anatomy, epidemiology, and, 191
anthropology and, 175–98
archaeology and, 199–209
artifacts and, 191–92
Aryans or Indo-Aryans theory, 142–49, 150, 156, 182, 186, 192, 314, 316
Asian origins and eastward migration, 119–20, 121, 192–93, 240, 313–14
Asian vs. Melanesian origins, 300–301
Beringian solution, 120, 196, 240
biological evidence and, 186–87
competing migration theories, 300–301
computer simulations and, 257–61, 262, 308, 313
distances covered by, 63
DNA evidence, 299–306
drift routes tested, 259–60, 264
drift theory, 249, 250–61
drowned-continent theory, 121–25, 196, 331n121
“entangled bank” theory, 300
as European quest, 314–17
experimental voyaging movement and, 237–49, 274–95, 312
“express train to Polynesia,” 300, 345n300
Fornander and, 150–60, 150
frequency of voyaging, 24
geographical knowledge and, 84, 97–98, 110
Hawaiki (homeland) and, 10, 102, 166–67, 203
linguistic path of, 228, 240
as lost tribe of Jews or wandering nomads, 141–42
Marquesas first settlers, 30–31
movement of land theories, 120–21
navigational methods, 96–97, 262–73, 262
New Zealand, first settlers, 203–5, 209, 233, 304, 308, 309
plants and animals on voyages, 9, 23–24, 31 (see also commensals)
pottery and, 219–20, 221
questions remaining, 313, 317
radiocarbon dating and, 12, 158, 210–20, 224, 226, 299, 303–4, 306–10
Sharp’s assertions, 250–55, 257
“slow boat” model, 301–2
Smith and, 165–66
somatology and, 175, 179–87, 300
South American origins/westward migration, 120, 121, 237, 238–40, 248–49, 341n248
Te Rangi Hiroa’s studies and, 188, 190–98, 301
timeline, 306–7, 308
voyaging stories and, 161–71, 190–91, 311–13, 315
why they migrated, 273
Otago Museum, 205
Ovid, Metamorphoses, 140
Owen, Sir Richard, 200–201, 206
Pacific Ocean, 17
accessibility after Cook, 109–10
ancient Polynesian sea road, 4
Balboa’s sighting of “the other sea,” 20
“Chart of the South Pacifick Ocean . . .” (Dalrymple), 78
colonizing by Polynesians, 10, 11–12
computer simulations and El Niño/La Niña, 308–9
computer simulations of drift theory and, 258–61
concept of, as thoroughfare not barrier, 273
Cook’s contribution to understanding of, 4–5, 109
Cook’s vision of, 84–85
distance between islands, 17–18
Doldrums, 40
emptiness of, 18, 22, 27
entry points, 39, 41, 43
European explorers, 3, 10, 11, 21, 115 (see also specific explorers)
European transformation of, 110
exploitable products from, 116
first European to cross, 21
first migrants, 18
great discoveries by Dutch, 53
history of, 12–13
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 40
island types in, 28–30, 51
islands in, number of, 22, 259
lack of Polynesian word for, 20
as last place to be settled by humans, 10
names for the far southern latitudes, 40
naming of, 20–21
navigation on, 41
questions answered about, 115
Roggeveen’s route to Easter Island, 58–59
routes across, 43
size, 9, 17, 22, 27, 32
Spanish galleons crossing, 4
survey by the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 93, 166
travel technology and, 115
Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer, 40
weather of, 40
winds and currents, 30, 39, 39, 40–41, 94, 119–20, 121, 238, 240, 242, 258–59, 267
World War II and, 213–15
Palau Islands, 193
Papua New Guinea, 103, 221, 226
Parkinson, Sydney, 28
“A war canoe of New Zealand,” 99
Patagonia, 21, 72
people of Polynesia
appearance, 35–36, 47, 56, 75, 102, 103, 182, 193–94, 196
