18Robert Amant and Thomas Horton (2008).
19Jane Goodall (1967), p. 32.
20Crickette Sanz et al. (2010).
21Christophe Boesch et al. (2009), Ebang Wilfried and Juichi Yamagiwa (2014).
22William McGrew (2010).
23Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani (2007).
24Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1997).
25Jürgen Lethmate (1982).
26Carel van Schaik et al. (1999).
27Thibaud Gruber et al. (2010), Esther Herrmann et al. (2008).
28Thomas Breuer et al. (2005), Jean-Felix Kinani and Dawn Zimmerman (2015).
29Eduardo Ottoni and Massimo Mannu (2001).
30Dorothy Fragaszy et al. (2004).
31Julio Mercader et al. (2007).
32Elisabetta Visalberghi and Luca Limongelli (1994).
33Luca Limongelli et al. (1995), Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2008).
34William Mason (1976), pp. 292–93.
35Michael Gumert et al. (2009).
36“Honey Badgers: Masters of Mayhem,” Nature, broadcast Feb. 19, 2014, Public Broadcasting Service.
37Alex Weir et al. (2002).
38Gavin Hunt (1996), Hunt and Russell Gray (2004).
39Christopher Bird and Nathan Emery (2009), Alex Taylor and Russell Gray (2009), Sarah Jelbert et al. (2014).
40Alex Taylor et al. (2014).
41Natacha Mendes et al. (2007), Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).
42Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).
43Gavin Hunt et al. (2007), p. 291.
44William McGrew (2013).
45Alex Taylor et al. (2007).
46Nathan Emery and Nicola Clayton (2004).
47Vladimir Dinets et al. (2013).
48Julian Finn et al. (2009).
CHAPTER 4: TALK TO ME
1Bishop of Polignac, cited in Corbey (2005), p. 54.
2Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts (2002 [orig. 1935]).
3Herbert Terrace et al. (1979).
4Irene Pepperberg (2008).
5Michele Alexander and Terri Fisher (2003).
6Norman Malcolm (1973), p. 17.
7Jerry Fodor (1975), p. 56.
8Irene Pepperberg (1999).
9Bruce Moore (1992)
10Alice Auersperg et al. (2012).
11Ewen Callaway (2012).
12Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1989).
13Irene Pepperberg (2012).
14Irene Pepperberg (1999), p. 327.
15Sapolsky (2010).
16Evolution of Language International Conferences, www.evolang.org.
17Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982], Frans de Waal (1996), Frans de Waal (2009a). resume
18Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1990).
19Kate Arnold and Klaus Zuberbühler (2008).
20Toshitaka Suzuki (2014).
21Brandon Wheeler and Julia Fischer (2012).
22Tabitha Price (2013), Nicholas Ducheminsky et al. (2014).
23Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal (2007), Katja Liebal et al. (2013), Catherine Hobaiter and Richard Byrne (2014).
24Frans de Waal (2003a).
25In 1980 Thomas Sebeok and the New York Academy of Sciences organized a conference entitled “The Clever Hans Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes, and People.”
26Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin (1994), p. 50, Jean Aitchison (2000).
27Muhammad Spocter et al. (2010).
28Sandra Wohlgemuth et al. (2014).
29Andreas Pfenning et al. (2014).
30Frans de Waal (1997), p. 38.
31Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 79.
32Oliver Sacks (1985).
33Robert Yerkes (1943).
34Vilmos Csányi (2000), Alexandra Horowitz (2009), Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods (2013).
35Tiffani Howell et al. (2013).
36Sally Satel and Scott Lilienfeld (2013).
37Craig Ferris et al. (2001), John Marzluff et al. (2012).
38Gregory Berns (2013).
39Gregory Berns et al. (2013).
CHAPTER 5: THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS
1Sana Inoue and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007), Alan Silberberg and David Kearns (2009), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2009).
2Jo Thompson (2002).
3David Premack (2010), p. 30.
4Marc Hauser interviewed by Jerry Adler (2008).
5The Public Broadcasting Service entitled a 2010 series The Human Spark.
6Alfred Russel Wallace (1869), p. 392.
7Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2014), Ferris Jabr (2014).
8Katerina Semendeferi et al. (2002), Suzana Herculano-Houzel (2009), Frederico Azevedo et al. (2009).
9Ajit Varki and Danny Brower (2013), Thomas Suddendorf (2013), Michael Tomasello (2014).
10Rosling (2013).
11Jeremy Taylor (2009), Helene Guldberg (2010).
12Virginia Morell (2013), p. 232.
