by Simon Ings
I knew I was taking an awful chance spilling the whole K-N thing to him the way I did, but I had to lay the groundwork for a little plan I’ve just begun to work on.
“By the way, sir,” I said, “I ran into Len Ellsom the other day. I didn’t know he was here.”
“Do you know him?” the boss said. “Good man. One of the best brains-and-games men you’ll find anywhere.”
I explained that Len had gotten his degree at M.I.T. the year before I did. From what I’d heard, I added, he’d done some important work on the Remington-Rand ballistics computer.
“He did indeed,” the boss said, “but that’s not the half of it. After that he made some major contributions to the robot chess player. As a matter of fact, that’s why he’s here.”
I said I hadn’t heard about the chess player.
“As soon as it began to play a really good game of chess, Washington put the whole thing under wraps for security reasons. Which is why you won’t hear any more about it from me.”
I’m no Eniac, but I can occasionally put two and two together myself. If the boss’s remarks mean anything, they mean that an electronic brain capable of playing games has been developed, and that it’s led to something important militarily. Of course! I could kick myself for not having guessed it before.
Brains-and-games—that’s what MS is all about, obviously. It had to happen: out of the mathematical analysis of chess came a robot chess player, and out of the chess player came some kind of mechanical brain that’s useful in military strategy. That’s what Len Ellsom’s in the middle of.
“Really brilliant mind,” the boss said after we’d sawed for a while. “Keen. But he’s a little erratic—quirky, queer sense of humor. Isn’t that your impression?”
“Definitely,” I said. “I’d be the last one in the world to say a word against Len, but he was always a little peculiar. Very gay one moment and very sour the next, and inclined to poke fun at things other people take seriously. He used to write poetry.”
“I’m very glad to know that,” the boss said. “Confirms my own feeling about him.”
So the boss has some doubts about Len.
*
October 27, 1959
Unpleasant evening with Len. It all started after dinner when he showed up in my room, wagged his finger at me and said, “Ollie, you’ve been avoiding me. That hurts. Thought we were pals, thick and thin and till debt and death do us part.”
I saw immediately that he was drunk—he always gets his words mixed up when he’s drunk—and I tried to placate him by explaining that it wasn’t anything like that; I’d been busy.
“If we’re pals,” he said, “come on and have a beer with me.”
There was no shaking him off, so I followed him down to his car and we drove to this sleazy little bar in the Negro part of town. As soon as we sat down in a booth, Len borrowed all the nickels I had, put them in the jukebox and pressed the levers for a lot of old Louie Armstrong records.
“Sorry, kid,” he said. “I know how you hate this real jazzy stuff, but can’t have a reunion without music, and there isn’t a polka or cowboy ballad or hillbilly stomp in the box. They lack the folksy touch on this side of the tracks.” Len has always been very snobbish about my interest in folk music.
I asked him what he’d been doing during the day.
“Lushing it up,” he said. “Getting stinking from drinking.” He still likes to use the most flamboyant slang; I consider it an infantile form of protest against what he regards as the “genteel” manner of academic people. “I got sort of restless this morning, so I ducked out and beat it into New York and looked up my friend Steve Lundy in the Village. Spent the afternoon liquidating our joint assets. Liquidating our assets in the joints.”
What, I wanted to know, was he feeling restless about?
“Restless for going on three years now.” His face grew solemn, as though he were thinking it over very carefully. “I’ll amend that statement. Hell with the Aesopian language. I’ve been a plain lush for going on three years. Ever since—”
If it was something personal—I suggested.
“It is not something personal,” he said, mimicking me. “Guess I can tell an old cyberneticist pal about it. Been a lush for three years because I’ve been scared for three years. Been scared for three years because three years ago I saw a machine beat a man at a game of chess.”
A machine that plays chess? That was interesting, I said.
