by Will Durant
27. Matthew, ii, 1; Luke, i, 5.
27a. Luke, iii, 1, 23.
28. Josephus, Wars, ii, 8.
29. Tertullian, Adv. Marcionem, iv, 19.
30. Enc. Brit., V, 642; III, 525.
31. Matt, xiii, 55; Mark, vi, 2.
32. Guignebert, Jesus, 127; Klausner, 23.
33. John, vii, 15; Mark, vi, 2.
34. Thorndike, 471.
35. Enc. Brit., XIII, 26.
36. Guignebert, Christianity, 58.
37. Josephus, Antiquities, xiii, 5. On the authenticity of the passage cf. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 101.
38. Graetz, II, 145.
39. Matt., iii, 11-12.
40. Ibid., 23.
41. John, iv, 2.
42. Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 5.
43. Mark, vi, 14-29.
44. Matt., xiv, 1-12.
45. Mark, i, 14; Matt., iv, 12.
46. Luke, iv, 14.
47. Isaiah, lxi, 1-2.
48. Luke, iv, 19.
49. Luke, vi, 14.
50. Mark, ix, 48; Matt., xiii, 37.
51. Luke, xvi, 25.
52. Mark, xi, 12-14.
53. Matt., xii, 46; Luke, viii, 19.
54. Mark, i, 7; Matt., v, 40; Luke, vi, 29.
55. Guignebert, Jesus, 186.
56. Klausner, 69.
57. Luke, vii, 36-59.
58. Mark, x, 16.
59. Cf. Robertson, J. M., Christianity and Mythology.
60. Matt., xiii, 57.
61. Mark, v, 35f.
62. Matt., xix, 28.
63. Luke, x, 1-4.
64. Guignebert, Jesus, 52, 253; Goguel, 282, 287.
65. E.g., Matt., xx, 1-16.
66. Matt., xxiv, 30.
67. John, xviii, 36.
68. Mark, iv, 11, 30; xii, 34.
69. Luke, xvii, 20.
70. Matt., xix, 29.
71. Cf. Schweitzer, 212; Guignebert, 341.
72. Mark, xiv, 25.
73. Matt., x, 23.
74. Matt., xvi, 28.
75. Luke, xiii, 30.
76. Mark, xiii, 32.
77. Matt., xxiv, 6-12.
78. E.g., Kautsky, K., Ursprung des Christentums; Kalthoff, A., Rise of Christianity.
79. Mark, x, 23; Matt., vi, 25; xix, 24; Luke, xvi, 13.
80. Matt., xix, 15.
81. Acts, ii, 44-5.
82. Matt., xxii, 21.
83. Matt., xxv, 14.
84. Luke, xix, 26.
85. Matt., xx, 15.
86. Matt., xxiv, 46; Luke, xvii, 7-10.
87. Matt., xi, 12.
88. Mark, i, 14-15; vi, 12; Matt., x, 7.
89. Luke, xviii, 29; xiv, 26; Matt., viii, 21f; x, 34; xix, 12.
90. Leviticus, xix, 17-18, 34.
91. Exodus, xxiii, 4-5.
92. Jeremiah, iii, 30.
93. Isaiah, i, 6.
94. Ibid., i, 2.
95. Hosea, ii, 1.
96. Matt., x, 5.
97. Acts, x-xi.
98. John, iv, 22.
99. Matt., xv, 24f; Mark, vii, 27.
100. Matt., viii, 4.
101. Matt., xxiii, 1.
102. Matt., v, 17.
103. Luke, xvi, 17; Matt., v, 18.
104. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, I, 316.
