I have served for years as a member of the international Scientific Advisory Board of this enterprise and can not only attest to its enormous scope, bringing together dozens of scholars from all over the world, but have also witnessed the incredible challenges of liberating Marx from more than a century of partisan tendencies and political entanglements. In preparing my English translations of quotations from Marx’s work for this volume, I have used, whenever available, the original texts as published in MEGA-2.
For Further Reading
Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx (new edition, Princeton, 2013); William Clare Roberts, Marx’s Inferno: The Political Theory of Capital (Princeton, 2016); Sidney Hook, From Hegel to Marx (Ann Arbor, 1962); Eugene Kamenka, The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (London, 1961); George Lichtheim, Marxism (London, 1961); Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution (New York, 1954); David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (new edition, London, 2006); Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life (New York/London, 2013); Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2016); Robert Tucker, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1961); Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (London, 2010).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Anita Shapira and Steven Zipperstein, editors of the Jewish Lives series, for suggesting that I consider writing the volume on Karl Marx. When Anita Shapira first approached me with the idea, I had my doubts whether I would like to revisit Marx’s life and thought many years after I had first addressed them. But after a sleepless night I decided that I should deal with issues and aspects of Marx’s Jewish background that I had consciously avoided at the time. I am grateful to both of them and to Ileene Smith, the editorial director of the series, for all their support and encouragement.
My further thanks go to Heather Gold and Phillip King of Yale University Press, who have accompanied me during various stages of writing and editing. Their patience with me and their understanding for the need to deal with some tricky issues growing out of the extraordinary role Marx played during the past two centuries of world history made my work easier and the book’s completion possible. I wish all authors should have such editors accompanying their work.
INDEX
“Address of the Central Committee of the League of Communists” (Marx and Engels), 105–6
agency, 37–38, 77, 78, 113, 139
Alexander, Michael Solomon (né Michael Wolff), 197–98
Alexander II, Czar, 164, 175, 178, 180
alienation: communism and, 73–74
division of labor as cause of, 80
Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts and, 140–41
Entfremdung as, 67
Gattungswesen (human being) and, 65, 77
Homo faber and, 65–67, 78, 94, 143
religion and, 76–77, 191
of the worker, 64, 67–69, 70, 80, 86–87
Young Hegelians on, 140
altruism, 29–30, 32
American exceptionalism, 113
Amsterdam, Marx’s speech in, 163–64, 165, 177
anarchism, 165–66
animals, 65–66, 68, 71, 147
anthropology, 65–67, 191
Anti-Dühring (Engels and Marx), 182–83
anti-Semitism, 3–4, 18, 20, 77–78, 163–65, 182–83
Auerbach, Berthold (Baruch), 55–56
Aufhebung (Hegelian term), 36–37, 73, 88, 89
Aveling, Eduard, 144
Baden, insurrection in, 99, 105
Bakunin, Mikhail: anarchist ideology of, 164–66, 180, 183
IWA membership of, 136, 162–64
Marx’s relations with, 56, 59, 162–66, 180, 190
Russian translation of Das Kapital by, 175, 180
Vera Zasulich as follower of, 178
Baruch, Jakob, 8
Bauer, Bruno: anti-Semitism of, 54