13Robert Sorge et al. (2014).
14Emil Menzel (1974).
15Katie Hall et al. (2014).
16David Premack and Guy Woodruff (1978).
17Frans de Waal (2008), Stephanie Preston (2013).
18Adam Smith (1976 [orig. 1759), p. 10.
19J. B. Siebenaler and David Caldwell (1956), p. 126.
20Frans de Waal (2005), p. 191.
21Frans de Waal (2009a).
22Shinya Yamamoto et al. (2009).
23Yuko Hattori et al. (2012).
24Henry Wellman et al. (2000).
25Ljerka Ostoji´c et al. (2013).
26Daniel Povinelli (1998).
27Derek Penn and Daniel Povinelli (2007).
28David Leavens et al. (1996), Autumn Hostetter et al. (2001).
29Catherine Crockford et al. (2012), Anne Marijke Schel et al. (2013).
30Brian Hare et al. (2001).
31Hika Kuroshima et al. (2003), Anne Marije Overduin-de Vries et al. (2013).
32Anna Ilona Roberts et al. (2013).
33Daniel Povinelli (2000).
34Esther Herrmann et al. (2007).
35Yuko Hattori et al. (2010).
36Allan Gardner et al. (2011).
37Frans de Waal (2001), Frans de Waal et al. (2008), Christophe Boesch (2007).
38Nathan Emery and Nicky Clayton (2001).
39Thomas Bugnyar and Bernd Heinrich (2005); see also “Quoth the Raven,” Economist, May 13, 2004.
40Josep Call and Michael Tomasello (2008).
41Atsuko Saito and Kazutaka Shinozuka (2013), p. 689.
42Brian Hare et al. (2002), Ádám Miklósi et al. (2003), Hare and Michael Tomasello (2005), Monique Udell et al. (2008, 2010), Márta Gácsi et al. (2009).
43Miho Nagasawa et al. (2015).
44Leslie White (1959), p. 5.
45Edward Thorndike (1898), p. 50, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997).
46Michael Tomasello et al. (1993ab), David Bjorklund et al. (2000).
47Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten (2005).
48David Premack (2010).
49Andrew Whiten et al. (2005), Victoria Horner et al. (2006), Kristin Bonnie et al. (2006), Horner and Frans de Waal (2010), Horner and de Waal (2009).
50Michael Huffman (1996), p. 276.
51Edwin van Leeuwen et al. (2014).
52William McGrew and Caroline Tutin (1978).
53Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal and Kristin Bonnie (2009).
54Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004)
55Victoria Horner et al. (2010), Rachel Kendal et al. (2015).
56Christine Caldwell and Andrew Whiten (2002).
57Friederike Range and Zsófia Virányi (2014).
58Jeremy Kagan (2004), David Premack (2007).
59Charles Darwin, Notebook M,1838, http://darwin-online.org.uk.
60Lydia Hopper et al. (2008).
61Frans de Waal (2009a), Delia Fuhrmann et al. (2014).
62Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2011, 2014).
63Josef Parvizi (2009).
64Robert Barton (2012).
65Michael Corballis (200
2), William Calvin (1982).
66Natasja de Groot et al. (2010).
67The “Mens vs aap—experiment” video can be seen at http://bit.ly/1gbLiCm.
68Christopher Martin et al. (2014).
69Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).
70Benjamin Beck (1982).
71Alaska governor Sarah Palin, policy speech, Pittsburgh, PA, October 24, 2008.
CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL SKILLS
1Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).
2Donald Griffin (1976).
3Hans Kummer (1971), Hans Kummer (1995).
4Jane Goodall (1971).
5Christopher Martin et al. (2014).
6Frans de Waal and Jan van Hooff (1981).
7Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).
8Marcel Foster et al. (2009)
9Toshisada Nishida et al. (1992).
10Toshisada Nishida (1983), Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka (1996).
11Victoria Horner et al. (2011).
12Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012).
13Hans Kummer et al. (1990), Frans de Waal (1991).
14Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten (1988).
15Robin Dunbar (1998b).
16Thomas Geissmann and Mathias Orgeldinger (2000).
17Sarah Gouzoules et al. (1984).
18Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1992).
19Susan Perry et al. (2004).
20Susan Perry (2008), p. 47.
21Katie Slocombe and Klaus Zuberbühler (2007).
22Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1986, 1989), Filippo Aureli et al. (1992).
23Peter Judge (1991), Judge and Sonia Mullen (2005).
24Ronald Schusterman et al. (2003).
