storage
the process by which a memory is maintained over time. Storage can be subject to decay or interference from similar memories.
story model
holistic judgments based on causal relations between evidence.
street identification
may be conducted shortly after a crime has been committed if there is insufficient evidence to arrest the suspect in the absence of an identification. A street identification may consist of allowing the witness to view an informal group, driving the witness around the area to see if they recognise the culprit, or a confrontation with a person already detained.
stress
emotional arousal induced in a victim or witness. High stress increases physiological arousal indicated by increased heart rate, faster respiration and increased muscle tone.
stress inoculation training
a form of therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that attempts to inoculate the individual from future stressful situations.
substance misuse
an umbrella term to describe conditions such as intoxication, harmful use/abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and psychoses or amnesia associated with the use of the substance, typically associated with drugs and alcohol.
suggestibility
see misinformation effect.
suggestion
distortion of memory that arises from misleading post-event information.
suicidality
thoughts or behaviours associated with suicide.
summary offence
a criminal offence that is tried only by a magistrates court.
suppositional
what is implicitly involved in making an assertion; a presupposition is a necessary condition for either the truth or the falsity of the statement that presupposes it.
suspect-resemblance strategy
a method of selecting members of a lineup on the criterion that their appearance is similar to the appearance of the suspect (see also culprit-description strategy)
symptomology
symptoms and syndromes associated with a particular condition or phenomenon.
system variables
factors that may affect the reliability of eyewitness memory, that are under the control of the criminal justice system. The selection of foils for a lineup is an example of a system variable (see also estimator variables).
Tamil Tigers (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam)
a separatist organisation based in Northern Sri Lanka, seeking to create a separate state for the Tamil people. Founded in 1976, it conducted extensive terrorist attacks and had a very well developed military structure. In 2009, it was defeated by the Sri Lankan Army.
tertiary prevention
systematic attempt to reduce further offence recidivism by work with convicted offenders within the criminal justice system. (Primary prevention has a long-term focus; secondary prevention works with those at risk of delinquency.)
theory of mind (ToM)
the ability to attribute mental states (i.e. beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, and so on) to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one’s own.
trace alteration
misinformation that overwrites or amends the memory trace of the initially experienced event.
transfer of control
cognitive interview instruction designed to pass control of an interview to the interviewee.
transportation imagery model
vivid mental imagery induced by the plot of a story.
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
occurs when an external force traumatically injures the brain.
Undeutsch hypothesis
hypothesis, first enunciated by Udo Undeutsch, that if a child’s statement is based on the memory of an actual experience, it will differ in content and quality from a statement based on fabrication.
validity checklist
The final stage of the statement validity analysis (SVA), in which alternative hypotheses are considered concerning a child’s statement.
vicarious reinforcement/learning
learning to behave in a certain way as a result of observing the reinforcing and punishing consequences of that behaviour for other people.
video identification
a lineup in which the witness views successive video clips of the lineup members. It is used for the overwhelming majority of formal identification procedures in England and Wales, and has replaced the use of live identity parades.
video-recorded evidence-in-chief
First introduced by the Criminal Justice Act 1991, and one of the special measures permitted by the YJCE Act 1999. A recording of a formal investigative interview of a vulnerable witness conducted by a trained police officer or social worker and played at court in place of live examination in chief.
voice stress analysis
belief that by measuring the activity in the muscles responsible for producing speech, it may be possible to infer the speaker’s mental state (e.g. experiences of stress).
voir dire
jury selection process of questioning prospective jurors.
voluntary false confession
a false confession offered by the suspect without any coercion from the investigator.
voyeurism
the derivation of sexual pleasure from observing other individuals involved in sexual acts. Non-consensual voyeurism is deemed to be an illegal act in England and Wales under section 67 of Sexual Offences Act 2003.
vulnerable witnesses
a witness may be vulnerable due to their youth, incapacity or circumstances, for example, members of the following groups: children, elderly people, individuals with learning difficulties, physically impaired witnesses, victims of sexual offences and individuals with mental health problems.
Wahabi
Wahabism is a radical branch of Islam developed by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It is the dominant form. of Islam in Saudi Arabia and is characterised by an ultraconservative interpretation of Islam.
working memory
a temporary memory system that permits the simultaneous storage and manipulation of information prior to possible storage in long-term memory. Working memory is needed for complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension and learning.
