13. Guy Stevens Callender, The Economic History of the United States, 1765–1860 (Boston: Ginn, 1909), 70.
14. Ferguson, The American Revolution, 25.
15. Ferguson, 28.
16. John Smith, Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, ed. Edward Arber, vol. 1 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1910), lxviii.
17. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Boston: Lilly and Wait, 1832), 77.
18. As quoted in Ferguson, The American Revolution, 47.
19. Ferguson, 51.
20. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times (New York: Macmillan, 1903), 50.
21. Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo, Daily Life During the American Revolution (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 287–88.
22. Ferguson, The American Revolution, 51.
23. Ferguson, 48.
24. Volo and Volo, Daily Life During the American Revolution, 289–91.
25. Ferguson, The American Revolution, 40.
26. Virginia Gazette, September 14, 1769, Colonial Williamsburg Archives.
27. Virginia Gazette, September 19, 1751, Colonial Williamsburg Archives.
28. Horn, Adapting to a New World, 149–50.
29. Diary entries, December 3, 1709, June 17, 1710, “William Byrd’s Diary,” Africans in America, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h283t.html, excerpted from The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712, Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, eds. (Richmond, VA: Dietz Press, 1941).
30. Ferguson, The American Revolution, 43.
31. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 622–23.
32. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 158–59.
33. Ferguson, The American Revolution, 46.
34. Ferguson, 47.
35. Mary V. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence”: Religion in the Life of George Washington (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008), 16.
36. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 17; Ferguson, The American Revolution, 56–57.
37. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 2–3.
38. Rhys Isaac, Worlds of Experience: Communities in Colonial Virginia (Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1987), 33.
39. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 15.
40. Thompson, 16–18.
41. John Tracy Ellis, American Catholicism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 21–25.
42. William Whitmore, ed., The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, facsimile of the 1672 edition (Boston: City Council of Boston, 1889), 55.
43. “In and around Lancaster” (1981), unpublished manuscript, Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library, Lancaster, Virginia.
44. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 148–49.
45. Virginia Gazette, August 19, 1773, Colonial Williamsburg Archives.
CHAPTER 2: “TO LOOK TO THE SKY”
1. Charles Moore, The Family Life of George Washington (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926), 22.
2. Conkling, Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington, 15.
3. John Stotsenburg, “The Maternal Grandmother of George Washington,” Pennsylvania-German, vol. 9, May 1908, 226.
4. Earl L. W. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia: The Great-Grandfather of Washington (London: Sydney William Dutton, 1928), 15.
5. William Camden, Remains concerning Britain (London: John Russell Smith, 1870), 71; Charles W. Bardsley, Curiosities of Puritan Nomenclature (London: Chatto and Windus, 1880), 85.
6. Frances Smith, Colonial Families of America (New York: Frank Allaben Genealogical Company, 1909), 39.
7. Leonard Abram Bradley, History of the Ball Family: Genealogy of the New Haven Branch (New York: J. M. Andreini, 1916), 15.
8. Washington Irving, Life of George Washington, vol. 1 (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1856), 1.
9. John Frost, Pictorial Life of George Washington (Philadelphia: Leary & Getz, 1859), 14.
10. Bernard J. Cigrand, “Washington Not Real Name of Our First President,” New York Times, February 19, 1911.
11. Frances Smith, Colonial Families of America, 40; Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 16.
12. As quoted in Wayne Whipple, The Story-Life of Washington (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1911), 4–7.
13. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 16.
14. “Ball Family,” Mount Vernon, http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclo pedia/article/ball-family/.
15. Mary Selden-Kennedy, Seldens of Virginia and Allied Families, vol. 1 (New York: Frank Allaben Genealogical Company, 1911), 150.
16. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 27.
17. Heck, 27; Horace Edwin Hayden, Virginia Genealogies (Wilkes-Barre, PA: E. B Yordy, 1891), 51.
18. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 53.
19. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 27.
20. Heck, 27–28.
21. George Cabell Greer, Early Virginia Immigrants (Richmond, Virginia: W. C. Hill Printing, 1912), 19.
22. George Washington Ball, The Maternal Ancestry and Nearest of Kin of Washington: A Monograph (Washington, DC: 1885), 6.
23. Horn, Adapting to a New World, 57–58.
24. John Evelyn, Fumifugium: Or, The Inconveniencie of the Aer and Smoak of London Dissipated (London: W. Godbid, 1661), 15–16, 23–24.
25. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 28.
26. Heck, 29.
27. Heck, 29; Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 51.
28. Lancaster County Court Records, order book 3, 16, 356–66, Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library, Lancaster, Virginia; Nina Tracy Mann, “Hannah Ball, a Colonial Matriarch,” Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, vol. 22 (December 1972), 2317.
29. Horn, Adapting to a New World, 174–77.
30. Horn, 174–85.
31. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 51–52.
32. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 2 (New York: R. & W. & G. Bartow, 1823), 329–30.
33. Lancaster County Court Orders 1, 132, Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library, Lancaster, Virginia.