“Didn’t tell you the whole truth the other day,” Len mumbled. “I did work on the Remington-Rand computer, sure, but I didn’t come to IFACS directly from that. In between I spent a couple years at the Bell Telephone Labs. Claude Shannon—or, rather, to begin with there was Norbert Wiener back at M.I.T.—it’s complicated…”
“Look,” I said, “are you sure you want to talk about it?”
“Stop wearing your loyalty oath on your sleeve,” he said belligerently. “Sure I want to talk about it. Greatest subject I know. Begin at the beginning. Whole thing started back in the Thirties with those two refugee mathematicians who used to be here at the Institute for Advanced Studies when Einstein was around. Von Morgan and Neumanstern, no, Von Neumann and Aforganstern. You remember, they did a mathematical analysis of all the possible kinds of games, poker, tossing pennies, chess, bridge, everything, and they wrote up their findings in a volume you certainly know, The Theory of Games.
“Well, that got Wiener started. You may remember that when he founded the science of cybernetics, he announced that on the basis of the theory of games, it was feasible to design a robot computing machine that would play a better than average game of chess. Right after that, back in ’49 or maybe it was ’50, Claude Shannon of the Bell Labs said Wiener wasn’t just talking, and to prove it he was going to build the robot chess player. Which he proceeded withforth—forthwith—to do. Sometime in ’53, I was taken off the Remington-Rand project and assigned to Bell to work with him.”
“Maybe we ought to start back,” I cut in. “I’ve got a lot of work to do.”
“The night is young,” he said, “and you’re so dutiful. Where was I? Oh yes, Bell. At first our electronic pawn-pusher wasn’t so hot—it could beat the pants off a lousy player, but an expert just made it look silly. But we kept improving it, see, building more and more electronic anticipation and gambit-plotting powers into it, and finally, one great day in ’55, we thought we had all the kinks ironed out and were ready for the big test. By this time, of course, Washington had stepped in and taken over the whole project.
“Well, we got hold of Fortunescu, the world’s champion chess player, sat him down and turned the robot loose on him. For four hours straight we followed the match, with a delegation of big brass from Washington, and for four hours straight the machine trounced Fortunescu every game. That was when I began to get scared. I went out that night and got really loaded.”
What had he been so scared about? It seemed to me he should have felt happy.
“Listen, Ollie,” he said, “for Christ’s sake, stop talking like a Boy Scout for once in your life.”
If he was going to insult me—
“No insult intended. Just listen. I’m a terrible chess player. Any five-year-old could chatemeck—checkmate—me with his brains tied behind his back. But this machine which I built, helped build, is the champion chess player of the world. In other words, my brain has given birth to a brain which can do things my brain could never do. Don’t you find that terrifying?”
“Not at all,” I said. “You made the machine, didn’t you? Therefore, no matter what it does, it’s only an extension of you. You should feel proud to have devised a powerful new tool.”
“Some tool,” he sneered. He was so drunk by now that I could hardly understand what he was saying. “The General Staff boys in Washington were all hopped up about that little old tool, and for a plenty good reason—they understood that mechanized warfare is only the most complicated game the human race has invented so far, an elab
orate form of chess which uses the population of the world for pawns and the globe for a chessboard. They saw, too, that when the game of war gets this complex, the job of controlling and guiding it becomes too damned involved for any number of human brains, no matter how nimble.
“In other words, my beamish Boy Scout, modern war needs just this kind of strategy tool; the General Staff has to be mechanized along with everything else. So the Pentagon boys set up IFACS and handed us a top-priority cybernetics project: to build a superduper chess player that could oversee a complicated military maneuver, maybe later a whole campaign, maybe ultimately a whole global war.
“We’re aiming at a military strategy machine which can digest reports from all the units on all the fronts and from moment to moment, on the basis of that steady stream of information, grind out an elastic overall strategy and dictate concrete tactical directives to all the units. Wiener warned this might happen, and he was right. A very nifty tool. Never mind how far we’ve gotten with the thing, but I will tell you this: I’m a lot more scared today than I was three years ago.”
So that was the secret of MS! The most extraordinary machine ever devised by the human mind! It was hard to conceal the thrill of excitement I felt, even as a relative outsider.
