33. Navarre, Le Service de Renseignements, p. 136.
34. Rivet, 29 August 1942.
35. Tomes, p. 41.
36. Paillole SS, p. 303f.
37. Langer 1946M, p. 36.
38. Énigme, p. 134.
39. TNA HW 25/12.
40. Bletchley Park collection, ISK series 41.
41. Paillole SS, p. 306f.
42. Bertrand Dossier 302 (SHD DE 2016 ZB 25/7), Énigme, p. 136.
43. Langer 1945T, pp. 2, 28.
44. Langer 1945T, p. 3, Énigme, p. 134f.
10. Hide and Seek
1. Langer 1946M, p. 139.
2. Énigme, p. 137.
3. Langer 1945T, p. 3.
4. Énigme, p. 137.
5. APHC vol 2, pp. 248, 295; PISM Kol 79/50, Bertrand declaration of 1973.
6. Langer 1946M, p. 33.
7. Rivet, 7 November 1942; Énigme, p. 138.
8. Gelb, Desperate Venture, p. 168.
9. Énigme, p. 146; Langer 1946M, p. 52; Langer 1945T, p. 4.
10. Langer 1945T, p. 5.
11. Langer 1945T, p. 6f.
12. Zygalski; Énigme, p. 141.
13. Rivet, 15 October 1942.
14. AAPA s8 (TICOM series) T-1686 box 2 file 3.
15. Langer 1945T, p 11.
16. Langer 1945T, p. 12; Wspomnienia, p. 84.
17. Langer 1945T, p. 12f.
18. SHD GR 7 NN 2053.
19. Jerzy Palluth interview with author, January 2017.
20. Langer 1946M, pp. 39, 81; Énigme, p. 142 [sic].
21. Zygalski; Wspomnienia, p. 84.
22. Latour-de-Carol: railway buffs like this place, because here the standard-gauge line from Toulouse and Ax terminates, as does the broad-gauge line from Spain and a third, narrow-gauge, line comes along the mountains from the French side. The last-mentioned is the touristic line of the ‘petit train jaune’ from Villefranche-de-Conflent, but getting a ticket is the devil of a job.
23. Paillole NE, pp. 39, 147f, 224, 228, 252.
24. SHD GR 7 NN 2775.
25. Paillole NE, pp. 245–246.
26. SHD GR 1 K 545/987; TNA HW 65/7.
27. SHD GR 1 K 545/949.
28. Énigme, p. 142.
29. Langer 1945T, p. 30.
30. Michałowski report PISM Kol 242/69. Michałowski’s chronology differs from Langer’s, in relation to Langer’s party. Langer’s/Zygalski’s chronology has been preferred for Langer’s party and for Rejewski and Zygalski, Michałowski’s for his own party.
31. Going rate for evacuees: Michèle Cointet, Secrets et Mystères de la France occupée, Broché (2015).
32. Langer 1945T, p. 17f.
33. Before Ultra, EB 6, p. 77f.
34. Oskar Reile, Der Deutsche Geheimdienst im II. Weltkrieg – Ostfront, Weltbild (1990), p. 289.
35. NARA RG 457 HMS Entry P4 Box 35 and www.TICOMarchive.com, accessed 20 April 2018, TICOM Depositions of Mettig (I–78, I–127) and Buggisch (I–176).
36. Kozaczuk Wicher, pp. 205–206; Mauzoleum Walki i Męczeństwa w Warszawie.
37. NARA RG 457 HMS Entry A1 9032 Box 625 www.TICOMarchive.com, accessed 20 April 2018, TICOM depositions of Buggisch (I–92), Fenner (I–200), Hüttenhain (I–31).
38. NARA RG 242 Microfilm roll 445, 446, 447 (Fahndungsnachweise for 1 February 1943, 1 November 1943, 1 May 1944); Indre et Loire (Archives de Touraine) collection allemande 17 ZA 6.
