101. John W. Foster to His Excellency J. M. Lafragua, June 24, 1875.
102. H. M. Atkinson to E.P. Smith, November 10, 1875, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824–81, Kickapoo Agency, 1855–1876, Roll 374, 1872–1876 (Washington, DC: National Archives, 1958).
103. On the agent and President Lerdo de Tejada’s promises to remove the Kickapoos to the interior, see “Our San Antonio Letters,” Galveston Daily News, March 8, 1876; “Texas Press,” Galveston Daily News, March 12, 1874; “Interesting Letter from Durango,” Galveston Daily News, June 3, 1874. On Chihuahua, see Mexican Border Troubles, 241.
104. Hatfield, Chasing Shadows, 21–28.
105. On relocation, see Castillo and Castro, Kikapúes, 28. Although the documentation does not specify which Guerrero, the German-speaking colony in Chihuahua makes this seem the most plausible.
106. William M. Evarts to Mr. Foster, March 31, 1877, in Mexican Border Troubles, 4.
107. Robert D. Gregg, The Influence of Border Troubles on Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1876–1910 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1937), 51, 62.
108. The Reciprocal Consent treaty lasted until Geronimo’s surrender in 1886. Daniel S. Margolies, “The ‘Ill-Defined Fiction’ of Extraterritoriality and Sovereign Exception in Late Nineteenth Century U.S. Foreign Relations,” Southwestern Law Review 40 (Spring 2011): 575–603.
109. “A Hunter’s Paradise,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Dec. 31, 1887.
110. Hatfield, Chasing Shadows, 5. On the 60,000 acres in 1883, see “Texans Claim Mexican Land,” Dallas Morning News, Feb. 25, 1909.
111. “Grazing and Farming Lands on the Mexican Frontier,” Galveston Daily News, Feb. 27, 1883.
112. John Mason Hart, Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 216.
113. Nunley, “The Mexican Kickapoo Indians,” 45.
114. Kickapoo Indian Chieftain,” Mexican Herald, Sept. 11, 1903.
115. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 90. On the contamination, see Castillo and Castro, Kikapúes, xii.
116. Isaac F. Marcosson, Metal Magic: The Story of the American Smelting and Refining Company (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1949), 215, 219, 220, 223, 280.
117. H. M. Teller, Chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs, “Affairs of Mexican Kicking Kickapoo Indians,” Senate Report no. 5, 60th Congress, 1st session, 1–12; Gibson, The Kickapoos, 340.
118. “Kickapoos Here,” Mexican Herald, Jan. 25, 1901; on Thapathethea, see Gibson, The Kickapoos, 329.
119. On conditions in Sonora, see John Embry to S. W. Brosiuis, Agent Indian Rights Association, July 18, 1912, Folder 4; on Bentley’s acquisition of land titles in 1905 and 1906, see “Abstract of Testimony, Bentley and the Seven,” in Folder 3, both in Box 1, Records Concerning Affairs of the Mexican Kickapoo, 1895–1914, Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, National Archives. On a Kickapoo residing in Sonora, see “Extradition Application,” Dallas Morning News, Oct. 28, 1910; “Yaquis Prove They Are Worthy Foemen,” Dallas Morning News, May 30, 1915. On the Yaquis, see Claudia B. Haake, The State, Removal and Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620–2000 (New York: Routledge, 2007), 95–96, 121–34; Eric V. Meeks, Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 2, 28–31, 72.
120. “Discuss Move to Mexico,” Dallas Morning News, April 24, 1904. Frank A. Thackery, Plaintiff vs. R. C. Conine, L. C. Grimes, M.J. Bentley, and W. W. Ives, Defendants, Territory of Oklahoma, Pottawatomie County, Dec. 15, 1906, Folder 3, Box 1, Records Concerning the Affairs of the Mexican Kickapoo.
121. John A. Buntin to The First National Bank, Sept. 11, 1912, Folder 2, Box 1, Finance Division, Records Concerning the Affairs of the Mexican Kickapoo, 1895–1914, Record Group 75, National Archives.
122. Gibson, The Kickapoos, 359.
123. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, Hearings before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 97th Congress, on H.R. 4496 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983); on location of homes, 7, 96; garbage, 98; ceremonies, 12; citizenship status and services, 68, 74. On cane and cardboard, see Stull, Kiikaapoa, 83.
124. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, living conditions, 74; Kazen’s claim, 12.
125. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, peace and privacy, 13.
126. Thompson, Crossing the Border with the 4th Cavalry, 77. The legislation created a fourth tribe of Kickapoos, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, which was the same as the Mexican Kickapoos but under U.S. jurisdiction; Mary Christopher Nunley, foreword to The Texas Kickapoo: Keepers of Tradition, by Bill Wright and E. John Gesick, Jr. (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1996), xiii–xvi, xiv; Stull, Kiikaapoa, 85. On the Coahuila and Eagle Pass Kickapoos in the more recent past, see Elisabeth A. Mager Hois, Lucha y Resistencia de la Tribu Kikapú, 2nd. ed. (México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2008).
127. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 90–91.
128. Ritzenthaler and Peterson, 21.
129. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, 8.
130. Ibid.; “The Kickapoos Who Have Citizenship in two Countries,” Wassaja 3 (September 1975): 5, in the Princeton University Rare Books Collection.
131. Latorre and Latorre, The Mexican Kickapoo Indians, 92–93.
132. On “Chicapoos,” see Ekoneskaka, “An Oral History,” 173.
133. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, 24.
134. Ibid.
135. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, 16.
136. Confirming the Citizenship Status of the Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians, 49. On Quintanilla, see Dennis William Stuart Selder, “Toward a Sound Methodology for Comparative Rhetoric with Aymara as a Case Study” (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 81.
Conclusion: The Nation, at Heart
1. “Thirteenth Annual Meeting Woman’s Missionary Society” Urbana Courier, Nov. 10, 1906.
2. “Mrs. Reed Hostess to Chinese Students,” Urbana Courier, Nov. 22, 1908.
3. “Louis Casdorf Is Home at Last,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 18, 1909.
4. “Kinley’s Speech at the Chicago Association of Commerce,” May 20, 1910, Folder: Address to Chicago Association of Commerce re Pan-American Conference, Box 3, President David Kinley Papers, UIUC Archives.
5. “Mexican Heir Weds Local Girl,” Urbana Courier, Dec. 11, 1911.
6. J. R. Stewart, A Standard History of Champaign County Illinois, vol. 2 (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1918), 601–02.
7. “This Is a Small Old World After All,” Urbana Courier, April 5, 1919.
8. John R. McNeill, “Forests, and Ecological History: Brazil, 1500–1984,” Environmental Review 10 (Summer 1986): 122–33; Andrew Salvador Mathews, “Suppressing Fire and Memory: Environmental Degradation and Political Restoration in the Sierra Juárez of Oaxaca, 1887–2001,” Environmental History 8 (Jan. 2003): 77–108; Robert W. Wilcox, “The Law of the Least Effort: Cattle Ranching and the Environment in the Savanna of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 1900–1980,” Environmental History 4 (July 1999): 338–68; on fires, see Myrna I. Santiago, The Ecology of Oil: Environment, Labor, and the Mexican Revolution, 1900–1938 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Walker and Mulliken Company, “Odd Chiffoniers,” Urbana Courier, Jan. 12, 1915.
9. Warren Dean, With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Douglas McCalla, Planting the Province: The Economic History of Upper Canada, 1784–1870 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993
); Shawn William Miller, A Environmental History of Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 18, 32, 47, 82–84; Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 6, 16.
10. Donald B. MacMillan, Four Years in the White North (Boston: The Medici Society, 1925), 137; W. Elmer Ekblaw, “The Material Response of the Polar Eskimo to Their Far Arctic Environment,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 17 (Dec. 1927): 160, 185, 187–89; W. Elmer Ekblaw, The Food Birds of the Smith Sound Eskimos, New York, 1919, reprint from The Wilson Bulletin, 106, March 1919, 1.
11. W. Elmer Ekblaw, “The Attributes of Place,” The Journal of Geography (Sept. 1937): 213–20.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Aero Club of Illinois, 250–51
aeronautics, see aviation
agrarian interests:
and bioprospecting, 161, 162, 163–66
and competition with foreign agriculture, 136, 137, 156
and consular officers, 151–56
and European imperialism, 160–61
and Grange movement, 54, 157
and International Institute of Agriculture, 156–59, 158
and tariff policies, 151, 153
and weather information exchanges, 159
see also agricultural export markets
agricultural export markets:
and British empire, 105–6, 117, 118, 126–27, 128
cattle industry, 106
and competition with foreign agriculture, 136, 137
and tariff policies, 73, 135
and U.S. expansion, 81, 118, 119, 120, 127–28
and World War I, 78, 124–26
see also pork export markets
agriculture:
and bird hunting, 223–24, 224
and birds as pests, 225–26
foreign competition, 136, 137
imported animal breeds, 147–49
and insect control, 226–28, 229
and land-grant universities, 131, 145, 168–69
soil composition, 149–51
see also agrarian interests; agricultural export markets; crop imports; scientific agriculture
Agriculture Department, U.S.:
and bioprospecting, 161, 162, 163
on birds as pests, 226
and cattle industry, 55
and consular officers, 152
and crop imports, 143
on game birds, 221
on insect control, 228
and migratory birds, 236–37
and weather forecasting, 215
and World War I, 125–26