105. Matt., v, 31-2.
106. Matt., v, 21-2.
107. Mark, ii, 25.
108. Luke, xvi, 16; Matt., v, 18.
109. Matt., xxiii, 1-34; xxi, 31.
110. Cf. Mark, xxii, 32-3, and Klausner, Jesus, 113.
111. Luke, xiii, 31-3.
112. Acts, i, 6.
113. Mark, xii, 35-7.
114. Matt., xix, 17.
115. Matt., xvi, 39.
116. Daniel, vii, 13.
117. Matt., xii, 8.
118. Matt., xi, 27; Luke, x, 22.
119. Matt., xvi, 16f.
120. Luke, xix, 37.
121. John, xii, 13.
122. Mark, xiv, 49; Luke, xxi, 1; xxi, 37.
123. John, xi, 50.
124. Mark, x, 45; xiv, 24.
125. E.g., Guignebert, Jesus, 454; Brandes, G., Did Jesus Exist?, 104.
126. Cf. Goguel, 497.
127. Mark, xiv, 26; Klausner, 326.
128. John, xiii, 33.
129. Mark, xiv, 43.
130. Mark, xiv, 61; Matt., xxvi, 63.
131. Philo, Legatio, 38.
132. Matt., xxvii, 11.
133. John, xviii, 38.
134. Tacitus, Annals, xv, 44.
135. Luke, xxiii, 26.
136. Cicero, V in Verrem, 64.
137. Mark, xv, 32.
138. Luke, xxiii, 39-43.
139. John, xix, 25; Mark, xv, 37.
140. Justinian, Digest, xlviii, 20.6.
141. Luke, xxiii, 48.
142. Luke, xxiv, 13-32.
143. Matt., xxviii, 16-17.
144. John, xxi, 4.
145. Luke, xxiv, 52.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Foakes-Jackson and Lake, II, passim, and especially, 305-6; Scott, First Age, 110; CAH, XI, 257-8; Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 215; Ramsay, W. M., The Church in the Roman Empire, 6-8; Renan, Apostles, p. v.
2. Shotwell, J., and Loomis, L., The See of Peter, 56-7.
3. I Peter, iv, 7.
4. I John, ii, 18.
5. Acts, ii, 16.
6. Ibid., xi, 8.
7. V, 20.
8. Mark, vi, 13.
9. Acts, iv, 32-6; ii, 44-5.
10. IV, 4.
11. VI, 11.
12. VII, 51-3.
13. VIII, 2-3.
14. XI, 19.
15. I Cor., ix, 5; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, vii, 11; Eusebius, E.H., iii, 30.
16. I Peter, i, i-iv, 8.
17. Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
18. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 2.
