/43) and the Star Chamber (TNA STAC 8/12/8). A full and colourful account of the episode appears in an undated newsletter of the Keyworth and District Local History Society, drawing on a newspaper cutting in the society’s archives dated 12 Sep 1925, entitled: ‘Old Notts. Marriage Romances’, by R. W. Marston of High Barnet. http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/newsletter/wanton-wench.htm [accessed 1 Dec 2016].
Sir Thomas Compton was quite unlike … Wilson, 1653, pp. 147–8.
Mary, a shrewd judge of men … Edward Hasted, ‘Parishes: Erith’, in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 2 (Canterbury, 1797), pp. 227–63; Heylyn, 1650, p. 166; Cokayne, 1895, p. 71.
Meanwhile, Mary’s efforts … Wotton, 1672, p. 209.
While his conversative qualities began to flourish … Lockyer, 2014, p. 10.
She had been consulting … See for example: Bodleian MS Ashmole 239, f160v.
George would remain at Goadby … Wotton, 1672, p. 209; Lockyer, 2014, p. 10; Holles, 1983, vol. 2, p. 297.
Debateable Lands
Young hopefuls would mill around … Akrigg, 1962, p. 397.
Mild interest was aroused … Wilson, 1653, p. 79.
Ann’s older sister, Elizabeth, … Bodleian MS.Eng.hist./c.480/ fols.105–47.
Whatever the obstacles, Ann and George … Weldon, 1650, p. 28.
The argument over the match … Sir John Graham’s name is variously referred to as Grimes, Grahme, or Greames.
Hailing from the gloriously named ‘debateable lands’ … Samuel Lewis, ‘Faifley – Fifeshire’, in A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (London, 1846), pp. 411–28; Wotton, 1672, p. 209; Cuddy, 1987.
Apethorpe
King James was a restless spirit. Stewart, 2003, p. 75.
These progresses came like a plague … Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, p. 98.
One of James’s favourite places … DNB, Sir Anthony Mildmay (c.1549–1617), in Sir Walter Mildmay (1520/21–1589).
Apethorpe was one of those distinctively English … Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, pp. 97–8.
The Danish king was infamous … Harington, 1804, p. 353.
It was 4 August … ‘Apethorpe’, in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the County of Northamptonshire, vol. 6, London: HMSO, 1984, pp. 1–16.
Furthermore, the demands on cupbearers were daunting. Cuddy, 1987, p. 194.
First impressions of the royal presence … Weldon, 1650, p. 55; Stewart, 2003, p. 172.
The impetuous act … Sanderson, 1656, p. 466; Heylyn, 1650, p. 158.
George now became the focus of fierce curiosity … Bergeron, 1999, p. 102.
Thomas Erskine … Juhala, 2000, p. 119; Stewart, 2003, pp. 265–6.
Revealing his weakness and dependence … Bergeron, 1999, pp. 80–4.
George was spotted at a horse race at Newmarket. Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, p. 38; D’Ewes, 1845, p. 86.
Baynard’s Castle
The public mood … DNB, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594–1612).
‘the beauty of both sexes’ … This is the description given for the character of the Earl of Somerset, identifiable as Carr, in Francis Osborne’s play The True Tragicomedy Formerly Acted at Court, written in th
e 1650s, though not published until 1983. See Osborne et al., 1983.
‘Wondrously in a little time’ … Stewart, 2003, p. 257 ff; Thomas Wyatt, ‘Mine own John Poyntz’, c.1536.
As his wealth and status had risen … Harington, 1804, p. 396.
The ringleaders were William Herbert … DNB, Herbert, William, third Earl of Pembroke (1580–1630).
The strategy this secret cabal … John Rushworth, ‘Historical Collections: 1627 (part 1 of 2)’, in Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 1, 1618–29 (London, 1721), p. 461.
With the king distracted … Weldon, 1650, p. 84; Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, pp. 255–6.
Together, Goring and his fellow master fools … Scott, 1811, pp. 398–403.
For Twelfth Night … Chamberlain and McClure, 1939, vol. 1, p. 561; Lockyer, 2014, pp. 17–18.
‘Ben’s plays are works … Butler, 1993, p. 377.
The masque opened in an alchemical workshop … Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, pp. 30–7.
And George, everyone could agree … Nichols, 1828, vol. 3, p. 256; Lockyer, 2014, pp. 236, 33.
Dance demonstrated George’s charms … Wotton, 1672, p. 209.
James was smitten. Wilson, 1653, p. 40.
St George’s Day
In the early months of 1615 … Leveneur, 1863, p. 14; Lockyer, 2014, p. 16.
With Carr placated … DNB, Anne [Anna, Anne of Denmark], Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1574–1619).
Fortunately, Anne did not care … John Rushworth, ‘Historical Collections: 1627 (part 1 of 2)’, in Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 1, 1618–29 (London, 1721), pp. 422–89. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rushworth-papers/vol1/pp422–89 [accessed 9 Nov 2016].
Heavy snow fell … Nichols, vol. 3, p. 38.
‘Notwithstanding this,’ … John Rushworth, ‘Historical Collections: 1627 (part 1 of 2)’, in Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 1, 1618–29 (London, 1721), pp. 422–89. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rushworth-papers/vol1/ pp422–89 [accessed 9 Nov 2016]. Abbot’s use of the word ‘instant’ has been changed to ‘insistent’.
Then the queen rallied … CSPV, 19 Dec 1618 [New Style], item 658; Payne, 2001, p. 66.
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