arcana of, 122–24
color red and, 73
commonality of voyagers, 9
as cultural group, 110
cultural similarities with Pacific Northwest tribes, 240
depopulation, 153–54, 156
as Enata Fenua (People of the Land), 10–11
establishing the world’s largest single culture area, 9
European contact and, 5–6, 21, 23, 55–56, 74–75, 111, 117, 155 (see also specific explorers; specific islands)
evolution of, 208–9
formal study of, 118–19
genetics of, 9, 299–306
Heyerdahl’s theory, 240
ideas about racial makeup, 182–84, 194
joining European crews, 86
kinship of, 8, 10
language of, 104, 109, 110 (see also language)
love of adventure and, 273
mysteries of their origins, 63–64
netherworld of Te Pō, 73
Old World diseases and, 117, 153–54, 156
“Polynesian motif,” DNA mutation and, 301, 303
“Polynesian women from the Marquesas (Type I)” (Handy and Linton), 175
pre-contact population, 23, 71, 154, 299, 304, 309
prehistoric diaspora of, 8, 11–12, 103, 119–20, 176
red-haired, 240
reluctance to share lore, 155
as sea people, 18–20
skin color, 47, 56, 57–58, 178–80, 182, 194
social evolution of, 9
as sole occupants of Polynesia, 9
somatological studies of, 180–87
way of looking at the world, 94–95, 290
who they are, 8, 110–11, 175–87, 221–33, 299–306
See also origins and migrations of the Polynesians
Peru, 22, 28, 31, 38, 39, 120, 237, 239, 241, 248, 260
Philippines, 4, 21, 22, 32, 109, 157, 192, 193, 228, 247, 301
Pialiug, Pius (Mau), 278–82, 287–89, 292–93
Pigafetta, Antonio, 22
Polack, Joel, 200
Polo, Marco, 26–27
Polynesia, 153
arrival of European explorers, 9, 11
bird species of, 230
Brown’s study of flora, 177
canoe design as link between peoples of, 57
colonial control of, 117
diminishing species on eastward islands, 230
direction and distance, relative system for, 95–96
distance between islands, 17–18
in European popular culture, 117
European Romanticism and, 118
extirpation of land birds, 231
first arrivals to, 227
harebrained theories about, 11
influx of Europeans, nineteenth century, 115–16
language family of, 109
as le mirage tahitien, 76
map, 311
mystery of inhabitants, 11
number of islands in, 22, 259
oldest settlements of, 57–58
prehistory of, 11–12
Romanticism and, 148
scientific approach, 175–87
thousand-year sequestration of people in, 9
Tupaia’s chart, 91–98
Tupaia’s list of islands, 83–84
types of islands in, 28–30, 51
<
br /> volcanic origins, 121
western gateway to, 57
See also origins and migrations of the Polynesians; specific islands
Polynesian Society, 131, 165, 199
Polynesian Triangle, 9, 11, 28, 57, 98, 108, 193, 217, 223
arrival chronology and, 306, 308–9
Bayard Dominick Expedition and, 177
Cook and, 103
Easter Island and, 59
first settlers, 227
Hōkūle‘a’s navigation of, 294
Samoa and, 62
Tahiti and, 70
Polynesian Voyaging Society, 274, 275, 284, 285, 286, 289, 295
“Polynesian women from the Marquesas (Type I)” (Handy and Linton), 175
Polynesian/Melanesian divide, 194, 204
“portmanteau biota,” 231
Puka Puka Island (Dog Island), 43, 243
Puluwat Island, 265, 268, 272, 273
Purea (Tahitian chiefess), 74–75, 80
Quirós, Pedro Fernández de, 27, 32–38, 47, 70
radiocarbon dating, 12, 158, 206–7, 210–20, 224, 226, 299, 303–4, 310
Egyptian King Djoser’s tomb and other early testing of, 212–13
errors of, 216–17, 306–7
Gifford excavations and, 224
how it works, 211–12, 217
Kuli‘ou‘ou rock-shelter on O‘ahu, 210, 213, 215