25Dalila Bovet and David Washburn (2003), Regina Paxton et al. (2010).
26Jorg Massen et al. (2014a).
27Meredith Crawford (1937).
28Kim Mendres and Frans de Waal (2000).
29Alicia Melis et al. (2006a), Alicia Melis et al. (2006b), Sarah Brosnan et al. (2006).
30Frans de Waal and Michelle Berger (2000).
31Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher (2003).
32Robert Boyd (2006), countered by Kevin Langergraber et al. (2007).
33Malini Suchak and Frans de Waal (2012), Jingzhi Tan and Brian Hare (2013).
34National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, Keck Futures Initiative Conference, Irvine, CA, November 2014.
35E. O. Wilson (1975).
36Michael Tomasello (2008), Gary Stix (2014), p. 77.
37Emil Menzel (1972).
38Joshua Plotnik et al. (2011).
39Ingrid Visser et al. (2008).
40Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann (2000).
41The two photographs are featured in Gary Stix (2014).
42Malini Suchak et al. (2014).
43Michael Wilson et al. (2014).
44Sarah Calcutt et al. (2014).
45Hal Whitehead and Luke Rendell (2015).
46Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2003). See also “Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally,” TED Blog Video, http://bit.ly/1GO05tz.
47Sarah Brosnan et al. (2010), Proctor et al. (2013).
48Frederieke Range et al. (2008), Claudia Wascher and Thomas Bugnyar (2013), Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2014).
49Redouan Bshary and Ronald Noë (2003).
50Redouan Bshary et al. (2006).
51Alexander Vail et al. (2014).
52Toshisada Nishida and Kazuhiko Hosaka (1996).
53Jorg Massen et al. (2014b).
54Caitlin O’Connell (2015)..
CHAPTER 7: TIME WILL TELL
1Robert Browning (2006 [orig. 1896]), p. 113.
2Otto Tinklepaugh (1928).
3Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2013).
4Marcel Proust (1913), p. 48.
5Karline Janmaat et al. (2014), Simone Ban et al. (2014).
6Endel Tulving (1972, 2001).
7Nicola Clayton and Anthony Dickinson (1998).
8Stephanie Babb and Jonathon Crystal (2006).
9Sadie Dingfelder (2007), p. 26.
10Thomas Suddendorf (2013), p. 103.
11Endel Tulving (2005).
12Mathias Osvath (2009).
13Lucia Jacobs and Emily Liman (1991).
14Nicholas Mulcahy and Josep Call (2006).
15Mathias Osvath and Helena Osvath (2008), Mathias Osvath and Gema Martin-Ordas (2014).
16Juliane Bräuer and Josep Call (2015).
17Caroline Raby et al. (2007), Sérgio Correia et al. (2007), William Roberts (2012).
18Nicola Koyama et al. (2006).
19Carel van Schaik et al. (2013).
20Anoopum Gupta et al. (2010), Andrew Wikenheiser and David Redish (2012).
21Sara Shettleworth (2007), Michael Corballis (2013).
22In 2011 French media compared Dominique Strauss-Kahn to a “chimpanzé en rut.”
23Richard Byrne (1995), p. 133, Robin Dunbar (1998a).
24Ramona Morris and Desmond Morris (1966).
25Philip Kitcher (2006), p. 136.
26Harry Frankfurt (1971), p. 11, also Roy Baumeister (2008).
27Jessica Bramlett et al. (2012).
28Michael Beran (2002), Theodore Evans and Beran (2007).
29Friederike Hilleman et al. (2014)
30Adrienne Koepke et al. (in press).
31Walter Mischel and Ebbe Ebbesen (1970).
32David Leavens et al. (2001).
33Walter Mischel et al. (1972), p. 217.
34Michael Beran (2015).
35Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1995).
36Edward Tolman (1927).
37David Smith et al. (1995).
38Robert Hampton (2004).
39Allison Foote and Jonathon Crystal (2007).
40Arii Watanabe et al. (2014)
41Josep Call and Malinda Carpenter (2001), Robert Hampton et al. (2004).
42Alastair Inman and Sara Shettleworth (1999).
43The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, July 7, 2012, Francis Crick Memorial Conference at Churchill College, University of Cambridge.
CHAPTER 8: OF MIRRORS AND JARS
1Joshua Plotnik et al. (2006). See also “Mirror Self-Recognition in Asian Elephants” (video), Jan. 11, 2015, http://bit.ly/1spFNoA.
2Joshua Plotnik et al. (2014).
3Michael Garstang et al. (2014).
