Sea People
Page 36
“considerable caution”: Spriggs, “Dating of the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic,” 604.
They rejected samples: Matthew Spriggs and Atholl Anderson, “Late Colonization of East Polynesia,” Antiquity 67 (1993): 207.
Of the one hundred nine Hawaiian dates: Ibid., 208–10; Atholl Anderson, “The Chronology of Colonization in New Zealand,” Antiquity 65 (1991): 783.
According to the new orthodoxy: Kirch, “When Did the Polynesians,” 16–18; Anderson, “Chronology of Colonization,” 792. More recent work puts these dates even later, at A.D. 1000 and 1300, respectively. See, for example, Matisoo-Smith, “Human Landscape.”
One computer simulation: Álvaro Montenegro, Richard T. Callaghan, and Scott M. Fitzpatrick, “Using Seafaring Simulations and Shortest-Hop Trajectories to Model the Prehistoric Colonization of Remote Oceania,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 45 (November 2016): 12685–90, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612426113.
A second study: Ian D. Goodwin, Stuart A. Browning, and Atholl J. Anderson, “Climate Windows for Polynesian Voyaging to New Zealand and Easter Island,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 41. (October, 2014): 14716–21.
“bold expeditions”: Fornander, Account, 2:6.
the new science: Thanks to Greg Harris for this clever formulation.
Coda: Two Ways of Knowing
“mythical fictions”: Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery, 317–18.
“could actually reflect an era”: Ibid., 318.
to “detach” himself: Allen, “Te Rangi Hiroa’s Physical Anthropology,” 14.
“an ongoing vehicle”: Howe, Quest for Origins, 36.
“What does their existence”: Brian Durrans, “Ancient Pacific Voyaging: Cook’s Views and the Development of Interpretation,” in Captain Cook and the South Pacific, ed. T. C. Mitchell (London: British Museum, 1979), 139.
“To inquire into my history”: Tipene O’Regan, “Who Owns the Past?,” in From the Beginning: The Archaeology of the Maori, ed. John Wilson (Auckland: Penguin, 1987), 142.
“belongs first to those”: Greg Dening, “Respectfulness as a Performance Art: Way-finding,” Postcolonial Studies, 11.2 (2008): 149.
“We cannot translate”: Judith Binney, “Maori Oral Narratives, Pakeha Written Texts,” in The Shaping of History, ed. Judith Binney (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2001), 13.
“keep our minds as sensitive”: Krauss, Keneti, 249.
“chose to be puzzled”: Kyselka, An Ocean in Mind, 235.
“was come to the afterpiece”: Stevenson, In the South Seas, 9.
“I have watched the morning”: Ibid., 20.
“the face of the world”: Ibid., 21.
Index
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Page numbers of illustrations and their captions appear in italics.
Account of the Polynesian Race, An (Fornander), 154–60, 161
Account of the Voyages . . . , An (Hawkesworth), 28
Afrikaansche Galei (ship), 62
Ahutoru (Tahitian), 85
Aikau, Eddie, 285, 286
Aitken, Robert, 177
Alanakapu Kauapinao (Pinao), 152, 153
Aleutian Islands, 120
Alkire, William, 268
American Indians in the Pacific (Heyerdahl), 245–46
American Museum of Natural History, New York, 191
Anaa Island, 48
Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific (Sharp), 250–51
Ann Alexander (ship), 151
Anson, Commodore George, 41–42
Antarctica, 4, 26, 27, 52
anthropology, 175–87, 316
Bayard Dominick Expedition and, 176–82
competing migration theories, 300–301
human “races,” 181–82, 337n181
Sullivan’s data and, 182–86
