1095
Byzantine appeal to Pope Urban II for military aid against the Turks; Urban II’s preaching tour of France (ends 1096); Council of Clermont proclaims crusade
1096–9
First Crusade; Rhineland massacres of Jews (1096); Peasants’ Crusade (1096); capture of Nicaea (1097); Edessa and Antioch (1098); Jerusalem (15 July 1099)
1101 onwards
Smaller crusades to Holy Land
1104
Acre captured
1108–9
Crusade of Bohemund of Taranto against Byzantium; defeated in the Balkans
1109
Tripoli captured
c. 1113
Order of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem recognised; beginning to be militarised by c. 1130
1114 onwards
Crusades in Spain
1119
Defeat of Antioch at battle of Field of Blood
1120
Order of the Temple founded in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims
1123
First Lateran Council extends Jerusalem privileges to Spanish crusades
1122–5
Venetian Crusade; Tyre captured (1124)
1129
Crusade to Damascus
1135
Jerusalem privileges extended to war against papal enemies in Italy
1144
Edessa captured by Zengi of Aleppo
1145–9
Second Crusade; preaching of St Bernard (1146–7); Rhineland massacres of Jews (1146–7); Louis VII and France and Conrad III of Germany go on crusade (1147–8); Saxon crusaders campaign in southern Baltic (1147); crusaders help capture Lisbon en route to Holy Land (1147); failure of siege of Damascus (1148)
1149
Battle of Inab; Antioch defeat; Nur al-Din of Aleppo, Zengi’s son, begins unification of Syria
1154
Nur al-Din of Aleppo captures Damascus in process of unifying Syria
1163–9
Franks of Jerusalem contest control of Egypt with Nur al-Din’s mercenary commander Shirkuh; Shirkuh wins
1169
Saladin succeeds Shirkuh as ruler of Egypt
1171
Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate of Egypt, which returns to nominal allegiance of Abbasid caliph of Baghdad
1174
Death of Nur al-Din; Saladin begins to unify Syria with Egypt (Damascus 1174; Aleppo 1183; Mosul 1186)
1177
Saladin defeated at Montgisard
1179
Saladin captures Jacob’s Ford
1187
Battle of Hattin; Saladin destroys army of kingdom of Jerusalem; Jerusalem falls to Saladin
1188–92
Third Crusade: Saladin Tithe (1188); siege of Acre (1189–91); Frederick I of Germany leads land army (1189); defeats Turks in Asia Minor but drowns in River Saleph (1190); crusade of Richard I of England (1190–2) and Philip II of France (1190–1); capture of Cyprus (1191); fall of Acre (1191); Saladin defeated at Arsuf (1191) and Jaffa (1192); Richard withdraws from Jerusalem twice (1192); treaty of Jaffa partitions Palestine (September 1192); Jerusalem stays in Muslim hands
1193
Saladin dies
1196–7
German Crusade of Henry VI
1198–1230
Crusades to Livonia in Baltic
1198
Foundation of Teutonic Knights in Acre (the militarisation of German hospital, founded at Acre 1190–1)
1198
Pope Innocent III proclaims Fourth Crusade
1199
Church taxation suggested by Innocent III for the crusade; crusade against Markward of Anweiler in Sicily
1201–4
Fourth Crusade; treaty with Venetians (1201); sack of Zara (1202); diversion to Constantinople (1203); sack of Constantinople (1204)
13th century
Crusades in the Baltic by Teutonic Knights (Prussia), Sword Brothers (Livonia); Danes (Prussia, Livonia, Estonia)and Swedes (Estonia and Finland); crusades against German peasants, Bosnians etc.