Libby’s University of Chicago lab, 210, 212, 213, 224
Marquesas and, 217–20
revision of timeline, 306–8, 347n307
South Point site, Big Island, 216
Wairau Bar site, New Zealand, 217
Ra‘iatea Island, 2, 70, 87, 89, 90, 92, 163
as Hawaiki, 166, 167
Raivavae Island, 90
Rangiroa Island, 83
Rapa Island, 90
Rapa Nui. See Easter Island
Rarotonga Island, 161, 261, 264, 267, 335n164
Reef Islands, 226, 232, 264
religion
Christianity, 3, 32, 35, 115–16, 132–33, 152, 156
demigod Maui, 257
female genitals, exposure of, 73
goddess Pele, 163
god Lono, 5–7, 6
god ‘Oro, color red and, 73
god Tane, 94–95, 140, 166
heiau or marae, 2–4, 6, 7, 8
names of Polynesian gods, 156
navigator gods, 161
“oracle,” 36
in Polynesia, 2
Raka, god of the winds, 268
sacred lore and, 155
seasonal ritual cycle, Makahiki, 6
serpent worship, 156
similarity in all Polynesia, 104
Zabaism (sun worship), 156
See also mythology and folklore
Renfrew, Colin, 212
Rigveda, 141
Robertson, George, 71
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 117
Roggeveen, Jacob, 9, 62, 70
description of Polynesians, 62
journey to Easter Island, 58–62, 63, 247
journey to the Tuamotus, Makatea, and Samoa, 62
questions asked by, 63
Romanticism, 118, 148, 151, 273, 312
Rotuma Island, 116
Royal Society, transit of Venus expedition, 68, 69
Rurutu Island, 74, 89
Sahul, 18
Salmond, Anne, 73
Samoa, 57, 62, 84, 157, 193, 226, 230, 261, 306, 308, 336n167
cosmogony of, 133
island of Savai‘i, 166, 167
Sullivan’s data and, 183, 184, 195
Tupaia’s chart and, 92
Sand, Christophe, Lapita patterns from Site 13, 221
Sandwich Islands (Hawai‘i), 1, 145
Santa Cruz Islands, 32, 226, 232
Satawal Island, 278, 290
Schouten, Willem, 55, 56, 57, 58, 70, 89, 107, 243
Scott, J. H., 195
Scott, Walter, 118
Settlement of Polynesia, The (Levison, Ward, and Webb), 250
Seven (Tauwhitu), 2–3, 7–10, 317, 319
Seven Years’ War, 67
Sharp, Andrew, 255
Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific, 250–51
drift voyages theory of, 250–55, 257, 261, 263, 274, 295
on oral traditions, 256
Shutler, Richard, Jr., 223–24, 225, 226, 316, 340n226
Simmons, D. R., 170–71
Sinoto, Yosihiko H., 215–16
Fishhooks, 210
Skinner, H. D., 204–5
Smith, S. Percy, 165–66, 167, 168, 171, 190, 203, 256, 289, 309–10
alteration of accounts, 170
Journal of the Polynesian Society and, 165–66
story of Kupe and the Great Fleet and, 168–71
Society Islands, 8, 70, 87, 88, 91, 92, 98, 104, 157, 230, 305, 308, 328n70
Chart of the Society Islands (Cook), 88
cosmogony of, 133, 134, 166
Lewis’s voyage from, 263–64, 267
origins of inhabitants, 119
story of Ru and Hina, 163
See also Tahiti
Solomon Islands, 18, 25–26, 31–32, 103, 109, 197, 227–28, 230, 232
somatology, 175, 179, 180–87, 300
“Marquesan Somatology” (Sullivan), 175
Te Rangi Hiroa’s studies, 190
Sonder Grondt Island (Takapoto), 45, 62
South America, 120, 121
Heyerdahl’s theory and, 238–40, 246–49, 341n248
Kon-Tiki, pre-Incan sun king, 240, 241
languages of, and Polynesian, 120
monoliths of, 239–40
sweet potato, significance of, 246–48, 341n248
South Sea Lore (Emory), 214
Spice Islands, 21
star compass, 97, 283, 290, 345n290
“state of nature,” 25, 76
Staten Landt, 56
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 30, 44, 154, 318
Strait of Magellan, 21, 42, 70
Suggs, Robert C., 32–33, 217–20, 248, 306, 308, 319
Sullivan, Louis R., 179, 182–86, 190, 195, 301, 316
“Marquesan Somatology,” 175
Sundaland, 18
Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels, 117
Taha‘a Island, 163
Tahiti, 6, 8, 36, 42, 67, 77, 79
as aceramic, 220
architecture and sculpture, 24
Banks’s account, 80–81, 82, 86–87
Banks’s word list, 107
battle of Matavai Bay, 74
Bougainville and, 75–76
“The Canoe Song of Ru,” 162–63, 335n163
canoes of, 49, 73, 82, 89
Cook and, 4, 77–87, 103
cosmogony of, 122
creation myths, 136–37
culture of, 82
depopulation, 153–54
directions and measurement in, 93, 95–96
distance to northern Tonga, 108
as Edenic, 76
female genitals, exposure of, 73
geographic knowledge, 98, 110
Hōkūle‘a voyages and, 279–82
inhabitants interacting with sailors, 71–74, 75
language, 72, 101, 107
location, 71
missionaries and, 115–16
Moerenhout in, 121
Papara, 122
plant species of, 46
Point Venus, 80
pre-contact population, 71, 304
sea names, 20
size, 70
topography of, 71
transit of Venus and, 70–71, 82
“voyaging with intent” to, 261
Wallis and, 70–76, 80
weather of, 71
Tahuata Island, 37
Taiwan (Ilha Formosa), 109, 228, 303
tapu (taboo) or kapu, 2, 35, 155
Tasman, Abel Janszoon, 9, 53–58
Journal, 51
Māori attack on Dutch sailors, 55
New Zea
land and, 51, 54–57, 100
route to the Pacific, 53–54
Tonga and, 57–58, 69, 222
word list of, 107
Tasmania, 54
tattooing (tatau), 36, 47, 57–58, 62
decorated pottery and, 226
in the Marquesas, 178
method of, 226
tā moko, the Māori tattoo, 166
Taylor, Rev. Richard, 142
Te Aute College, New Zealand, 189
Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck), 188–98, 188, 195, 215, 314
artifacts and, 191–92
on Heyerdahl’s expedition, 245
on oral traditions, 257
Polynesian origins and, 190–98, 301
race and, 189, 195–96
Vikings of the Sunrise, 311
Terra Australis Incognita, 25–27, 31, 38, 63, 64, 116
Cook’s search for, 88–89
Dalrymple’s chart and, 78
New Zealand mistaken for, 56
Terrell, John, 300
Tevake, 264–65, 267, 273, 314
Tevitodale, David, 205
“The Material Culture of the Moa-Hunters in Murihuku,” 199
Theogony (Hesiod), 141, 333n141
Thomas, Nicolas, 81
Thompson, Myron “Pinky,” 286, 287–88
Thompson, Nainoa, 283, 286–95, 286, 317
death of Eddie Aikau and, 285
Hōkūle‘a voyages and, 284–85, 288–89
Mau’s mentoring of, 287–89
navigational study by, 283–84, 286–88, 293
star compass of, 283, 290
Thomson, Richard, 81
Thornton, Agathe, 170
Thuret, Marguerite, 213
Tierro del Fuego, 21, 42, 72, 77
Tikehau Island, 83
Tikopia Island, 264, 273
Tonga, 8, 57, 89, 92, 108, 157, 226, 230, 306, 308, 336n167
Bayard Dominick Expedition and, 177, 222
Cook and, 103
cosmogony of, 133
Dutch explorers and, 57
language of, 58, 104
missionaries and, 115–16
pottery and, 226
Sullivan’s data and, 183, 184, 195
Tahiti’s distance from, 108
Tasman and, 57–58, 69
trade and Europeans, 58
transit of Venus and, 69
Tongatapu, 8, 57–58, 222
tools and weapons
adzes and clubs, 47, 79, 117, 191, 202, 204, 207, 208, 224, 303
on Fiji, 223
fish hooks, 207, 210, 215–16, 219
Gifford’s study of, 224
at Ha‘atuatua, 218
kitchen tools, 224
knives, 34, 47, 201, 202
of the Marquesas, 36, 37
similarity in all Polynesia, 103
of the Tuamotus, 47
Wairau Bar site, 303
trade winds, 39, 40, 43, 119–20, 243, 267
transit of Venus, 68–69
“cone of visibility” (1769), in the Pacific, 69, 70–71
Cook’s voyage to Tahiti, 1768–69 and, 77–87
Tahiti and, 70–71
Tregear, Edward, 131–32, 145–48, 165, 171, 316
The Aryan Maori, 139, 146
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