on Christianity, 42
debates with Samuel Hirsch, 51
on Jewish emancipation, 28, 41–44, 48, 49–53, 62
Marx’s criticism of, 38, 41, 43–44, 49–53
Bauer, Edgar, 16, 50, 61
Bebel, Auguste, 168–69
Belgium, 57–58, 75–81, 82, 95, 129–30
Der Beobachter, 145–46
Berlin, Isaiah, ix–x
Berlin, University of, 13–22, 26, 124
Bernier, François, 117
Bernstein, Eduard, 165
Bismarck, Otto von: Lassalle and, 125, 135
protective reforms introduced by, 187
suffrage extended by, 168
unification of Germany, 151–52, 155, 168
Blanc, Louis, 59
Blanqui, Auguste, 82, 132, 154, 162
Börne, Ludwig, 8
Bourbons, 150
bourgeois society: “Address of the Central Committee of the League of Communists” on, 105–6
betrayal of the revolutionary movement by, 105–6
civil society, 28, 30–34, 45–46, 77, 128–29, 147, 201
Darwin’s theory as reflecting, 147–48
globalization, 87–88, 114, 116, 188
human relations in, 71–72, 86–87
material conditions of, 131
personal worth in, 86–87
philosophical anthropology, 66–67
proletariat opposition to, 88–89, 94, 113, 125, 130, 132
religion in, 42–43, 52
Ten Regulations (Marx), 89–93, 96, 97, 142, 189
Britain: Chartists, 82, 101, 131–32, 133, 166
cooperative movement in, 134
Crimean War, 150
imperial rule in India, 118–20
Jews in, 48, 54, 127, 165, 187
parliamentary democracy, 132, 166–67
Ten Hours Bill, 134
“British Rule in India” (Marx, 1855), 116
Brussels, 57–58, 75–81, 82, 95, 129–30
Büchner, Ludwig, 148
Budapest: insurrections in, 114, 150
Bund der Gerechten (League of the Just), 81–82
Bund der Kommunisten. See League of Communists
bürgerliche Gesellschaft (civil society), 28, 31, 45, 77, 147, 201
Burschenschaften (German student fraternities), 20
capitalism: Aufhebung of, 36–37, 73, 88, 89
Darwin’s capitalist society, 144–48
as dehumanizing, 67–68, 80, 86–87
as dictatorship, 92–93
forms of exchange, 47, 69, 87, 115, 140
free market ideology, 134, 139, 187–88
historical development of, 176–77, 187–88
Homo faber, 65–67, 78, 94, 143
industrialization, 139, 152, 175–76
Judaism identified with, 43, 45–48, 53–54
nationalism, 47–48, 95–97, 112–16
philosophical anthropology, 66–67
political economy, 27–28, 34, 61, 64–67, 127–31, 139–41, 191
proletarian revolution’s transformation of, 88–90
Ten Regulations (Marx), 89–93, 96, 97, 142, 189
transition from capitalism to socialism, 169–71
wage labor, 67–68, 71, 98, 128, 138, 170–71, 188
Carlsbad, 20, 171–74, 175
Carové, Friedrich Wilhelm, 20
Catholic liberation theology, 191
censorship, 20, 24, 27, 28–29, 47, 61, 200
Charles Darwin and Karl Marx—A Comparison (Aveling), 144
Chartists, 82, 101, 131–32, 133, 166
China, 190, 197
Christianity: anti-Jewish discrimination, 19–20, 43
anti-Jewish violence in Rhineland, 3–4
Bruno Bauer on, 42, 51
Catholic liberation theology, 191
civil society, 45–46
Feuerbach on, 76
Jewish conversion to, 10–11, 19, 42, 48–49, 62, 127, 197–98
Marx’s criticism of, 45–47
privileging of, 52
Church of England, 197–98
Church of the Holy Sepul
cher (Jerusalem), 194
citizenship, 5, 31–32, 50–51, 97, 122, 182
civil society, 28, 30–34, 45–46, 77, 128–29, 147
The Civil War in France (Marx), 153, 155–58, 160, 199, 201
“The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1849” (Marx), 109–11
Cold War, 190
Collected Works (Marx and Engels), 200–202
Cologne: Engels meets Marx in, 26
German Workers’ Educational Association, 106
Marx leaves for Paris, then London, 99–100
Neue Rheinische Zeitung (NRZ), 97, 98, 99, 114
Rheinische Zeitung (RZ), 22–23, 26–27, 33, 97
trial against members of League of Communists, 159
common property (obshchina), 176–80
communism: crude communism, 70–71
development of, 69–71
history of, 71–80
labor under, 81–82