“Why all the jitters?” I said. “This could be the most wonderful tool ever invented. It might eliminate war altogether.”
Len was quiet for a while, gulping his beer and looking off into space. Then he turned to me.
“Steve Lundy has a cute idea,” he said. “He was telling me about it this afternoon. He’s a bum, you see, but he’s got a damned good mind and he’s done a lot of reading. Among other things, he’s smart enough to see that once you’ve got your theory of games worked out, there’s at least the logical possibility of converting your Eniac into what he calls a Strategy Integrator and Computer. And he’s guessed, simply from the Pentagon’s hush-hush policy about it, that that’s what we’re working on here at IFACS. So he holds forth on the subject of Emsiac, and I listen.”
“What’s his idea?” I asked.
“He thinks Emsiac might eliminate war, too, but not in the way a Boy Scout might think. What he says is that all the industrialized nations must be working away like mad on Emsiac, just as they did on the atom bomb, so let’s assume that before long all the big countries will have more or less equal MS machines. All right. A cold war gets under way between countries A and B, and pretty soon it reaches the showdown stage. Then both countries plug in their Emsiacs and let them calculate the date on which hostilities should begin. If the machines are equally efficient, they’ll hit on the same date. If there’s a slight discrepancy, the two countries can work out a compromise date by negotiation.
“The day arrives. A’s Emsiac is set up in its capital, B’s is set up in its capital. In each capital the citizens gather around their strategy machine, the officials turn out in high hats and cut-aways, there are speeches, pageants, choral singing, mass dancing—the ritual can be worked out in advance. Then, at an agreed time, the crowds retreat to a safe distance and a committee of the top cyberneticists appears. They climb into planes, take off and—this is beautiful—drop all their atom bombs and H-bombs on the machines. It happens simultaneously in both countries, you see. That’s the neat part of it. The occasion is called International Mushroom Day.
“Then the cyberneticists in both countries go back to their vacuum tubes to work on another Emsiac, and the nuclear physicists go back to their piles to build more atom bombs, and when they’re ready they have another Mushroom Day. One Mushroom Day every few years, whenever the diplomatic-strategic situation calls for it, and nobody even fires a B-B gun. Scientific war. Isn’t it wonderful?”
*
By the time Len finished this peculiar speech, I’d finally managed to get him out of the tavern and back into his car. I started to drive him back to the Institute, my ears still vibrating with the hysterical yelps of Armstrong’s trumpet. I’ll never for the life of me understand what Len sees in that kind of music. It seems to me such an unhealthy sort of expression.
“Lundy’s being plain silly,” I couldn’t help saying. “What guarantee has he got that on your Mushroom Day, Country B wouldn’t make a great display of destroying one Emsiac and one set of bombs while it had others in hiding? It’s too great a chance for A to take—she might be throwing away all her defenses and laying herself wide open to attack.”
“See what I mean?” Len muttered. “You’re a Boy Scout.” Then he passed out, without saying a word about Marilyn. Hard to tell if he sees anything of her these days. He does see some pretty peculiar people, though. I’d like to know more about this Steve Lundy.
*
November 2, 1959
I’ve done it! Today I split up the lab into two entirely independent operations, K and N. Did it all on my own authority, haven’t breathed a word about it to the boss yet. Here’s my line of reasoning.
On the K end, we can get results, and fast: if it’s just a matter of building a pro that works like the real leg, regardless of what makes it work, it’s a cinch. But if it has to be worked by the brain, through the spinal cord, the job is just about impossible. Who knows if we’ll ever learn enough about neuro tissue to build our own physico-chemico-electrical substitutes for it?
As I proved in my robot moths and bedbugs, I can work up electronic circuits that seem to duplicate one particular function of animal nerve tissue—one robot is attracted to light like a moth, the other is repelled by light like a bedbug—but I don’t know how to go about duplicating the tissue itself in all its functions. And until we can duplicate nerve tissue, there’s no way to provide our artificial limbs with a neuromotor system that can be hooked up with the central nervous system. The best I can do along those lines is ask Kujack to kick and get a wriggle of the big toe instead.