1208–29
Albigensian Crusade; sack of Beziers (1209); battle of Muret (1213); death of Simon de Montfort at siege of Toulouse (1218); crusade of Louis VIII of France (1226); treaty of Paris (1229)
1212
Children’s Crusade
1212
Almohads defeated by Spanish Christian coalition at Las Navas de Tolosa
1213
Innocent III proclaims Fifth Crusade and extends crusade privileges to those who contribute but do not go on crusade
1215
Fourth Lateran Council authorises regular crusade taxation
1217–21
Fifth Crusade; siege of Damietta (1218–19); Damietta occupied (1219–21)
1228–9
Frederick II of Germany in Holy Land; treaty with Sultan of Egypt restores Jerusalem (1229–44)
1231 onwards
Crusades against the Byzantines to defend western conquests in Greece
1239–41
Crusades to Holy Land of Theobald, count of Champagne and Richard, earl of Cornwall; crusaders defeated at Gaza (1239)
1239–68
Crusades against Hohenstaufen rulers of Germany and Sicily
1242
Teutonic Knights defeated by Alexander Nevsky at Lake Chud
1244
Jerusalem lost to Muslims; Louis IX of France takes the cross
1248–54
First Crusade of Louis IX of France; Damietta occupied (1249–50); battle of Mansourah (1250); Louis in Holy Land (1250–4)
1250
Mamluks take rule in Egypt (to 1517)
1251
First Shepherds’ Crusade
1260
Mamluks repulse Mongols at Ain Jalut; Baibars sultan of Egypt (to 1277)
1261
Greeks recover Constantinople
1267
Louis IX takes cross again
1268
Fall of Antioch to Baibars of Egypt
1269
Aragonese crusade to Holy Land
1270
Louis IX’s crusade ends at Tunis where he dies
1271–2
Crusade to Holy Land of Lord Edward, later Edward I of England
1272–91
Small expeditions to Holy Land
1282–1302
Wars of the Sicilian Vespers; French crusade to Aragon (1285)
1289
Fall of Tripoli
1291
Fall of Acre to al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt and evacuation of mainland Outremer
1306–1522
Hospitallers rule island of Rhodes
1307–14
Trial and suppression of Templars
14th century
Papal crusades in Italy; crusading continues against heretics in Italy; Moors in Spain; Lithuanian pagans in Baltic (to 1410)
1309
Popular crusade; Teutonic Knights move headquarters from Venice to Prussia
1320
Second Shepherds’ Crusade
1330s onwards
Naval leagues against Turks in Aegean; Smyrna occupied (1344–1402)
1345–7
Crusade of Humbert of Vienne
1350s onwards
Ottoman Turks established in Balkans; soon establish overlordship over Byzantine emperors
1365–6
Crusade of Peter of Cyprus; Alexandria sacked (1365)
1365
Crusade of Count Amadeus of Savoy to Dardanelles
1383
Crusade of Bishop Despenser of Norwich against supporters of Pope Clement VII in Flanders
1390
Christian expedition to Tunisia
1396
Christian expedition under John of Nevers against the Ottomans defeated at Nicopolis on the Danube (September)
15th century
Numerous small crusading forays against the Ottomans in eastern Mediterranean and east/central
Europe
1420–71
Crusades against the Hussite heretics in Bohemia
1444
Crusaders defeated at Varna in Bulgaria (November)
1453
Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II
1456
Belgrade successfully defended from Ottoman Turks with help of crusaders under John of Capistrano
1460–4
Abortive crusade of Pope Pius II
1480
Turks besiege Rhodes; Otranto occupied by Turks (1480–1)
1492
Granada falls to Spanish Monarchs
1499–1503
Venetian-Ottoman war
1513–17
Fifth Lateran Council; crusade still promoted
16th century
More crusade schemes against Turks in Mediterranean and central Europe; Hungary conquered by Suleiman the Magnificent after battle of Mohacs (1526); from 1530s crusades threatened against heretics (i.e. Protestants)
1522
Rhodes falls to Turks
1525
Secularisation of Teutonic Order in Prussia
1529
Turks besiege Vienna
1530–1798
Hospitallers rule Malta
1535
Charles V captures Tunis
1536
Francis I of France allies with Ottomans
1560s–1590s
French Wars of Religion; some Catholics receive crusade privileges
1561–2
Secularisation of Teutonic Order in Livonia
1565
Turks fail to conquer Malta
1571
Holy League wins a naval battle against the Turks at Lepanto; Cyprus falls to Turks
1578
King Sebastian of Portugal defeated and killed at Alcazar on crusade in Morocco
1588
Spanish Armada attracts crusade privileges for the Spanish
1618–48
Thirty Years War; religious war without formal crusading
