by MAC-3
Conversation location, 143–144, 144f, 154
evasive embezzler
Cooperation
background, 209–211
attitude and, 36
interrogation, 211–224
encouraging of, 123, 157, 167–169
false allegation
importance of gaining, 66
background, 199
obstacles to, 163
interrogation, 199–209
positive expectations toward, 105
impatient guardian
with private vs. public investigator, 66
background, 175
questioning methods, 40–41, 167–169
contact phase of, 178–180
rationalization acceptance to gain, 31
follow-up phase of, 195–198
refusal to cooperate, 19, 66, 168
Index
237
Credibility, 23–24
Emotional baggage, 110–111
Crime
Emotional outburst
detachment from, 79–80
detachment from, 80
FBI statistics regarding, 62
patience during, 81
human needs satisfied by, 16
Emotions, 100
Part I offenses, 62
Empathy, 38, 72, 76, 124
Part II offenses, 62–63
Encouragement, 149, 160
Crime scene, 124–125, 158
Environmental setting, 141–142
Criminal investigations, 7
Esteem, 17
Curiosity, 41–42
Ethics
code of, 4, 6, 8–9
D
definition of, 3
Deception
foundation of, 3–5
challenging of, 171–172
interviewer, 22
deductive logic approach, 33
investigative interviewing application
definition of, 24
of, 4–5, 11–12
detection of, 25–26
law enforcement professionals
feigning of anger as, 21
California Peace Officers’
identifying of, 171–172
Association canon of ethics, 10–11
inattentive investigator and, 78
code of, 8–9
leniency and, 131
description of, 6–7
psychological motives for
objectives, 6
defense mechanisms, 31–32
principles of practice, 9–10
description of, 28–29
professional integrity, 7
pathological liar, 29
standards, 9
psychopathic personality, 30–31
leadership based on, 5–6
signs of
organizational strategy for, 3–4
body movements, 28
situational, 4
description of, 25, 128
values and, 4
expressing of objections, 27
violations of, 5
hiding of relevant information,
Evasive embezzler case study
26
background, 209–211
lack of clear thinking, 26
interrogation, 211–224
nonverbal, 27–28, 133
Evasiveness, 171
phrases, 27
Evidence
physical appearance, 25
collection of, 53–54, 65, 114
physiological, 28
confession. See Confession
unevenness of emphasis, 25
documentary, 48
verbal, 26–27
handling of, 53
stress associated with, 25
importance of, 47
suspicions regarding, 41
neutral approach to, 54
Deductive logic, 32–33
preservation of, 53–54, 65
Defense mechanisms, 31–32
real, 47–48
Degrading of interviewee, 36
reports. See Reports
Detachment, 79–80
testimonial. See Testimonial evidence Detection-of-deception examination. See
Evil
Polygraph examination
historical views of, 2
Directive questions, 164
human views of, 2
Disraeli, Benjamin, 81
innate, 2
Diversion questions, 165
meaning of, 1–2
Documentary evidence, 48
“Expanding inquiry” question, 132
Expectations
E
body language expression of, 102
Embarrassment, 159–161
communicating of, 101–102
Embezzlement, 62, 94–95
feedback and, 102–103
238
Index
Expectations cont.