So the perspective is clear. Mechanically, kinesthetically, motorically, I can manufacture a hell of a fine leg. Neurally, it would take decades, centuries maybe, to get even a reasonable facsimile of the original—and maybe it will never happen. It’s not a project I’d care to devote my life to. If Len Ellsom had been working on that sort of thing, he wouldn’t have gotten his picture in the paper so often, you can be sure.
So, in line with this perspective, I’ve divided the whole operation into two separate labs, K-Pro and N-Pro. I’m taking charge of K-Pro myself, since it intrigues me more and I’ve got these ideas about using solenoids to get lifelike movements. With any kind of luck I’ll soon have a peach of a mechanical limb, motor-driven and with its own built-in power plant, operated by push-button. Before Christmas, I hope.
Got just the right man to take over the neuro lab—Goldweiser, my assistant. I weighed the thing from every angle before I made up my mind, since his being Jewish makes the situation very touchy: some people will be snide enough to say I picked him to be a potential scapegoat. Well, Goldweiser, no matter what his origins may be, is the best neuro man I know.
Of course, personally—although my personal feelings don’t enter into the picture at all—I am just a bit leary of the fellow. Have been ever since that first log-cutting expedition, when he began to talk in such a peculiar way about needing to relax and then laughed so hard at Len’s jokes. That sort of talk always indicates to me a lack of reverence for your job: if a thing’s worth doing at all, etc.
Of course, I don’t mean that Goldweiser’s cynical attitude has anything to do with his being Jewish; Len’s got the same attitude and he’s not Jewish. Still, this afternoon, when I told Goldweiser he’s going to head up the N-Pro lab, he sort of bowed and said, “That’s quite a promotion. I always did want to be God.”
I didn’t like that remark at all. If I’d had another neuro man as good as he is, I’d have withdrawn the promotion immediately. It’s his luck that I’m tolerant, that’s all.
*
November 6, 1959
Lunch with Len today, at my invitation. Bought him several martinis, then brought up Lund
y’s name and asked who he was, he sounded interesting.
“Steve?” Len said. “I roomed with him my first year in New York.”
I asked what Steve did, exactly.
“Reads, mostly. He got into the habit back in the 30s, when he was studying philosophy at the University of Chicago. When the Civil War broke out in Spain, he signed up with the Lincoln Brigade and went over there to fight, but it turned out to be a bad mistake. His reading got him in a lot of trouble, you see; he’d gotten used to asking all sorts of questions, so when the Moscow Trials came along, he asked about them. Then the N.K.V.D. began to pop up all over Spain, and he asked about it.
“His comrades, he discovered, didn’t like guys who kept asking questions. In fact, a couple of Steve’s friends who had also had an inquiring streak were found dead at the front, shot in the back, and Steve got the idea that he was slated for the same treatment. It seemed that people who asked questions were called saboteurs, Trotskyite-Fascists or something, and they kept dying at an alarming rate.”
I ordered another martini for Len and asked how Steve had managed to save himself.
“He beat it across the mountains into France,” Len explained. “Since then he’s steered clear of causes. He goes to sea once in a while to make a few bucks, drinks a lot, reads a lot, asks some of the shrewdest questions I know. If he’s anything you can put a label on, I’d say he was a touch of Rousseau, a touch of Tolstoi, plenty of Voltaire. Come to think of it, a touch of Norbert Wiener too. Wiener, you may remember, used to ask some damned iconoclastic questions for a cyberneticist. Steve knows Wiener’s books by heart.”
Steve sounded like a very colorful fellow, I suggested.
“Yep,” Len said. “Marilyn used to think so.” I don’t think I moved a muscle when he said it; the smile didn’t leave my face. “Ollie,” Len went on, “I’ve been meaning to speak to you about Marilyn. Now that the subject’s come up—”