1669
Crete falls to Turks
1683
Turks besiege Vienna
1684–97
Holy League begins to reconquer Balkans from Turks
1798
Hospitallers surrender Malta to Napoleon Bonaparte
1830
French invasion of Algeria
1854–56
Crimean War; Britain and France ally with Ottomans against Russia
1898
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany visits Jerusalem and Damascus
1914–18
First World War; Ottoman Turkey allies with Germany, which encourages proclamation of jihad against the Turks’ enemies
1917
British under General Allenby take Jerusalem
1919
Versailles Peace Treaty negotiations confirm Mandates for Britain and France in Syria, Palestine, Iraq and the Lebanon
1922
End of the Ottoman Empire
1948
Creation of the State of Israel (defended in wars 1948, 1967, 1973)
1982
Israeli invasion of Lebanon
1990
First Gulf War
2001
al-Qaeda attack on US; President George W. Bush likens conflict with al-Qaeda to crusade
2003
Iraq War
2004 and 2011
Papal apologies for crusade violence
2014
Isis declares new caliphate in Syria and Iraq
RULERS
Papacy
Gregory VII 1173–85
(Anti-pope Clement 1080–1100)
Victor III 1086–7
Urban II 1088–99
Paschal II 1099–1118
Gelasius II 1118–19
Calixtus II 1119–24
Honorius II 1124–30
Innocent II 1130–43
(Anti-pope Anacletus 1130–38)
Celestine II 1143–4
Lucius II 1144–5
Eugenius III 1145–53
Anastasius IV 1153–4
Hadrian IV 1154–9
Alexander III 1159–81
Lucius III 1181–5
Urban III 1185–7
Gregory VIII 1187
Clement III 1187–91
Celestine III 1191–8
Innocent III 1198–1216
Honorius III 1216–27
Gregory IX 1227–41
Celestine IV 1241
Innocent IV 1243–54
Alexander IV 1254–61
Urban IV 1261–4
Clement IV 1265–8
Gregory X 1271–6
Innocent V 1276
Hadrian V 1276
John XXI 1276–7
Nicholas III 1277–80
Martin IV 1281–5
Honorius IV 1285–7
Nicholas IV 1288–92
Celestine V 1294
Boniface VIII 1294–1303
Benedict XI 1303–4
Clement V 1305–14
John XXII 1316–34
Benedict XII 1334–42
Clement VI 1342–52
Innocent VI 1352–62
Urban V 1362–70
Gregory XI 1370–78
Urban VI 1378–89
(Avignon Clement VII 1378–94)
Boniface IX 1389–1404
(Avignon Benedict XIII 1394–1423)
Innocent VII 1404–6
Gregory XII 1406–15
Alexander V 1409–10
John XXIII 1410–15
Martin V 1417–31
Eugenius IV 1431–47
(Anti-pope Felix V 1439–49)
Nicholas V 1447–55
Calixtus III 1455–8
Pius II 1458–64
Paul II 1464–71
Sixtus IV 1471–84
Innocent VIII 1484–92
Alexander VI 1492–1503
Pius III 1503
Julius II 1503–13
Leo X 1513–21
Hadrian VI 1522–3
Clement VII 1523–34
Paul III 1534–49
Julius III 1550–55
Marcellus II 1555
Paul IV 1555–9
Germany
(*denotes also Holy Roman Emperor)
Henry IV* 1056–1106
Henry V* 1106–25
Lothar VII* 1125–37
Conrad III 1138–52
Frederick I* 1152–90
Henry VI* 1190–97
Philip of Swabia 1198–1208
Otto IV* 1198–1214
Frederick II* 1212–50
Conrad IV 1250–54
(Contested rule 1247–73)
Rudolf I 1273–91
Adolf of Nassau 1292–98
Albert I 1298–1308
Henry VII* 1308–13
Louis IV* 1314–47
Charles IV* 1346–78
Wenzel 1378–1400
Rupert 1400–10
Sigismund* 1410–37
Albert II (I of Hungary) 1438–9
Frederick III* 1440–93
Maximilian* 1493–1519
Charles V* 1519–55
Byzantine Empire
Alexius I 1081–1118
John II 1118–43
Manuel I 1143–80
Alexius II 1180–83
Andronicus I 1183–5
Isaac II 1185–95; 1203–4
Alexius III 1195–1203
Alexius IV 1203–4
Nicholas 1204
Alexius V 1204
Latin Empire of Constantinople:
Baldwin I 1204–5
Henry 1205–16
Peter of Courtenay 1217–18
Robert of Courtenay 1221–8
Baldwin II 1228–61
John of Brienne (co-emperor) 1231–7
Michael VIII 1261–82
Andronicus II 1282–1328
Andronicus III 1328–
41
John V 1341–7, 1354–77, 1379–90, 1390–91
John VI 1347–54
Andronicus IV 1376–9
John VII 1390
Manuel II 1391–1425
John Vlll 1425–48
Constantine XI 1448–53
France
Philip I 1060–1108
Louis VI 1108–37
Louis VII 1137–80
Philip II 1180–1223
Louis VIII 1223–6
Louis IX 1226–70
Philip III 1270–85
Philip IV 1285–1314
Louis X 1314–16
John I 1316
Philip V 1316–22
Charles IV 1322–8
Philip VI 1328–50
John II 1350–64
Charles V 1364–80
Charles VI 1380–1422
Charles VII 1422–61
Louis XI 1461–83
Charles VIII 1483–98
Louis XII 1498–1515
Francis I 1515–47
England
William I 1066–87
William II 1087–1100
Henry I 1100–1135
Stephen 1135–54
Henry II 1154–89
Richard I 1189–99
John 1199–I2I6
Henry III 1216–72
Edward I 1272–1307
Edward ll 1307–27
Edward III 1327–77
Richard II 1377–99
The World of the Crusades Page 49
