The communist leadership: NA, KV 2/1248, Robertson memo, 11.23.1949; Helmut Gruber, “Willi Münzenberg’s German Communist Propaganda Empire, 1921–1933,” Journal of Modern History 38, no. 3 (Sept. 1966): 287.
“Gerhard has the doggedness”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 2.11.1933.
CHAPTER 4: LEADER, KIEL 1933
With the Nazi students: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932; Rector’s, University secretary to KF, 11.8.1932.
“Fighting the Suppression”: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
“the dragged-out battle”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Rector’s “Remarks,” 11.15.1932.
The new orders: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1294, Kossel to Rector, 12.18.1929.
“he would tell this”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Rector’s “Remarks,” 11.15.1932.
“On the basis”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Rector’s, 11.18.1932.
On November 22, Klaus: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Hoepner, 12.17.1932.
“Against the University”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, FRSG flyer, 12.8.1932.
“I therefore thought”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, KF to Hoepner, 12.17.1932.
Essmann, feeling besmirched: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Essmann to Hoepner, 12.13.1932.
“I came to accept”: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950, 4. It is not entirely clear to which fee protest Fuchs’s feelings of guilt corresponds. His confession omits Gerhard’s role in the student group, so the chronology is confusing.
A few days later: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit note, 12.20.1932.
“a certain agitation”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933.
In the meantime: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1353, meeting notices, Jan. 1933.
On a cold, wintry night: Pieper-Wöhlk and Wöhlk, Kiel, 46.
Kiel’s chief of police: Pusch, “Die Goldberg-Affäre.”
It took the Nazi students: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
On Friday afternoon: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933, 1; Dittrich, “Die ‘Revolutionäre Studentengruppe,’” 175; FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220; Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 22.
Miraculously, he survived: NA, KV 2/1252, Herbert Skinner note, 2.12.1960. In Emil’s version, relayed to him by Elisabeth, Klaus escaped from the mob and ran to a friend’s house. His children shielded him from the truth. Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220.
The Nazis’ calls for a strike: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Skalweit report, 2.22.1933.
“We knew, however”: FAM: KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
During the riot: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1231, Skalweit to KF, 2.22.1933.
Gerhard, in Kiel: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:221; USHMM, AFSC Refugee case file no. 18809.
“In ten years”: Kieler Zeitung, Feb. 9, 1933.
The morning of February 28: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220.
“Even anti-communist journals”: WIENER, “More Arrests in Germany,” Reuters, March 2, 1933.
“as a defensive measure”: German History in Documents and Images, germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org.
The number one student: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 22.
At four o’clock: NA, KV 2/1263, KF confession, 1.27.1950, 3.
“Why are you searching”: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23.
The authorities searched: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:220–21; Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23.
“It concerns your son”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:237.
Emil stayed in Kiel: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:219–20.
“Please wear dark”: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1584, announcement, 3.4.1933.
On orders from the Prussian: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1932, Wolf to Haupt, 12.14.1933.
With the new regime: LASH, Abt. 47, no. 1232, Frei Kieler Studenten to Rector Scheel, 4.2.1933.
“All my children”: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 12.16.1932.
CHAPTER 5: UNDERGROUND, BERLIN 1933
Despite this menace: STASI, video interview, Klaus Fuchs; Brothers, Berlin Ghetto, 55.
Liddell, who spoke fluent German: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 4; Hamilton, “Rise of Nazism,” 55.
“Those in authority”: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 17.
Liddell himself was not convinced: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 2–3.
Liddell’s specific interest: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 13.
“The Liquidation of Communism”: NA, KV 4/111, Liddell, 17.
Klaus had no footprint: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
Klaus had an aunt: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
Rackwitz’s combined rectory: Brothers, Berlin Ghetto, 65.
Hitler’s simple and fiery message: WIENER, “Germany’s Choice,” Manchester Guardian, March 4, 1933; “Fruits of Efficient Propaganda,” Manchester Guardian, March 7, 1933.
The press reported: WIENER, “Large Nazi Gains,” Manchester Guardian, March 6, 1933; “Large Guns,” Press Assoc. Foreign Special, March 6, 1933; “Disorder.”
“It is these hitherto”: WIENER, “Fruits of Efficient Propaganda.”