Te Rangi Hiroa and, 188–98, 188
Aotearoa. See New Zealand
archaeology, 199–209
fish hooks, 210, 215–16
Ha‘atuatua site, 217–20
human remains, 302, 303, 304
Lapita patterns from Site 13, 221
moa sites, 199–209, 199, 303
New Zealand and, 199, 201, 303
pottery, 215, 219–33, 222, 302
radiocarbon dating and, 210–20, 306–8, 347n307
seriation, 215
South Point site, 210, 216
stratigraphy, 204, 215, 307
Teouma site, 302
Wairau Bar site, 206–7, 210, 217, 218, 299, 303–4, 308
architecture, 24, 36–37, 103, 177
art and sculpture, 85, 85, 177, 239
stone statues (moai) of Easter Island, 24, 60, 122, 240, 246
Aryan Māori, The (Tregear), 139, 146
Aryan or Indo-Aryan theory, 142–49, 156, 182, 186, 192, 314, 316
Atiu Island, 252
Atlantic Ocean, 20, 21, 42, 263
Austral Islands, 89, 94, 177, 220, 305
Australia, 25, 26, 41, 52, 54, 87, 188, 258, 337n194
Cook and, 4, 110
first migrants arrive, 18, 197
land bridge and, 18, 197
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 20
Bali, 18
Banks, Joseph, 69, 85, 100
comparative word list of, 107–9
eyewitness accounts of, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 89, 91, 99, 100, 107
Mai and, 251
Polynesian arcana and, 125
sweet potatoes collected by, 247
Tahitian language and, 107–8
Tupaia and, 80–81, 86–87
Tupaia’s chart and, 91, 92
Bayard Dominick Expedition, 176–86, 213, 217, 222
Beagle (ship), 44
Beaglehole, J. C., 43, 84
Beaufort scale, 94
Bering Strait, 120
Berne Historical Museum, Switzerland, 191
Best, Elsdon, 11, 134
Binney, Judith, 316
Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 176, 190, 213
Bismarck Archipelago, 18, 221, 223, 226, 227–28
Bligh, Captain William, 36, 42
Blumenbach, Johann, 181
Bonk, William J., Fishhooks, 210
Bopp, Franz, 145
Bora Bora, 70, 87, 90, 136, 163
Borneo, 18, 228
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 75–76, 80, 85
Bounty (ship), 36, 42
Britain
knowledge system, 94–95
perspective of maps, 95
motivation of expeditions, 68
South Pacific exploration, 67–68
Broca’s Couleurs de la Peau et du Système Pileux, 179
Brothers Grimm, 105, 118
Brown, Forest B. H., 177
Buck, Peter. See Te Rangi Hiroa
Byron, Commodore John, 68, 70
California, 25, 68, 86, 120, 151, 153, 223, 224, 274
canoes, 10, 99
evolution in design of, 57
example, British museum, 48–49
eyewitness reports, 32–33, 36–37, 82
Hōkūle‘a and, 275–85, 288–94
Finney’s recreation of, 274–75
language and, 19, 49, 228
Lapita people and, 227–28
of New Zealand, 56–57, 99
outrigger, 19, 32–33, 36, 82, 148, 189, 273
of prehistoric sea people, 19
reproductions, mid-1990s, 294
similarity in Polynesia, 57, 103–4
Tahitian, 73, 82, 89
of the Tuamotus, 48–50
Canoes of Oceania (Haddon and Hornell), 48–49
Cape Horn, 41–43, 58, 63, 77, 116, 151
Cape of Good Hope, 41, 42
Caroline Islands, 193, 265, 268–69, 278, 345n290
Cassini, Giovanni, I
Chart of the Society Islands (
Cook), 88
“Chart of the South Pacifick Ocean . . .” (Dalrymple), 78
Chatham Islands, 133
Christianity, 3, 32, 35, 115–16, 132–33, 152, 156
Christmas Island, 260
clothing, 59, 62, 100, 103, 203
Cocos Islands, 108
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, “Kubla Khan,” 118
commensals, 9, 23–24, 305
Asian origin of, 240
genetics and, 304–5
of the Lapita people, 231
Marquesan dog, 24, 31
not known in South America, 120
Pacific rat, 62, 231, 305
Quirós’s account, 36
of the Tuamotus, 47
voyage of the Hōkūle‘a and, 279
computer simulations, 12, 257–61, 262, 308, 313
Cook, Captain James, 25, 65, 106, 116, 193