4Ulric Neisser (1967), p. 3.
5Lucy Bates et al. (2007).
6Karen McComb et al. (2014).
7Karen McComb et al. (2011).
8Joseph Soltis et al. (2014).
9Gordon Gallup Jr. (1970), James Anderson and Gallup (2011).
10Daniel Povinelli (1987).
11Emanuela Cenami Spada et al. (1995), Mark Bekoff and Paul Sherman (2003).
12Matthew Jorgensen et al. (1995), Koji Toda and Shigeru Watanabe (2008).
13Doris Bischof-Köhler (1991), Carolyn Zahn-Waxler et al. (1992), Frans de Waal (2008).
14Abigail Rajala et al. (2010), Liangtang Chang et al. (2015)
15Frans de Waal et al. (2005).
16Philippe Rochat (2003).
17Diana Reiss and Lori Marino (2001).
18Helmut Prior et al. (2008).
19My translation of Jürgen Lethmate and Gerti Dücker (1973), p. 254.
20Ralph Buchsbaum et al. (1987 [orig. 1938]).
21Roland Anderson and Jennifer Mather (2010).
22Katherine Harmon Courage (2013), p. 115.
23Roland Anderson et al. (2010).
24Jennifer Mather et al. (2010), Roger Hanlon and John Messenger (1996).
25Roland Anderson et al. (2002).
26Aristotle (1991), p. 323.
27Jennifer Mather and Roland Anderson (1999), Sarah Zylinski (2015).
28Roger Hanlon (2007), Roger Hanlon (2013).
29Roger Hanlon et al. (1999).
30Culum Brown et al. (2012).
31Robert Jackson (1992), Stim Wilcox and Jackson (2002).
32Andrew Whiten et al. (2005).
33Edwin van Leeuwen and Danie
l Haun (2013).
34Susan Perry (2009); see also Marietta Dindo et al. (2009).
35Elizabeth Lonsdorf et al. (2004).
36Jenny Allen et al. (2013).
37Erica van de Waal et al. (2013).
38Nicolas Claidière et al. (2015).
39Frans de Waal and Denise Johanowicz (1993).
40Kristin Bonnie and Frans de Waal (2007).
41Michio Nakamura et al. (2000).
42Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1997).
43Stuart Watson et al. (2015).
44Tetsuro Matsuzawa et al. (2001), Frans de Waal (2001).
45Konrad Lorenz (1952), p. 86.
46Frans de Waal and Jennifer Pokorny (2008).
47Frans de Waal and Peter Tyack (2003).
48Stephanie King et al. (2013).
49Laela Sayigh et al. (1999), Vincent Janik et al. (2006).
50Jason Bruck (2013).
51Stephanie King and Vincent Janik (2013).
CHAPTER 9: EVOLUTIONARY COGNITION
1Marc Bekoff and Colin Allen (1997), p. 316.
2Anthony Tramontin and Eliot Brenowitz (2000).
3Jonathan Marks (2002), p. xvi.
4David Hume (1985 [orig. 1739]), p. 226, with thanks to Gerald Massey.
5“Study: Dolphins Not So Intelligent on Land,” Onion, Feb. 15, 2006.
6Jolyon Troscianko et al. (2012).
7Donald Dewsbury (2000).
8Frans de Waal and Sarah Brosnan (2006).
9Frans de Waal and Pier Francesco Ferrari (2010).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adler, J. 2008. Thinking like a monkey. Smithsonian Magazine, January.
Aitchison, J. 2000. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Alexander, M. G., and T. D. Fisher. 2003. Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self-reported sexuality. Journal of Sex Research 40:27–35.
Allen, B. 1997. The chimpanzee’s tool. Common Knowledge 6:34–51.
Allen, J., M. Weinrich, W. Hoppitt, and L. Rendell. 2013. Network-based diffusion analysis reveals cultural transmission of lobtail feeding in humpback whales. Science 340:485–88.
Amant, R. St., and T. E. Horton. 2008. Revisiting the definition of animal tool use. Animal Behaviour 75:1199–208.
Anderson, J. R., and G. G. Gallup. 2011. Which primates recognize themselves in mirrors? Plos Biology 9:e1001024.
Anderson, R. C., and J. A. Mather. 2010. It’s all in the cues: Octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) learn to open jars. Ferrantia 59:8–13.
Anderson, R. C., J. A. Mather, M. Q. Monette, and S. R. M. Zimsen. 2010. Octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) recognize individual humans. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 13:261–72.
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