34. Lancaster County Court Orders 2, 22, 63; Court Orders 3, 76, Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library, Lancaster, Virginia.
35. Nina Tracy Mann, “William Ball, Merchant,” Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, vol. 23 (December 1973), 2523.
36. Mann, “William Ball, Merchant,” 2527.
37. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 51.
38. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 32.
39. As quoted in Horn, Adapting to a New World, 288.
40. Lancaster County Will Book, vol. 5, 70–71; Northumberland Public Library, Heathsville, Virginia; Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 50–51.
41. Mann, “Hannah Ball, a Colonial Matriarch,” 2320.
42. Letter from Joseph Ball II to Joseph Chinn, May 13, 1755, in Correspondence of Joseph Ball, 1743–1780, 138, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
43. Letter from Joseph Ball II to Joseph Chinn, October 22, 1756, 172, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
44. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 56.
45. Freeman, George Washington, vol. 1, 531; Selden-Kennedy, Seldens of Virginia and Allied Families, vol. 1, 157–58.
46. Letter and attachment from H. Irvine Keyser II to Mr. Newton, November 7, 1966; The Society of the Cincinnati Archives, Washington, DC.
47. Heck, Colonel William Ball of Virginia, 35–36.
48. Moncure Daniel Conway, ed., George Washington and Mount Vernon (Brooklyn: Long Island Historical Society, 1889), xxiv.
49. Margaret Lester Hill, ed., Ball Families of Virginia’s Northern Neck: An Outline (Lancaster: Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library, 1990), 145.
50. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 57–58.
51. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 26.
52. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 57; Conway
, George Washington and Mount Vernon, xlv.
53. Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience, 11.
54. Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 57.
55. William Ball Wright, ed., Ball Family Records: Genealogical Memoirs of Some Ball Families of Great Britain, Ireland, and America, 2nd ed. (York: Yorkshire Printing Company, 1908), 183–84.
56. Edward North Buxton, Epping Forest (London: Edward Stanford, 1905), 4–7.
57. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 8.
58. Albert Welles, The Pedigree and History of the Washington Family (New York: Society Library, 1879), iii.
59. Welles, The Pedigree and History of the Washington Family, 7.
60. Ethel Armes, The Washington Manor House: England’s Gift to the World (New York: The American Branch of the Sulgrave Institution, 1922), 8.
61. H. Clifford Smith, Sulgrave Manor and the Washingtons (London: J. Cape, 1933), 170–71.
62. G. Douglas Wardrop, “English Home of the Washingtons Dedicated to Peace,” New York Times, January 4, 1914, 3.
63. “George Washington, Descendent of the Saints,” Catholic World, April–September 1916, 140–41.
64. Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897), 15.
65. Frank E. Grizzard Jr., George Washington: A Biographical Companion (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 331; Peter A. Lillback with Jerry Newcombe, George Washington’s Sacred Fire (King of Prussia, PA: Providence Forum Press, 2006), 83.
66. Willard Sterne Randall, George Washington: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 10.
67. Moore, The Family Life of George Washington, 17.
68. Armes, The Washington Manor House, 18.
69. Henry Cabot Lodge, George Washington, vol. 1 (American Statesmen series; Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 36.
70. Moore, The Family Life of George Washington, 19.
71. Frank W. Hutchins, “George Washington’s Forefather Aided in the Founding of Maryland,” Sunday Star (Washington, DC), October 28, 1934, 13.
72. Charles E. Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation. Division of History, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1968), 5–9.
73. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 29.
74. Hening, The Statutes at Large, 330–31.
75. Paul Leicester Ford, The True George Washington (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1911), 16; Abby Sage Richardson, The History of Our Country (Boston: H. O. Houghton, 1875), 135–36.
76. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 16–17.
77. Joseph Dillaway Sawyer, Washington (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 53.
78. Joseph Meredith Toner, ed. Wills of the American Ancestors of General George Washington (Boston: New-England Historic Genealogical Society, 1891), 3–5; Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation, 15–16.
79. Moore, The Family Life of George Washington, 20.
80. Toner, Wills of the American Ancestors of General George Washington, 4.
81. Toner, 18–20, 22–23.
82. Toner, 9–10.
CHAPTER 3: THE ROSE OF EPPING FOREST
1. Horace Edwin Hayden, “Mary Washington,” Magazine of American History, vol. 30, nos. 1–2, July–August 1893, 50.
2. Nancy Byrd Turner, The Mother of Washington (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1930), 3.
3. Motley Booker and James F. Lewis, “Cox’s Old Place Now Yeocomico View Farm in Cherry Point,” Bulletin of the Northumberland County Historical Society, vol. 21, December 1984, 43.
4. Benson J. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of George Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1886), 7.
5. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 5.
6. Henry Dudley Teetor, “The Mother of Washington,” Spirit of ’76, March 1898, 1.
7. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1911), 439.