19. Eusebius, ii, 25.
20. Ibid., iii, 1.
21. Renan, Antichrist, 93.
22. Acts, xiii, 9; Coneybeare and Howson, Life, Times, and Travels of St. Paul, I, 46, 150.
23. Guignebert, Christianity, 75-6; Livingstone, R. W., The Legacy of Greece, 33, 54.
24. Acts, xxi, 3.
25. Renan, Jesus, 167.
26. II Cor., x, 9.
27. Ibid., xii, 7.
28. Gal., v, 12.
29. II Cor., xi, 1.
30. Acts, ix, 1.
31. IX, 3-9.
32. IX, 18.
33. XV, 1.
34. XV, 27-9. The account in Acts harmonizes sufficiently well, pace Renan and others, with Paul’s report in Gal. ii.
35. Gal. ii, 10.
36. Ibid., ii, iii.
37. Acts, xvii, 18.
38. XVII, 22.
39. XVIII, 12.
40. II Cor., ii, 16.
41. Acts, xxi, 21-4.
42. XXVIII, 28.
43. Guignebert, Christianity, 65; Goguel, 105; CAH, XI, 257; Klausner, Jesus, 63.
44. Coloss., iii, 15.
45. II Cor., iii, 6.
46. I Cor., xv, 33.
47. Titus, i, 15.
48. I Timothy, vi, 10. The letters to Titus and Timothy, however, are of doubtful authenticity.
49. I Cor., ix, 19; x, 33.
50. Romans, v, 12.
51. Frazer, Sir J., The Scapegoat, 210, 413; Weigall, 70f.
52. Guignebert, Christianity, 88.
53. I Cor., xv, 51.
54. Ibid., i, 24.
55. Coloss., i, 15-17.
56. Rom., ix, 11, 18; xi, 5.
57. Hebrews, xi, l. Probably not Paul’s.
58. Gal. ii, 24f.
59. I Cor., xiii.
60. Ibid., ix, 5.
61. VII, 8.
62. Rom., xiii, 14.
63. Ibid., i, 26.
64. I Cor., vi, 15.
65. Ibid., vii, 2of.
66. Rom., xiii, 1.
66a. II Tim., iv, 9, 6.
67. Philippians, iii, 20.
/> 68. I Cor., vii, 29; cf. I Thessalonians, iv, 15.
69. II Thess., ii, 1-5.
70. Acts, xvii, 7.
71. Eusebius, E.H., iii, 1.
72. Cf. Revelation, xvii, 10.
73. Renan, Antichrist, 95; CAH, X, 726.
74. Duchesne, Mon. L., Early History of the Christian Church, I, 99.
75. Eusebius, iii, 25.
76. Ibid., iii, 33.
77. Rev., vii, 4; xiv, 1.
78. Ibid., vi, 2-8.
79. VII, 14.
80. XX, 15; xxi, 8.
81. XIX, 18.
82. XXI.
83. Proverbs, viii, 22-31.
84. John, i, 5.
85. Justin, Apology, i, 66; Tertullian, De Baptismo, 5; Halliday, 9.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Duchesne, I, 38.
2. Tertullian, Contra Marcionem, v, 8.
3. Jerome, Letters, xciii.
4. Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus, iii, 11.
5. Paul, I Cor., xi, 3.
6. Lucian, Peregrinus Proteus.
7. Tertullian, Apologeticus, xxxix, 11-12.
8. Ibid., 5.
9. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 600.
10. James, v, 1; ii, 5.
11. Ibid., i, 10.
12. Renan, St. Paul, 402.
13. Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, 113-4.
14. Tertullian, De jejuniis, i, 17; Duchesne, II, 253; Renan, Christian Church, 211; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
15. Clement of Alex., Paedag., iii, II; Renan, Marc Aurèle, 520.
16. Tertullian, Apol., ix, 8.
17. Gibbon, I, 480.
18. Tertullian, De spectaculis, 1, 3.
19. Sumner, W. G., War and Other Essays, 54-5.
20. Tertullian, Apol., xlvi, 10.
21. Friedländer, III, 204; Tertullian, De exhort. castitatis, 13; Lea, H. C, Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy, 41; Robertson, History of Freethought, I, 244.
22. Pliny the Younger, x, 97.
23. Galen in Hammerton, IV, 2179.
24. Tertullian, De spect., 23.
25. Perhaps anthropophagic; cf. Sumner, Folkways, 451.
26. Renan, St. Paul, 268.
27. Frazer, Sir J., Spirits of the Corn and Wild, II, 92-3; Carpenter, Edw., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 65-7.
28. Acts, viii, 14-17; xix, 1-6.
29. Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, 217-8.