A’h-tee-wát-o-mee, 8
airplanes, see aviation
Alexander, John T., 39, 72
alliance politics, 10, 139–69, 173–76
allotment policies, 70, 262–64
American Berkshire Association, 91
American exceptionality, 79
American Field, The, 224, 237
American Geographical Society, 239
American Meat Packers’ Association, 89, 90
American Museum of Natural History, 239
American Ornithologists’ Union, 236
American Revolution, 25, 46
American Shorthorn Association, 54–55, 74
American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO), 287–88, 287
American Sportsman, 237
American Swine and Poultry Journal, 93
Andronescu, Don Demetrius, 182
Anglo-American packing company, 110
animal cruelty, 50–52, 51
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 241
antiblack legislation, xxi, 266
anticolonialism, 189–90, 193
Arguelles, Angel Severo, 190
Armour, J. Ogden, 122
ASARCO (American Smelting and Refining Company), 287–88, 287
Asia:
agricultural studies, 166–67
immigration quotas, 185–86
see also China; Japan
Atchison Daily Globe, 269
“Attributes of Place, The” (Ekblaw), 304
Audubon, John James, 234–35
Audubon Society, 236
Auk, 237
aviation, 244–56
as dangerous, 246–48
early sightings, 244–45
exhibitions, 245–46, 252
and migration, 254–56
military training, 248–54, 250, 253
and U.S. expansion, 255–56
bacteria, 150
ballooning, 243–44
banana imports, 118, 119
Barbour, Philip, 26
Bartholomew, Bob, 174
Bautista, Antonio, 180
beef industry, see cattle industry
bees, 148–49, 150
Bender, Thomas, xix
Bentley, Martin, 289–91
Berkshire hogs, 100
and aesthetics, 92–94
breed alternatives, 85–86
central Illinois popularity, 87–88
elite associations, 88–91, 90, 93
and fair circuit, 86, 87, 91
and meat types, 98–101
origins of, 81–84, 83
and phrenology, 94
and sex stereotypes, 94–95
and U.S. expansion, 95–98
U.S. import origins, 85
Berkshire Year Book, 95–96
Besore, George, 20
bioprospecting, 161, 162, 163–66
Bird-Lore, 232, 236, 237
birds:
carrier pigeons, 254
game, 220–25, 222
and insect control, 226–28, 229
migratory, 231–39, 233, 238, 303–4
as mysterious, 302–3
as pests, 225–26
preservation of, 229–31, 233–34
Black Hawk, 28
Black Laws, 266
Boer War, 121
borderlands, see transborder connections; U.S.-Canadian transborder connections; U.S.-Mexican transborder connections
border mobility, see transborder connections
Bose, Sudhindra, 189
Bouyoucos, George John, 181–82
Boxer Rebellion, 121
bracero program, 294, 295
Brazil, 177–78
Breeder’s Gazette, 54, 124, 173
Briggs and Bro’s., 146
British pig breeds, 100
and aesthetics, 92–94
Berkshire origins, 81–84, 83
central Illinois popularity, 87–88
elite associations, 88–91, 90, 93
and environmental transformation, 148
and fair circuit, 86, 87, 91, 92
and meat types, 98–101
and phrenology, 94
range of breeds, 85–86
and sex stereotypes, 94–95
and U.S. expansion, 95–98
U.S. import origins, 85
Brown, Edward, 197
Brown, Myron Stoddard, 21
Brown, Stephen S., 276–77
Bryan, Malinda Busey, 21
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 296
Burrill, Thomas Jonathan, 20
Caird, James, 46, 1
03, 104, 211
Canada, 112
see also U.S.-Canadian transborder connections
Canada Farmer, 53
canals, 49–50
Cannon, Joseph, 184
Caribbean, agricultural exports to, 98, 101, 109, 118, 119
Carle, Albert, 40
Carley, Mark, 48
carrier pigeons, 254
Castor Hill, Treaty of (1832), 27
Catlin, George, 8
cattle industry:
British bloodlines in, 39–41, 42–43, 45, 58
central Illinois development of, 37–39
and disease, 45, 71–74
and environmental transformation, 148
export markets, 106
Indian Territory, 68–71
Mexican Kickapoo border raids, 64, 275–77
and Native American displacement, 36–37, 69
and pig industry, 38, 86–87
Texan cattle, 57–59, 59
transportation, 37, 50–53, 51, 66
and U.S.-Canadian transborder connections, 41–45, 45, 50, 52–53, 54–55, 56
U.S.-Mexican cross-border trade, 59–63
and wet prairie terrain, 36
central Europe:
border mobility in, 22
and origins of heartland myth, xvi
chain migration, xxi
Champaign County, Illinois:
aviation, 244–46
ballooning, 243–44
and bioprospecting, 165–66
cattle disease, 72
cattle industry, 36–37, 38, 40–41, 66
communications technology, 205–6, 208, 209, 210
crop imports, 142
immigration, 104–5, 203–4
and Inter-Parliamentary Union, 139–40
local histories of, 13–14, 15, 21–22
meteor sightings, 241–42
Mexican-origin people in, 65–66
overview, xxiv–xxv
pig industry, 86–87
and polar exploration, 239–40
resident mobility, 21–22
settler origins, 20–21
and tornadoes, 217
and U.S.-Canada transborder connections, 47, 49
weather forecasting, 216
wet prairie drainage, 200–201, 204–5
Champaign Gazette, 49, 152–53
Chanute, Octave, 250–51
Chanute airfield, 248–52, 250, 253, 254–56
The Heartland Page 44