“Yes,” one German: AFSC, Hertha Krause to Clarence Pickett, 3.27.1933; HAV, Yarnall, n.d., summer/fall 1933.
Beggars vanished: HAV, Yarnall, end of 1933.
“For in the last analysis”: HAV, Yarnall, n.d., summer/fall 1933.
“Few passers-by”: WIENER, “Imperial and Foreign, Violence in Germany,” Manchester Guardian, March 14, 1933.
The auxiliary police: WIENER, “The NS Terror Goes On,” March 16, 1933.
The communist leadership: WIENER, “Efforts to Escape,” Manchester Guardian, February 4, 1933.
The mid-level staff: Beatrix Herlemann, “Communist Resistance,” in Benz and Pehle, Encyclopedia of German Resistance to the Nazi Movement, 14–24.
“without bourgeois Germany”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:223.
Emil had little to fall back on: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 225–26.
The election and tensions: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2. Today these mountains are between Poland and the Czech Republic.
But Karin, just twenty: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2.
The Gestapo estimated: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 2.4.1936, 2.
Klaus’s girlfriend Lisa: Behn, Ein Spaziergang war es nicht, 23–24; BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.
Gerhard’s job was: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
Gerhard relied on his brother: I thank Cristina Fischer for her valuable information on the TH.
It had had no official: Hans Ebert, “The Expulsion of the Jews from the Berlin-Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 19, no. 1 (Jan. 1974): 161.
“German Students!”: TH, Die Technische Hochschule, Nachrichtenblatt der Studentenschaft no. 1 (May 1933): 1.
“cautiously living illegally”: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
For those on the streets: Herlemann, “Communist Resistance,” 18.
everyone had a code name: Taleikis, Aktion Funkausstellung, 7; BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2; BA, p. 2.
Whatever Klaus learned: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936, 2; BA, p. 19.
Since newsletters: Taleikis, pp. 41–45, Ehrlich, pp. 12–15 (general descriptions), Brothers, 66.
“Certainly, these people”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227.
They parted amicably: HAV, Howard Yarnall, “Trial of Pastor Emil Fuchs,” handwritten, Sept. 1933; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227; HAV, Gilbert MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Prisoners,” 1933, 11.
Wary of the police: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:227; HAV, MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Pris
oners,” 1933, 11.
A week later: HAV, MacMaster wrote “a son,” but Gerhard was still in Riesengebirge.
Emil had been arrested: HAV, MacMaster, 4th installment, “Visiting Political Prisoners,” 1933, 11.
“The whole horror”: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:228.
“Why did so very many”: Fuchs, Christ in Catastrophe, 9.
The young couple hid: Pusch, “Die Goldberg-Affäre,” 157–58.
The court sent Guschi: USHMM, ITS Archive, doc. 30466334#1; Wiki, “KZ Gründung 1933.”
Elisabeth languished in the women’s jail: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:237.
Emil’s Quaker friend: HAV, Gilbert MacMaster, 1933 diary, 160.
Gerhard reassembled the shack: Mary Flowers, interview with author, Oct. 22, 2011; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:238–39.
He said goodbye: FAM, KF Fragebogen, 1961; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:239.
CHAPTER 6: INTERLUDE, PARIS 1933
As arranged with his father: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:239.
When he had to fill out: NA, KV 2/1245, registration card.
About eighty other: Taleikis, Aktion Funkausstellung, 23.
A longtime party member: “Grete Keilson,” German Wikipedia.
As Grete organized: “Keilson, Max,” Biographische Datenbanken, Bundesstiffung zur Aufarbeitung der SER-Diktauer.
Klaus spent his Parisian summer: NA, KV 4/4/471, information from first interview with Skardon, Liddell diary, 12.21.1949.
Emil’s trial took place: “Trial of a German Friend at Weimar, Times (London), Sept. 29, 1933, 833–34; Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2:235.
By the time the World Congress: Moorehead, Traitors, 75, in a letter from Jessie Gunn.
His father contacted: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
“the shock brigade”: Pikarski, Jugend im Berliner Widerstand, 44; MEPO, 38-16 pt. 1, 7, Henri Barbusse, “You Are the Pioneers.”