30. Matt., xvi, 18; John, xx, 23.
31. Friedländer, II, 364.
32. Renan, Marc Aurèle, 449.
33. Tertullian, Apol., xxxvii, 4.
34. Id., Ad uxorem, i, 5; Renan, Marc, 551; Glover, Conflict of Religions, 341.
35. CAH, XII, 456.
36. Lake, K., Apostolic Fathers, I, 395.
37. Murray, Sir G., Five Stages of Greek Religion, 196.
38. Renan, Marc, 292.
39. Duchesne, I, 196.
40. Friedländer, III, 192.
41. CAH, XII, 459.
42. Origen, Contra Celsum, in Glover, 252; Carpenter, 220.
43. Plotinus, Enneads, xliii.
44. Porphyry, Life of Plotinus, 14.
45. MacKenna, Stephen, Essence of Plotinus, 11n.
46. Plotinus, Enneads, iii, 4.
47. Ibid., vi, 9.
48. V, 1.
49. IV, 1; Inge, Philosophy of Plotinus, II 21-4. 92.
50. Plotinus, v, 1; iii, 7.
51. Ibid., v, 11.
52. MacKenna, introd., xx.
53. In Lake, Apostolic Fathers, I, 23
54. Tertullian, Apol., xxx, 4.
55. Ibid., xvii, 6.
56. Id., De spect., 30.
57. Id., De cultu feminarum.
58. In Ueberweg, I, 303.
59. CAH, XII, 593.
60. Eusebius, vi, 2.
61. Gibbon, I, 467.
62. Jerome, Letters, xxxiii.
63. Shotwell, Introduction, 292.
64. Origen, De principiis, i, 15-16, in Hatch, 76.
65. Origen, op. cit., iv, 1, in Hatch, 76.
66. Duchesne, I, 255f.
67. Inge, Plotinus, II, 19, 102.
68. In Watson, Marcus Aurelius, 305.
69. Matt., xvi, 18.
70. Shotwell and Loomis, 64-5.
71. Ibid., 60-1, 84-6.
72. Lake, I, 121.
73. Duchesne, I, 215.
74. CAH, XII, 198, 600.
75. Cyprian’s Letters in Inge, Plotinus, I, 62.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Herodian, History of Twenty Caesars, II, 83.
2. Dio Cassius, lxxiv, 5.
3. Herodian, II, 100, 103; III, 155.
4. Historia Augusta, “Septimius Severus,” xviii, 11.
5. Herodian, III, 139.
6. Lot, F., End of the Ancient World, 10.
7. Dio, lxxix, 7.
8. Ibid., lxxviii, 16.
9. Herodian, IV, 210; Dio, lxxviii, 22.
10. Dio, lxxix, 23.
11. Historia Augusta, “Elagabalus,” 19-32; Dio, lxxx, 13; Herodian, IV, 253.
12. Dio, lxxix, 14; Gibbon, I, 141.
13. Historia Augusta, “Severus Alexander” 30, 39.
14. Herodian, VI, 5.
15. Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 20.
16. Ibid., 29.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. Herodian, VI, 8.
19. In Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 399.
20. Gibbon, I, 294.
21. Maine, Ancient Law, 177.
22. West, L., “Economic Collapse of the Roman Empire,” in Classical Journal, 1932, p. 106.
23. Abbott, Common People, 174.
24. Rostovtzeff, op. cit., 424, 442-3
25. Ibid., 305.
26. Frank, Economic History, 489.
27. Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 58; Rostovtzeff, History of the Ancient World, II, 317.
28. Frank, Economic Survey, IV, 220.
29. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 419.
30. Collingwood and Myres, 206.
31. Heath, II, 448.
32. Plato, Laws, 819.
33. Ball, W. W., Short History of Mathematics, 96.
34. Justinian, Digest, i, 1.4.
35. Hist. Aug., “Severus Alexander,” 51.
36. Roberts, W. R., introd. to “Longinus” on the Sublime, Loeb Library.
37. Heliodorus, Greek Romances, 1.
38. Ibid., 289.
39. In Catullus, Tibullus, etc., p. 343.
40. In Burckhardt, J., Die Zeit Constantins, 54.
41. CAH, XII, 273; Frank, Economic Survey, III, 633.
42. Ferrero, Ancient Rome and Modern America, 88.
43. Toutain, 326.
44. West, 1. c, 102.
45. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 329.
46. Toutain, 326; CAH, XII, 271; Cambridge Medieval History, I, 52.
47. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 474.
48. Cunningham, W. C, Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, I, 191-2.
49. Paul-Louis, 283-5.
50. Translation based on that of Elsa Glaser in Frank, Economic Survey, V, 312.
51. Ibid., The prices are calculated on the valuation of gold at $35 per oz. in the United States of 1944.
52. Frank, Survey, III, 612.
53. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, vii.