background, 175
high level of, 99
contact phase of, 178–180
input of, 103
follow-up phase of, 195–198
positive, 116
greeting, 178
questioning style and, 168
initial phase of, 176–180
self-fulfilling prophecy effects, 99
interview strategy prepared, 177–178
subtle presentation of, 105–106
introduction, 178
Eye contact, 27–28, 73, 84, 159
objective of interaction announced, 179
potential interviewees evaluated, 177
F
precontact, 176
Facial expression, 84
primary phase, 180–194
Fact gathering, 38
psychological preparations, 178
Factual report, 55–56
seating, 178–179
False allegation case study
strategic planning for, 176–178
background, 199
structured approach, 180
interrogation, 199–209
terminal phase of, 194
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation tone setting, 179–180
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Inattention, 78
authority role of, 90
Inconsistencies, 136, 150–151, 154–155,
bank thefts investigated by, 64
173
crime classifications by, 62–63
Indifferent attitude, 77
Feedback, 102–103
Indirect questions, 164–165
Feelings, 158
Inferiority, 18
Flattery, 73
Information-gathering interview, 158
Flexibility, 39–41
Initial phase of interview
Flight area, 144
case study example of, 176–180
Floating-point strategy, 113
contact, 117, 121–125
Fraud, 62
description of, 111
Frustration, 18–19
precontact, 113–114
strategic planning, 114–117, 115f
G
Innate evil, 2
Galatea effect
Insincerity, 40
application of, 106
Instincts, 3
definition of, 100
”Instruction” question, 130
Gestures, 84
Interrogation
Goodness, 1
beginning of, 136–137
Gorden, Raymond L., 99
case study examples of, 199–209,
211–224
H
definition of, 51–52
Haptics, 119
interview progression to, 49, 136–137,
Heracleitus, 44
150
Hidden agenda, 118
Miranda warnings before beginning of, Hidden persuaders
50
definition of, 118
Interview
list of, 118–1
19
antagonism during, 38
primary phase use of, 127
approaches to
Honesty, 27
nonstructured, 154
Hostility, 168
overview of, 154–155
Human needs. See Needs
semistructured, 153
structured, 152–153, 180
I
contact phase of
Imagination, 42
announcing objective of interview,
Immunity, 67
122–123
Impatience, 80–81
crime scene, 124–125, 158
Impatient guardian case study
description of, 117
Index
239
greeting, 121
preliminary inquiry, 114
introductions, 121
primary phase of
seating, 121–122
“approach” question, 129
tone setting, 123
“bones,” 127, 153
conversational approach to, 161
“consequences” question, 130
crime scene, 124–125, 158
description of, 125
directing of, 158
“expanding inquiry” question, 132
ending of, 75, 135, 172–173
flowchart of, 126f
environmental setting for, 141–142
inconsistencies during, 151
ethical principles applied to, 4–5, 11–12
“instruction” question, 130
first impressions, 119–120
“kind to do it” question, 131
flexibility during, 39–41
narration question, 127
flowchart of, 109, 110f
“suspicion” question, 129
follow-up phase of, 135–138
“they say they saw you” question,
“game” view of, 29
132
goal of, 49
“they say you did it” question,
historical phase of, 109–110
131–132
information-gathering, 158
“thoughts” question, 130
initial phase of
“verification” question, 129
contact, 117, 121–125
“what would you say” question, 132
description of, 111
“who” question, 128
precontact, 113–114
“why it happened” question, 131
strategic planning, 114–117, 115f
“willingness” question, 130
intensity during
“you” question, 128
description of, 147–148
psychological preparation for, 116–117
encouragement, 149
public vs. private, 66
level 1, 149–150
review during, 148–149
level 2, 150
room layouts for, 144f–145f, 147f
level 3, 150–151
rushing of, 77, 80
level 4, 151
satisfaction of needs and, 18
level 5, 151–152
Scott County cases, 67–68
review, 148–149
seating during, 121–122
variations in, 148
semistructured approach, 153
interrogation progression of, 49,
spontaneity in, 44
136–137, 150
strategic planning stage of, 114–117,
intuition during, 43
115f
life experiences effect, 111, 112f
structured approach, 152–153, 180
location of participants during
telephone, 120
chair positioning, 143–144
terminal phase of, 133–135
conversation, 143–144, 144f, 154
terminating of, 172–173
definition of, 143
tone of, 121, 123
intimate, 146–147, 155
truth seeking in, 44, 72
moderate, 145–146, 154
unethical behaviors, 12
moving closer, 143
witness, 124, 158
personal space considerations, 142
Interviewee
shifting of position, 146–147
abandonment feelings by, 21
types of, 142–143
acceptance of, 40, 78–79
noncustodial, 51, 120
accusations against, 97
nonstructured approach, 154
anger expressed by, 21–22
objective of, 122–123
anxiety by, 171–172
open-minded approach to, 95, 116,
arguing with, 92
122–123
attentiveness to, 76–77
patience during, 80–82
attitude toward, 100
personal preparation phase of, 110–111
authoritarian effects on, 92
planning for, 17, 40, 157
congruence with, 37
precontact stage of, 113–114
cooperation of, 19, 31
240
Index
Interviewee cont.