account of Easter Islanders, 103–4
account of lost Tahitians, 251–53
Antarctic Circle crossing, 4
arrival in Hawai‘i, 5–6
Asiatic origin of the Polynesians and, 119, 313–14
astronomy and, 69
burial service for Whatman, 3
as chart maker, I, 92, 88
death of (on Hawai‘i), 6, 103, 110
Endeavour, ship of, 69 (see also Endeavour)
exploration of Polynesian Triangle, 103
exploration of South Pacific, 4
first voyage (1768–71), 69, 77–80, 86–91, 98–101, 110
historic contribution of, 109
in the Marquesas, 37
monument for, 7
New Zealand and, 100
Polynesian arcana and, 125
on Polynesian beauty, 35
Polynesian passengers, 85–86
route to the Pacific, 77
sailing around Cape Horn, 42
second voyage (1772–75) 102–3, 222, 252
“secret” instructions to, 88–90
shooting of a Māori, 100
as a surveyor, 69, 84–85, 87
Tahiti and, 4, 80, 81–82, 251, 328n70
third voyage (1776–78), 103, 251
transit of Venus and, 69, 88
Tupaia and, 80–87, 91, 92, 100–101, 119, 251, 314, 316
Tupaia’s chart and, 91–98
Cook Islands, 8, 92, 103, 190, 220, 261, 263, 304, 305, 308
island of Aitutaki, 166–67
Cook Strait, 202, 206
Cooper, James Fenimore, The Last of the Mohicans, 118
coral atolls, 44–47
Cover, Rev. James, 72–73, 74
creation myths, 133–37, 155, 333n141
“The Canoe Song of Ru,” 162–63, 335n163
chants from Bora Bora, 136–37
cosmic genealogy, 137
Hawaiian, 137
Polynesian cosmogonic vision, two themes of, 134, 137
recorded Polynesian, 133–38
Tahitian, 122–24, 133, 134, 136–37
Te Ao, 134
Te Kore, 136
Te Pō, 134–36, 166
told to Moerenhout, 122–25, 134, 137–38
variants in, 134
See also mythology and folklore
Crosby, Alfred, 230–31
culture of Polynesia, 86
cyclical calendars of, 158
European contact and cultural change, 117, 155
founder figures and, 233
genealogies and lineages, 158–59
Gifford study of, 177
lack of dates or time system, 158
material culture of, 103–4
subjective and objective reactions (or history and myth) unified, 130–32, 161–71, 309–13, 315
system of rules and prohibitions (tapu), 2
worldview, subject-centered, 96
See also art and sculpture; clothing; pottery; religion; other specific aspects of
Dalrymple, Alexander, “Chart of the South Pacifick Ocean . . .”, 78
Dana, Richard Henry, 86
Darwin, Charles, 44–45, 300
coral atoll formation theory, 44–45
Descent of Man, 148
Davis, Edward, 27
Davis’s Land, 59
Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, 117
“Departure of the Six Canoes from Rarotonga for New Zealand” (Watkins), 161
Diamond, Jared, 300, 328n61, 328n62, 345n300
DNA. See genetics
Dolphin (ship), 68, 69–70
arrival in Tahiti, 71–74
battle of Matavai Bay, 74
scurvy aboard, 71, 75
Tahitians, sex and trade, 75
Dominick, Bayard, Jr., 175–87
drift theory, 249, 250–61, 264
Duff, Roger, 206–8, 217, 303, 308
The Moa-Hunter Period of Maori Culture, 210
d’Urville, Jules Dumont, 194, 197, 337n194
Dutch East India Co., 53, 107
Dutch East Indies, 110
Easter Island (Rapa Nui), 9, 11, 24, 37, 59, 98, 309
commensals and, 24, 62
Cook’s second voyage and, 103
cosmogony of, 133
creation myth chant, 137
drift route impossible for, 260
ecological collapse of, 61–62
Hōkūle‘a passage to (1999), 294
inhabitants of, 47, 59, 62, 103–4
mysteries of, 60, 61
Pacific rat and, 62, 305
as Polynesian Rapa Nui, 59, 294
radiocarbon dating, 307–8
Roggeveen’s voyage to, 58–62
stone statues (moai) of, 24, 60, 122, 240, 246
sweet potatoes grown on, 247
topography of, 59
tree loss and vanished species, 59, 60–62, 328n61, 328n62
Éfaté Island, 302
Ellis, William, 240