39. SHD GR 1 K 545/958.
11. The Last Play
1. PISM Kol 242/69.
2. JPI Kol 709/133.
3. Langer 1945T, p. 20.
4. SHD GR 1K 545/958; Paillole NE, pp. 261, 277.
5. AAPA S8 (TICOM series) T-1717.
6. PISM Kol 242/69.
7. Wspomnienia, p. 86.
8. Eugenia Maresch, The Radio-Intelligence Company in Britain, LWTES, pp. 185–200.
9. PISM Kol 242/55.
10. Langer 1945T, p. 22.
11. Langer 1946M, p. 139.
12. Jean Delmas, article on Kléber in Dictionnaire historique de la Résistance, Robert Laffont (2006); Jeffery, MI6, p. 529.
13. Langer 1946M, Appendix; Langer 1945T, p. 24; Barbara Ciężka personal archival collection.
14. Énigme, p. 151f.
15. Rémy, Mémoires d’un agent secret.
16. SHD GR 7 NN 3264.
17. Jean-Pax Méfret, Un flic chez les voyous, Broché (2009).
18. Paillole SS, p. 145, Énigme, p. 82–83. Méfret has the man with the transmitter aged 62; Bertrand and Paillole say 70.
19. Zygalski; Maresch, The Radio-Intelligence Company.
20. PISM Kol 242/92; PISM Kol 242/55.
21. TNA HW 25/27; PISM Kol 242/92; TNA HW 14/90.
22. NARA RG 457 HMS Entry A1 9032 Box 625 and www.TICOMarchive.com, accessed 20 April 2018, TICOM depositions of Buggisch (I–92), Fenner (I–200).
23. Langer 1946M, p. 127.
24. Langer 1945T, p. 25.
25. Kozaczuk Enigma, p. 211.
26. Énigme, p. 213.
27. Navarre, Le Service de Renseignements, pp. 225–226.
28. Paillole NE, p. 337.
29. TNA HW 65/7.
30. SHD GR 1 K 545/1030.
31. SHD GR 28 P2/93; Bertrand Annexes 302, 303 (SHD DE 2016 ZB 25/7).
32. SHD GR 14 YD 753.
33. Kozaczuk Wicher, p. 209.
34. Jerzy Palluth interview with author, January 2017.
35. PISM Kol 242/92.
36. Translation by Eugenia Maresch, The Radio-Intelligence Company in Britain, LWTES p. 199.
37. PISM Kol A.XII.24/63.
38. JPI Kol 709/134/2; TNA HW 25/27.
39. PISM Kol 242/55.
40. PISM Kol A.XII.24/63; Kol 242/54; Kol 242/92.
41. Kol 242/55; Kol A.XII.24/64; APHC vol 1 chapter 40.
42. W.H. Edwards, The Experimental Station at Abbassia, in The Enigma Symposium 1992, p. 53.
43. Barbara Ciężka interview with author, February 2017.
44. Jerzy Palluth interview with author, January 2017.
45. Janina Sylwestrzak interview with author, January 2017.
46. TNA HW 14/128, HW 53/54; PISM Kol 242/93; NARA RG 457 Entry A1 9032 Box 808.
47. Jeffery, MI6, p. 717; NARA RG 226 Entry 210 Box 475 folder WN 17719; TNA KV 3/142.
48. TNA HS 4/319.
49. SHD GR 14 YD 755, Dossier d’archives.
50. PISM Kol 242/93, Kol 242/69.
51. Rejewski letter to Col T. Lisicki, PISM Kol 389/II/6.
52. Langer 1945T, p. 26.
Epilogue: Poles Apart
1. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 27 February 1945.
2. Halik Kochanski, Eagle Unbowed, Penguin (2013), p. 553.
3. PISM Kol 242/55.
4. PISM Kol 242/69; JPI Kol 709/133/8; Mayer, p. 215; Langer 1946M, p. 2.
5. PISM Kol A.XII.24/58; Kol 242/55.
6. Kinross-shire Advertiser, 17 January 1945, 3 January 1946, 18 May 1946, 15 June 1946.
7. Before Ultra, EB6, p. 49.
8. Barbara Ciężka interview with author, February 2017; Barbara Ciężka personal archival collection.
9. TNA WO 315/8.
10. TNA WO 315/30.
11. Bliss Lane, I Saw Poland Betrayed, p. 141.
12. Zygalski.
13. Anna Zygalska-Cannon personal archival collection.
14. Władysław Kozaczuk, Bitwa o tajemnice, Książka i Wiedza (1969), p. 190f.
15. Paillole NE, p. 282f.
16. Jerzy Lelwic, Marian Rejewski – the man from Bydgoszcz who helped the allies win the war, LWTES, pp. 45–66; Wojciech Polak, Marian Rejewski in the sights of the Security Services, LWTES pp. 75–88.