“the living incarnation”: MEPO: 38-16 pt. 1, 3–4, Barbusse, “You Are the Pioneers.”
“We will win”: L’Humanité (Paris), Sept. 25, 1933, 1.
CHAPTER 7: SAFETY, BRISTOL 1933
When the immigration officer: NA, KV 2/1245, “Conditional Landing,” 9.25.1933.
“white-faced, half-starved”: Moorehead, Traitors, 75, in a letter from Jessie Gunn.
Klaus was deemed: NA, KV 2/1245, “Conditional Landing,” 9.25.1933.
The photograph on Klaus’s registration: NA, KV 2/1245.
He could also continue: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960, 2.
Ronald was at least: NA, KV 2/3223, 3.9.1944.
Klaus attended a few: BRISTOL, Fuchs course card, 1933–36; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 61.
It was with another article: Dieter Hoffmann, “Fritz Lange, Klaus Fuchs, and the Remigration of Scientists to East Germany,” Physics in Perspective 11 (2009): 415. Fuchs wrote the article “The Conductivity of Thin Metallic Film According to the Electron Theory of Metals” in 1936, but it wasn’t published until 1938 in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
“Be careful what you write”: USHMM, Kraus to William Eves, 4.21.1936.
In the spring of 1934: NA, AB 46/232, 9.13.1949.
Gerhard, whose underground work: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.
Gerhard looked for: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4.
Early on, the family: FAM, “PS zu einem Lebenslauf,” Studio 80 am Vormittag, 10.20 Radio DDR II, n.d.
The government had granted her: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 5.16.1934.
In October 1934, Klaus’s stateless condition: BODLEIAN-S, [Klaus Fuchs files], 10.23–11.28.1934.
Registering with the police: BODLEIAN-S, [Klaus Fuchs files], 11.30–12.28.1934.
Unknown to Klaus: NA, KV 2/1245, 8.7–11.5.1934.
Students and faculty often: FBI, Hans Bethe statement, 2.14.1950.
Klaus didn’t participate: NA, KV 2/1254, Edward Corson, 3.17.1950.
He also belonged: NA, KV 2/1255, Rev. L. G. Folkard, 4.13.1950.
Studying Marx and Lenin: NA, KV 2/1256, “The Case of Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs,” 11.24.1950, 1.
Gunn was chairman: Society for Co-operation in Russian and Soviet Studies, London, 11th Annual Report, 1934–35, 8.
The 1934–35 annual report: Society for Co-operation in Russian and Soviet Studies, London, 11th Annual Report, 1934–35, 1–2.
MI5 considered the SCR: archive.org/stream/KlausFuchs/fuchs79_djvu.txt, 99.
But Mott also knew: Mott, Life in Science, 52.
“Half a million”: CAMB, Nevill Mott to his mother, 9.29.1934.
millions were exiled: Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, 84.
Mott also saw the physicist: CAMB, Nevill Mott to his mother, 9.10–21.1934.
It began with Karin: GEHEEB, EF to PG, 5.16.1934; BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936.
In 1935, the Gestapo: BFC, 7 letters, 9.30.1935–2.10.1937, FCRA/19/2 c-F, correspondence with Mrs. Mary Ormond.
According to the Gestapo report: BA, ZC 14566 Kirchgatter u.a., Court records, Berlin, 12.4.1936; BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937.
With Gestapo agents: BFC, 7 letters, 9.30.1935–2.10.1937, FCRA/19/2 c-F, correspondence with Mrs. Mary Ormond; GEHEEB, Basel Liechtenhan to group of subscribers, 12.26.1935; EF to PG, 5.16.1934.
Guschi, now Elisabeth’s husband: USHMM, Kurt Cassirer to Hertha Kraus, 2.6.1936.
The Gestapo had figured out: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4–5; GEHEEB, EF to PG, 12.28.1934.
Working as a liaison: BA, Gustav Kittowski, Court records, Berlin, 4.27.1937, 4.
Guschi was in prison: USHMM, Kurt Cassirer to Hertha Kraus, 2.6.1936.
While Klaus waited: BRISTOL, Bristol Evening Post, Jan. 23, 1937.
As in Kiel with the agitprop: www.phy.bris.ac.uk/history/11.%20Mott%27s%20Memories.pdf.