54. Ibid., vii, 3.
55. Charlesworth, 98.
56. West, 105; Ferrero, Ruin of Ancient Civilization, 106.
57. Cunningham, I, 188.
58. Frank, Survey, II, 245; IV, 241.
59. Reid, Municipalities, 492; Arnold, 265.
60. Heitland, 382.
61. Davis, W. S., 233.
62. Frank, Economic History, 404; Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 409.
63. Gibbon, I, 377.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Renan, Marc, 592.
2. Tertullian, Apol., xl, 1.
3. Minucius Felix, Octavius, ix, 5, in Tertullian, Apol.
4. Guigneb
ert, Christianity, 164.
5. I Cor., vi, 1; Renan, Marc, 597.
6. Origen Contra Celsum, viii, 69, in Halliday, 27.
7. Tertullian, Apol., xv, 1-7; Duchesne, I, 34.
8. Friedländer, III, 186.
9. Tertullian, Apol., iv, 1.
10. Ramsay, 253; CAH, X, 503.
11. Duchesne, I, 82.
12. Bury, J., History of Freedom of Thought, 42.
13. Tertullian, Apol., v, 4; Eusebius, iii, 17.
14. Pliny the Younger, x, 96-7.
15. Rescript of Hadrian in Eusebius, iv, 9. For a defense of its authenticity cf. Ramsay, 320.
16. From an account said to have been sent to the Christian churches by the elders of the church at Smyrna, in Lake, Apostolic Fathers, II, 321.
17. Renan, Marc, 331.
18. Tertullian, Apol., xlv, 14.
19. Memoirs of St. Perpetua, in Davis and West, Readings in Ancient History, 287.
20. Rostovtzeff, Ancient World, II, 349.
21. Duchesne, I, 267.
22. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, x.
23. Eusebius, viii, if.
24. Gibbon, II, 57.
25. Eusebius, viii, 17.
26. Tertullian, Apol., 1, 13.
27. Ambrose in Enc. Brit., VI, 297.
28. Eusebius, Life of Constantine, i, 28.
29. Eusebius, E.H., viii, 2.
30. Id., Life of Constantine, i, 28.
31. Lactantius, De Mortibus, xliv, 5.
32. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 4.
33. For the detailed evidence cf. Burckhardt, 252f.
34. Hist. Aug., “Elagabalus,” xxxiv, 4.
35. Lot, 29.
36. Flick, A. C., Rise of the Medieval Church, 123-4.
37. Duruy, V., History of the Roman People, VII, 510.
38. Kalthoff, 172; Lot, 98.
39. Eusebius, Life, ii, 36.
40. Ibid., iii, 62f.
41. Duchesne, I, 290.
42. Eusebius, E.H., viii, 1.
43. Duchesne, II, 99.
44. Eusebius, Historical View of the Council of Nice, 6.
45. Ibid.
46. Eusebius, Life, ii, 63, 70.
47. Eusebius, Nice, 6.
48. Ibid., 15.
49. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 121.
50. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, i, 8.
51. Duchesne, II, 125.
52. Ferrero, Ruin, 170.
53. Gatteschi, 24; Reinach, Apollo, 89.
54. Gibbon, VI, 553.
55. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, v, 19.
56. Eusebius, Life, i, 1.
57. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 15.
EPILOGUE
1. Reid, J. S., in Cambridge Medieval History, I, 54.
2. Cyprian, Ad Demetrium, 3, in Inge, Plotinus, I, 25.
3. Cf. West, op. cit., 103.
4. Frank, Survey, III, 575.
5. In Eusebius, E. H., vii, 21.
6. Rostovtzeff, Roman Empire, 424.
7. Frank, Survey, III; 74.
8. Gibbon, I, 421.
9. Davis, Influence of Wealth, 214.
10. Gibbon, I, 274.
11. Id., chap, xvi, etc.