League of Communists, 81–85, 94, 96–97, 100, 105–7, 110, 124, 131, 159, 166
nationalization of private property, 70–72, 74
property under, 36–37, 69, 70–74, 89–92, 176–80, 189
raw communism, 70–71
sexual relations, 71–73
Ten Regulations (Marx), 89–93, 96, 97, 142, 189
Communist Correspondence Society. See League of Communists
The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels): “Address of the Central Committee of the League of Communists,” 105–6
on capitalism, 85, 88–89
on class struggle, 33–36, 60, 63, 86–88, 109–12
on developmental stages of socialist transformation, 169–71
enactment of revolutionary measures, 89–90
The German Ideology, 35–36, 60, 75–76, 78–80, 86, 128, 192
on a German nationalist agenda, 95–97
globalization of material production, 86–88
history in, 34, 80–81, 86–87, 113
on industrial production, 86–87, 90–92
League of Communists, 82, 84, 85, 94, 96, 97, 105–6
Marx’s reassessment of, 109–11, 114–15
polarizing theories of, 130
on property rights, 89–91, 96
publication of, 82–83, 84–85
revolutionizing role of the capitalist mode of production, 120
social psychology in, 90–92
Ten Regulations (Marx), 89–92, 96, 97, 142, 189
translations of, 82, 144, 180, 201
utopianism in, 93
Concert of Europe, 151
The Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels), 19, 60, 68
Congress of Vienna, 5–6, 7, 8, 150
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy [Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie] (Marx), 27–28, 127–28, 139
Correspondence Society (Brussels), 82
Crémieux, Adolphe, 50, 52
Crimean War, 150, 194
Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx), 169–71
crude communism, 70–71
Czarist Russia, 164, 175, 178, 180, 190
Czechoslovakia, 115, 191
Darwin, Charles, 144–48
Darwinismus und Sozialismus (Büchner), 148
daughters, of Marx: births of, 57, 58, 108
correspondence with father, 123, 180–81
education of, 1–2, 123
Eleanor, 1, 2, 104, 108, 123, 144, 161, 163, 171, 182
Jenny, 58, 123, 161, 182, 184
Laura, 58, 123, 161, 180, 184
marriages of, 123, 161
political activity of, 1–2, 123, 161
death, of Marx, 144, 147–48, 184–86
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 51
democracy, 93, 97–99, 165
Democratic Association (Brussels), 95
Demuth, Alfred “Freddy,” 101–4
Demuth, Helene “Lenchen,” 101–4
Deutsche Brüsseler Zeitung, 60
Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (DFJ), 27–28, 35–38, 59, 64, 76, 128–29
dictatorship, 92–93
Disraeli, Benjamin, 127, 165, 187
Doktoren-Klub, 16, 26
Domela-Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand, 161
Dönniges, Helene von, 126
Drang nach Osten (drive to the east), 189
Dresden (Saxony), insurrection in, 99
Dühring, Eugen, 182–83
East Germany, 191
Eccarius, George, 133
Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts (EPM; Marx, 1844), 63–65
on capitalism and alienation of labor, 65–68, 140–41
and communism, 69, 70–71, 72, 93
on developmental stages of socialist transformation, 169–70
the family, 71
free love, 71, 72–73
on money, 68–69
philosophical anthropology, 65–67
property, 71–72
publication of, 60, 61, 192
education, 1–2, 9, 13–22, 82, 92, 123, 142
“Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte” (Marx, 1850), 109–13
Emancipation of Labor group (Russia), 178
émigré radical groups, 81–82
Engels, Friedrich: correspondence with Marx, 126, 133, 144–47, 153–54
on Darwin, 146, 147
on English working class, 19, 60, 68
eulogy for Marx, 144, 146–48, 184–86
family background, 26–27
financial support for Marx family, 102, 108, 138, 182
F. Oswald pseudonym, 144–45
on German unification, 96
introduction to socialism, 26–27
in London, 105, 181