Index
7/7
9/11
absolute discharge order
absolute judgements
Academy of Experts, The
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
accuracy–informativeness trade-off
accusatorial interviews
Achieving Best Evidence (ABE)
acquired brain injury
acquisitive crime
active witness participation
actuarial risk assessments
actus rea
adaptive behaviour
admission order
adolescence-limited (AL) offending (Moffitt)
adolescent offenders antisocial behaviour in female
brain in
causes of crime
effect sizes
female
interpersonal crime
interventions
psychological theories
psychopathy
psychopathy correlates in
adult victimisation intimate partner violence
rape and sexual victimisation
adult offenders case study
criminogenic factors
interventions
prevalence and recidivism
treatment responsivity
adversarial systems of justice
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
ADVOKATE acronym
affective disorders
age jurors and
memory
witnesses
age-graded informal social control theory (Sampson and Laub)
aggression definition
in psychopathy
social information-processing
see also violence
Al Qaeda
alcohol, memory and
alcohol myopia
algorithms
ambivalent (preoccupied) attachment style
American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS)
amnesia
amygdala
anarchic-ideologue terrorist groups
anchored narratives
anger poorly controlled
treatment
anger management programmes
anger management training (AMT)
anger-motivated offenders, assessment
anterior cingulate cortex
antisocial aggressive pathway
antisocial behaviour orders (ASBO)
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
antisocial potential (AP)
anxiety in psychopaths
Apgar score
applied psychology
arginine vasopressin (AVP)
ARMIDILO
arson adults
assessment
juvenile
ASBO see antisocial behaviour orders
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA)
asymmetric scepticism
attachment neurochemistry of
problematic, as risk factor
psychopathy and
theory (Bowlby)
attractiveness
Aussage movement
authority effects
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
aversion therapy
avoidant (dismissive) attachment style
avoidant (disorganised) attachment style
avoidant–dependent personality disorder
balance of probability
Bandura, Albert
basal ganglia
battered women/victimization pathway
battering
behaviour programmes case study
engagement and non-completion
evaluation
general
integrity
manualised groupwork
targeting and selection
treatment delivery
behavioural consistency (non-criminal)
behavioural distinctiveness
behavioural evidence analysis
behavioural investigative advice (BIA)
behaviourism
best evidence
bias confirmation
egocentric
gender
hostile attributional
identification
judgement
lie
line-ups
magistrate
prejudicial
source
Binet, Alfred
bipolar disorder
blind administration
blocked memory access
borderline personality disorder
Bowlby, John
brain, criminal development
functional problems
social
structural integrity
brain injury, acquired
Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk
British Psychological Society (BPS)
Buckhout, Robert
Butler Report
Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Canadian Persistently Violent Offender program
capacity to consent
capacity-building process
Care Pathway Approach (CPA)
case linkage
CCTV see live link
Ceci, Stephen
celerity of sentencing
censure
Central Planning and Training Unit (CPTU)
certainty of sentencing
change blindness
change perspective
Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale (CADS)
child molesters, treatment
child sexual abuse (CSA) deception detection
psychological theories
risk assessments
safeguarding witnesses
child sexual offenders
child witnesses cross-examination at court
deception detection
interviewing
safeguarding
childhood maltreatment, definitions
childhood protection plan (CPP)
childhood victimisation adult effects
definitions and measurement
effects during childhood
factors
fatalities
incidence and prevalence
resilience
see also child witnesses
children, psychopathy correlates in
civil cases
civil court
civil proceedings
classical conditioning
clinical approach to criminal profiling
clinical risk assessments
closed circuit television (CCTV) see live link
closed questions
coarse-grained questions
Code of Practice for Victims of Crime
coerced–compliant false confessions
coerced-internalised false confessions
coercion
coercive interviewing practices
cognitive analytical therapy (CAT)
cognitive assessment
cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) groupwork
sexual offenders
violence and
cognitive distortions
cognitive interview (CI) cognitive processes
communication
empirical support for
self-administered (SAI)
shortened form
social dynamics
variants
cognitive load approach
cognitive processing therapy
cognitive psychology
cognitive self-change model
Cognitive Skills Booster programme
cognitive skills programmes
cognitive social learning
Commission of Crimes
common-sense
Common Sense Justice Model (CSJM)
community of practice
Community Treatment Order
comorbidity
comparative case analysis
comparison question test
compassion-focused therapy (CFT)
compliance, child witnesses
compound questions
computer-based linguistic analysis
computerised axial tomography (CAT)
concealed information test (CIT)
conceptual understanding
conditioning trials
conduct disorder (CD)
confession-driven interview
confident witnesses
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
conformity to group pressure
confrontation procedure
consent, capacity to
context reinstatement
control behaviours
control question test (CQT)
Convention Against Torture (UN)
Correctional Services Accreditation Panel (CSAP)
cot deaths
counselling
counterfeit deviance
countermeasures
court
court dress, removal of
court-cultures
covert sensitisation
credibility
crime action profiling
crime linkage case study
effectiveness
empirical evidence
evidence-based practice
research limitations
crime linkage practitioner
Crime Reduction Programme
crime scene analysis
criminal cases sanctions
criminal court
criminal investigative advice
Criminal Justice Act 1988
2003
criminal justice system (CJS)
Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964
Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991
criminal proceedings
criminal profiling
Criminal Sentiment Scale
criminogenic needs
criminological psychology
criteria-based content analysis (CBCA)
cross-examination at court
safeguarding witnesses
styles
Crown court
cue utilisation hypothesis
culprit-description strategy
Current Risk for Violence (CRV)
Danger Assessment – Revised
dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD)
dangerous offenders evidence base for treatment
treatment content
treatment frameworks
types of
working with
Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
Daubert Standard
deception
deception detection case studies
cognitive load approach
computer-based linguistic analysis
concealed information test
control question test
countermeasures
deception detection
emotional approach
false confessions
functional MRI
guilty knowledge test
human rights
interrogation manuals
interviewing
lie catchers
linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC)
misconceptions
objective cues
Forensic Psychology Page 113