Emory, Kenneth P., 213–17, 274, 306, 308, 316
Fishhooks, 210
radiocarbon dating and, 215–17
South Sea Lore, 214
“The Tuamotuan creation charts by Paiore,” 126
Endeavour (ship), 69, 78–79, 99
course, after leaving Ra‘iatea, 89–91, 98, 99–100
dysentery and deaths, 110
length of time in Tahiti, 81–82
New Zealand and, 100
“secret” instructions and, 88–90
suicide of Greenslade, 79
Tahiti voyage, 1768–69, 77–80
Tupaia aboard, 87, 110
eugenics, 186
European explorers
coming to the Pacific, 3, 11
contact experiences, 5–6, 21, 23, 55–56, 74–75
Cook’s arrival in Hawai‘i 4
eyewitness reports of, 12, 31–38
false claims of, 27
geographical error, 25–27, 38
hardships of, 31–32, 78
increase in expeditions, 67
lack of information sharing, 64
maps used by, 25–26
motivations of, 23, 25, 68
observer bias, 24–25
Pacific, difficulty reaching, 42–43
Pacific exploration, years needed to complete, 23
Pacific’s size and, 32
Polynesians with, 85–86
routes followed by, 39, 42–43
signs of land, 78–79
word lists made by, 107
See also specific explorers
experimental voyaging movement, 12, 235, 312
computer simulations, 12, 257–61, 262
Heyerdahl and, 237–49, 237
Hōkūle‘a’s first voyage, 274–84, 274
Hōkūle‘a’s passage to Easter Island (1999), 294
Hōkūle‘a’s second voyage, 284–85
Hōkūle‘a’sthird voyage, 288–89
Lewis and, 263–71
Marquesas to Hawai‘i, canoe fleet (1995), 294
Nainoa Thompson and, 286–95
eyewitnesses, 12, 15
accounts as literature, 118
animals found on islands, 23–24
Banks’s accounts, 78–80, 82, 87, 89, 91, 99, 100, 107
Cook’s voyages and, 78–87, 251–53
islanders as a single cultural group, 110–11
observer bias, 24–25
Quirós’s account, 31–38
Robertson’s account, 71, 72
Roggeveen’s account, 58–62
size of Polynesian populations, 23, 31
Tasman’s accounts, 54–58
of the Tuamotus, 47–48
what they did not see, 24
Eyles, Jim, 205–7, 303
Falkland Islands, 68
Fangatau atoll, 243
Fatu Hiva Island, 32, 37, 237–38
Fenua Ura Island, 83
Fiji, 109, 157, 222, 224, 226, 230, 232
Finney, Ben, 274–84, 289, 312
on navigator Mau, 280, 282
Fishhooks (Emory, Bonk, and Sinoto), 210
Flannery, Tim, 231
food
Asian origin of, 240
breadfruit, 28, 31, 36
on coral atolls, 47
fish, 31
Polynesian plants, soil requirements, 193
of prehistoric sea people, 19
Quirós’s account of the Marquesas, 36
similarity in all Polynesia, 103
story of Aka’s voyage and, 164
sweet potato, significance of, 246–48, 341n248
Fornander, Abraham, 150–60, 150, 167, 168, 171, 190, 256, 289, 309, 314, 316
alteration of accounts by, 170
An Account of the Polynesian Race, 154–60, 161
wife and children of, 152–53, 159, 314
Forster, Georg, 81
Forster, Johann, 91, 120, 194, 196, 197
Fritsch, Gustav, 179
Futuna Island, 226
Galápagos Islands, 9
Genesis, 140
genetics, 9, 301–6
ancient DNA, Teouma, 302–3
ancient DNA, Wairau Bar, 303–4
human “races” and, 181–82, 337n191
“Polynesian motif,” DNA mutation, 301, 303
George III of England, 76
Gerrards, Theodore, 27
Ghyben-Herzberg lens phenomenon, 44
Gifford, Edward W., 177, 222–26, 316, 340n226
radiocarbon dating, 224–25, 226
succession of cultures theory, 223
Gilbert Islands, 193, 265, 270
Gill, William Wyatt, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, 262
Gladwin, Thomas, 268–69, 270, 272, 273, 280
Gondwana, 52, 223, 320, 331n121
Gore, John, 101
Green, Roger, 343n272
Greenland, 18
Greenslade, William, 79
Gregory, Herbert E., 176, 190
Grey, Sir George, 203
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 117
Haast, Julius von, 201–2, 204