17. Michael Stephens, The Silent Code-breaker (2017); Anna Zygalska-Cannon personal archival collection.
18. Register of deaths 462/11; JPI Kol 709/133/8.
19. JPI Kol 709/134/1.
20. APHC vol 2, p. 678.
Appendix: Cycles
1. Marian Rejewski, ‘Ho
w Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma’, Annals of the History of Computing.
ABBREVIATIONS
Archival collections
AAPA: Auswärtiges Amt Politisches Archiv, Berlin, Germany.
CAW: Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe (Polish Military Archive), Rembertów, Poland.
CCH: Center for Cryptologic History library at the National Cryptologic Museum, Ft Meade, MD, USA.
JPI: Józef Piłsudski Institute, Ravenscourt Park, London.
NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
PISM: Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, South Kensington, London.
SHD: Service Historique de la Défense, Château de Vincennes, Vincennes, France.
TNA: The (UK) National Archives, Kew, London.
Other materials
APHC: Tessa Stirling et al, eds, The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, Vallentine Mitchell (2005). I am indebted to the Embassy of the Republic of Poland for their kind donation of a copy of this priceless resource.
Bertrand Dossier: See under ‘Tomes’ infra.
EB: The series of Enigma Bulletins edited by Zdzisław Kapera, published by the Enigma Press.
HBI: Harry Hinsley et al, British Intelligence in the Second World War, HMSO (1979).
Énigme: Gustave Bertrand, Énigme, ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre, Plon (1973).
Kozaczuk Enigma: Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, trans Christopher Kasparek, Greenwood Press (1984).
Kozaczuk Wicher: Władysław Kozaczuk, Geheimoperation Wicher, Karl Müller Verlag (1989). This revised and extended version of Kozaczuk’s original book in Polish (called ‘Enigma’ in its English translation) is in German and contains a different set of appendices.
Langer 1945/1946: In July 1945, Gwido Langer wrote a long (150 pages in the manuscript version) account of his experiences at, and the evacuation of, Ekspozytura 300. It exists in two versions which are markedly different in places. ‘1945T’ refers to the shorter, typewritten version in JPI Kol 709/133/5 and ‘1946M’ to the photocopy manuscript version in PISM Kol 79/50, which is dated from Kinross, 1946 and sarcastically entitled ‘Fond Memories’.
LWTES: (Various contributors) Marian Rejewski: Living with the Engima Secret, Bydgoszcz City Council (2005).
Mayer: Stefan Mayer, The breaking up of the German ciphering machine ‘Enigma’ by cryptological section in 2nd Department of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces, reproduced in LWTES (supra).
Tomes: Gustave Bertrand’s long account (in five volumes or ‘tomes’) Étude et Résultats de la Recherche du Renseignement par les Moyens Techniques (de 1930 à 1942) (1949) is cote No. DE 2015 ZB 25/1 at the SHD. The Annexes to Bertrand’s account are referred to as ‘Bertrand Dossier’ together with the relevant cote number.
Paillole NE: Paul Paillole, Notre Espion chez Hitler, Nouveau Monde (2011).
Paillole SS: Paul Paillole, Fighting the Nazis (published in French as Services Secrets), Enigma Books (2003).
Rivet: Louis Rivet, Carnets du chef des Services Secrets, ed Olivier Forcade and Sébastien Laurent, Nouveau Monde (2010).
Wspomnienia: Marian Rejewski’s memoirs, published in a dual-language edition as Memories of my work at the Cipher Bureau of the General Staff Second Department 1930–1945, Adam Mickiewicz University Press (2011); page references are to the English version.
Zygalski: Henryk Zygalski wrote a chronology of his wartime experiences. Special thanks are due to Anna Zygalska-Cannon and Aleksander Markiewicz for access to their translation of Henryk Zygalski’s war chronology and other papers in their archive.
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