interviewee’s needs satisfied by, 20–21
credibility of, 23–24
needs of, 22–23
defense mechanisms used by, 31–32
opinion of, 95, 158
degrading of, 36
personal views of, 96
empathy with, 38, 72, 76, 124
proficiency of, 157–158
encouragement of, 149, 160
psychopath attempts to outwit,
evaluating of, 114–115, 120
30–31
fearing of harming others, 20
self-experience as guide for, 33
first impressions with, 119–120
tasks of, 20–21
flight area for, 144
traits of, 157–158
frame of reference, 77
Interviewing
freedom to leave interview, 168
definition of, 157
greeting of, 121
ethical principles applied to, 4–5, 11–12
hostility by, 168
Intimacy, 16
inconsistencies by, 136, 150
Intimate location, 146–147, 155
interviewing technique based on, 40
Intimidation, 153
intuition of, 45
Intuition, 35
level of comfort, 142
active listening and, 44, 76
listening by, 74
definition of, 43
mood of, 96
elements of, 43
needs of. See Needs
interviewees, 45
nonjudgmental understanding of, 79
interviewing benefits of, 43
obligation sense of, 168
trusting in, 44–45, 158
output of, 103
Investigation
power struggle with, 74
crime scene, 124–125
projection by, 32
private, 63–64
rationalization by, 31–32, 91, 151
Pygmalion effect application to,
receptivity to, 78
100–101
refusal to cooperate, 19, 66
Investigator
rejection of, 17
attitude of, 36–37, 66
reluctance by, 153, 168
catalyst role of, 71
rights of, 19
confidence building for, 35
role reversal with, 74
curiosity of, 41–42
rushing of, 77, 80
flexibility of, 39–41
selection of, 116
imagination of, 42
self-disclosure fears, 19–20
intuition of, 43–45
self-esteem of, 17, 22
loyalty of, 89
self-expression by, 38
object
ive of, 66
self-image of, 16–17, 22
private
silence by, 85–87
cooperation with, 66
spontaneous talking by, 79, 81, 86
definition of, 61
story presented by, 17
evidence collection by, 65
talkative, 158
increasing use of, 61
trustworthiness of, 41
investigations handled by,
truthfulness by, 24
63–64
unconditional positive regard for, 37
methods used by, 65
uneasiness by, 171
Miranda warnings not required, 52
victimized, 16
white-collar crime investigations by,
Interviewer
64
active listening by. See Active listening public
anger responses by, 21–22
cooperation with, 66
assertiveness by, 150
definition of, 61
ethical approaches by, 22
law enforcement professionals. See
generalizations used by, 33
Law enforcement professionals
inattention by, 78
laws that govern, 65
Index
241
suing of, 67
M
self-confidence of, 106, 137
Menninger, William C., 18
strengths and weaknesses of, 39
Mental belief and expectation, 104
Merton, Robert K., 100
Miranda warnings
K
expressing of, 50
Keefe, William, 82
interrogation after issuing, 50
“Kind to do it” question, 131
list of, 49–50
Kinesics, 119
noncustodial interview, 51
private security investigators, 52
L
situations that require, 51–52
Lack of clear thinking, 26
Moderate location, 145–146, 154
Law enforcement professionals
Moral lessons, 2
ethics for
Motivations, 114
California Peace Officers’
Association canon of ethics, 10–11
N
code of, 8–9
Narration question, 127
description of, 6–7
Narrative, 158
objectives, 6
Needs
principles of practice, 9–10
belonging, 16
professional integrity, 7
control, 16
standards, 9
crime as satisfying, 16
reports prepared by, 7
frustration in achieving, 18–19
responsibilities of, 6
interviewer, 22–23
stress of, 22–23
intimacy, 16
white-collar crime investigated by, 63
obstacles to, 19
Leadership, ethical, 5–6
satisfaction of, 18–20
Lead-in, 171
self-esteem, 16–17
Leading questions, 166
self-image, 16–17
Leniency, 131
universal, 15–16
Liars
Negative feelings, 38
characteristics of, 24
Negativity, 96
motivating factors for, 24
Neighborliness, 36