8. Horace Edwin Hayden, “The Maternal Grandmother of Washington,” Pennsylvania-German, vol. 9, no. 7, July 1908, 315.
9. Hayden, “Mary Washington,” 51–52.
10. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 6.
11. Turner, 7.
12. Alice Morse Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days (London: Macmillian, 1899), 20–21, 35.
13. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of George Washington, 7–8.
14. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 32.
15. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 6.
16. As quoted in Hayden, Virginia Genealogies, 58–59.
17. Inventory of Joseph Ball’s estate, July 25, 1711, Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library Archives, Lancaster, Virginia.
18. Paula S. Felder, Fielding Lewis and the Washington Family: A Chronicle of 18th Century Fredericksburg (Fredericksburg, VA: The American History Company, 1998), 12.
19. Felder, Fielding Lewis and the Washington Family, 13.
20. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 37–38.
21. Pryor, 33.
22. George William Beale, “An Unwritten Chapter in the Early Life of Mary Washington,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 8, no. 3, January 1901, 284.
23. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 36.
24. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of George Washington, 9.
25. Hening, The Statutes at Large, vol. 2, 517.
26. William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1900), 128.
27. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 35.
28. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days, 64–66.
29. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 39–43.
30. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days, 122.
31. Randall, George Washington: A Life, 16.
32. Conkling, Memoirs of the Mother and Wife of Washington, 16.
33. Ella Bassett Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” The Century, vol. 43, April 1892, 830.
34. James Walter, Memorials of Washington and of Mary, His Mother, and Martha, His Wife (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1887), 131–32.
35. Robert C. Auld, “Sir Joshua Reynolds,” Self Culture, vol. 4, no. 3, December 1896, 245.
36. Felder, Fielding Lewis and the Washington Family, 14.
37. Pryor, The Mother of Washington and Her Times, 56–57.
38. Pryor, 62–63.
39. Virginia Carmichael, Mary Ball Washington (Richmond: Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 1967), 11–13.
40. John Stotsenburg, “The Maternal Grandmother of George Washington,” 227.
41. Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience, 11.
42. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 79.
43. Randall, George Washington: A Life, 16.
44. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, vol. 2 (New York: J. & H. & G. Langley, 1840), 208–9.
CHAPTER 4: THE MARRIAGE OF MARY BALL AND AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON
1. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 156.
2. Lossing, Mary and Martha: The Mother and the Wife of George Washington, 67–68.
3. Portrait by Robert Edge Pine, c. 1786; Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
4. Charles Henry Hart, “An Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Portrait of Mary Ball, the Mother of Washington,” New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, vol. 49, no. 2, April 1918, 150–54.
5. Taylor Soja, “Mary Ball Washington,” Mount Vernon website, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20180511092026/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/mary-ball-washington.
6. “Exhibits Are Extended through December 20,” Rappahannock Record, December 11, 2014, B3.
7. Michelle Hamilton, in discussion with Scott Mauer, April 24, 2018.
8. Harland, The Stor
y of Mary Washington, 157.
9. Letter from Nellie Parke Custis Lewis, March 16, 1851, Mary Washington House Archives, Fredericksburg, Virginia.
10. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 33.
11. “Mildred Gale (1671–1701),” White Haven and Western Lakeland, http://www.whitehavenandwesternlakeland.co.uk/people/mildredgale.htm.
12. Lillback and Newcombe, George Washington’s Sacred Fire, 88–89.
13. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 5.
14. Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation, 27.
15. Lengel, First Entrepreneur, 9.
16. Lillback and Newcombe, George Washington’s Sacred Fire, 89; Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation, 28–30.
17. Ford, The True George Washington, 17.
18. Chernow, Washington: A Life, 5.
19. Jared Sparks, The Life of George Washington (Auburn, NY: Derby & Miller, 1851), 3–4.
20. Westmoreland Orders, 1722–1731, 95; Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.
21. Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation, 54.
22. James M. Swank, History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages (Philadelphia: American Iron and Steel Association, 1892), 265.
23. Hatch Jr., Chapters in the History of Popes Creek Plantation, 80–81.
24. Moore, The Family Life of George Washington, 21–22.
25. Moncure Daniel Conway, Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock (New York: Grolier Club, 1892), 52–53.
26. Freeman, George Washington, vol. 1, 55.
27. “Ironworkers in American History,” Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association, September 30, 1894, 284.
28. Charles Brown, “General Washington,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, January 1857, 4–5.
29. Washington, “The Mother and Birthplace of Washington,” 832.
30. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 100.
31. Turner, 95.
32. Harland, The Story of Mary Washington, 37–38.
33. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 101–2.
34. Randall, George Washington: A Life, 16.
35. Virginia Gazette, November 19, 1772, Colonial Williamsburg Archives; Smith, Inside the Great House, 129.
36. Washington family Bible, Mount Vernon Archives, Mount Vernon, Virginia.
37. Turner, The Mother of Washington, 104.
38. H. Ragland Eubank, The Authentic Guide Book of Historic Northern Neck of Virginia (Richmond: Whittet & Shapperson, 1934), 64.
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