He told Born: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 51.
CHAPTER 8: WAR, EDINBURGH 1937
“weak in appearance”: Born, My Life, 285.
Born’s daughter Irene: Irene Born Newton-John, interview with author, Jan. 1997.
Refugee aid organizations: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 69–70.
Throughout the day: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 50.
When Hedi became a Quaker: National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh monthly meeting minutes, 1927–38, ref: CH10/1/13. I thank Andrew Farrar for this information.
Klaus also played: Walter Ledermann, interview with author, March 2007; Ralph Elliott, interview with author, Jan. 1997.
Fuchs had amassed: FAM, KF, “Lebenslauf für VdN,” 3.12.1960.
the Carnegie Trust: Carnegie Trust, 1938–39, Appendix B, 30.
Born frequently described: BODLEIAN-S, Born to Simpson, 7.5.1940.
Klaus continued to send: BODLEIAN-S, Born to Esther Simpson, 11.5.1937; GEHEEB, Clara Ragaz to friends, 5.2.1939.
“Dear Frau Geheeb”: GEHEEB, KF to Edith Geheeb, 1.11.1938.
Emil heard a whistle: Fuchs, Mein Leben, 256–57.
He acted as a conduit: Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 6.
The Borns knew Klaus: Renate Koenigsberger and Ralph Elliott, interviews with author.
Klaus lived in a miserable: Walter Kellermann, interview with author, March 2007.
Afternoons often found: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 69–70.
Many Britons, especially those: Walter Ledermann, interview with author, March 2007.
Gerhard was still in Prague: GEHEEB, Clara Ragaz to friends, 5.2.1939.
In July, he flew: NA, KV 2/1248, Robertson, 11.23.1949.
Elisabeth calmed herself: Fuchs, Mei
n Leben, 256–61; family photos, Marianna Holzer.
On the morning of August 7: USHMM, AFSC Refugee case file no. 18809.
A few months later: FAM, EF to friends, 10.24.1939.
Within a week: NA, CSC 11/103, 11.4.1948.
Two days later: Dorothee Rausch von Traubenberg Fuchs, interview with author, 1997.
Klaus argued that: Walter Kellermann, interview with author; Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 67–68.
The government watched: NA, HO/45/25521, 9.28.1939.
On November 2, 1939: NA, CAB 67/6/15, 4.29.1940.
Those in attendance: NA, KV 2/1259, 5.7.1951.
Fuchs had a new grant: Carnegie Trust, 1939–40, Appendix B, 32.
A tribunal classified Jürgen: NA, KV 2/1871; Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 4.
“Obviously, no decision”: NA, CAB 67/6/15, 4.29.1940.
On May 11, he had to issue: NA, CAB 66/13/43, 11.25.1940.
“All male Germans”: CHURCH, Hedi Born diary, 5.11.1940.
“Fanaticism versus fanaticism”: CHURCH, Born to Hedi Born, 5.25.1938.
Churchill and others: NA, CAB 67/6/31, 5.17.1940.
The situation in Britain: NA, CAB 65/7/23, 5.18.1940.
The War Cabinet met: NA, CAB 67/8/109, 11.20.1940.
“a considerable number”: NA, CAB 65/8/18, 7.17.1940.
According to Born: Born, My Life, 286.
CHAPTER 9: INTERNMENT, ENGLAND 1940
Guard towers that loomed: Seidler, Internment, May 29 and 31, 1940, 40–41.
Each man filled a sack: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 6.
Klaus and Walter shared a room: Kellermann, Physicist’s Labour in War and Peace, 77–78; Brinson and Dove, Politics by Other Means, 7; Walter Kellermann, interview with author.
In the chaos, an internee: NA, KV 2/1561, 4.23.1940.
Local police had picked him up: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 20.
“He never raised his voice”: Lynton, Accidental Journey, 22.
Internees later described: KV, 2/1252, 2.16.1950.
In the first weeks: Seidler, Internment, May 26, 1940, 42.
Finally, the camp commander: Seidler, Internment, May 25, 1940, 42.
In the mess tent: IWM, Hermann Wallach diary, 4.
“Today again we got”: Seidler, Internment, May 30, 1940, 43.
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