Marx’s introduction to, 26, 59–60
paternity of Alfred Demuth attributed to, 103–4
polemic against Eugen Dühring, 182–83
publication of Marx’s works, xi, 109, 111, 128–29, 142, 156, 180, 192, 199
resurgence of reactionary powers opposed by, 99
return to Germany, 97
—works: “Address of the Central Committee of the League of Communists” (Marx and Engels), 105–6
collected works of Engels and Marx, 200–202
The Condition of the Working Class in England, 19, 60, 68
Die heilige Familie [The Holy Family] (Marx and Engels), 49–53, 60–62, 78
“Progress of the Social Reform on the Continent,” 26
on the Young Hegelians, 26–27, 49–53, 60–62, 78. See also Communist Manifesto
England: Chartists, 82, 101, 131–32, 133, 166
cooperative movement in, 134
Crimean War, 150
imperial rule in India, 118–20
Jews in, 48, 54, 127, 165, 187
parliamentary democracy, 132, 166–67
Ten Hours Bill, 134
EPM. See Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts
The Essence of Christianity (Feuerbach), 76
eulogy, for Marx, 144, 146–48, 184–86
European imperialism, 117
“everyday Jew,” 44–45
family: altruism of, 29–30
in bourgeois society, 87
characteristics of, 32, 102–3
in Hegel’s political philosophy, 29–30, 32
private property and the breakup of, 71
Favre, Jules, 160
February Revolution (1848), 82, 95, 112
“Fetishism of Commodities” (Marx), 141
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 21, 25, 38–39, 60–61, 74, 76–79, 193
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 14, 16, 27
First International. See International Workingmen’s Association
Five-Year Plans, 189
Fourier, Charles, 53, 80–81
France: civil service in, 33
class warfare in, 109–11
defeat at Battle of Sedan, 152
Enlightenment in, 150
Franco-German War, 161
French colonialism, 183–84
French Revolution, 4�
�5, 34–35, 41, 62, 112
Jews in, 5, 50–52
Napoleon III, 99–100, 109–13, 152–54
provisional government in Versailles, 155–56
Saint-Simonians, 21, 59
Thiers government in, 154, 156
Fränckel, Leo, 158
free love, 71, 72–73
free market capitalism, 134, 139, 187–88
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 99, 102
French Branch (IWA), 153–54, 161, 162
French Revolution, 4–5, 34–35, 41, 62, 112
Friedrich Wilhelm IV (Prussia), 23, 99
funeral, of Marx, 184–85
“The Future Results of British Rule in India” (Marx, 1853), 116
Gans, Abraham, 19
Gans, Eduard, 18–21
Gattungswesen (human being), 65, 77
Gemeinwesen, 32
General Council (IWA), 133–36, 149, 151–53, 162–64
General German Workers Association (ADAV), 125, 132, 158, 168–69
General Rules (IWA), 134–35
The German Ideology (Marx), 35–36, 60, 75–76, 78–80, 86, 128, 192
German National Assembly, 95, 97–98
German Workers,’ Educational Association, 106
Germany: Engels on the socialist movement in, 26–27
expansionist policies, 189–90
as focus of bourgeois revolution, 94–95
Gotha Program, 168–71
Hamburg, 105, 111, 139, 144–45
League of Communists, 82, 84, 85, 94
Marx and, 25, 97–98, 108–9, 144–45, 189–90
national unification in, 95–97, 131
peace treaty with Soviet Russia, 189
publication of Das Kapital, volume 1, in Hamburg, 139, 144–45
reunification movements in, 115
Social Democratic Party (SPD), x, 109, 133, 168–71, 189–90
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 189–90
working-class movement in, 82, 124, 168–69
Gladstone, William, 175
globalization, 87–88, 114, 116, 188
Gorbachev, Mikhail S., 190
Gotha Program, 168–71
Graetz, Heinrich, 171–72, 175
Grundrisse (draft notes for Das Kapital), 140, 142, 192
Hamburg, 105, 111, 139, 144–45
Hardenberg, Karl August von, 6, 23
Hatzfeldt, Sophie von, Countess, 124
Haxthausen, August von, 176–77
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