The Story of Civilization

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The Story of Civilization Page 110

by Will Durant

Galicia, Danubian, 432

  Galilee, 530, 535, 543, 544, 557, 558, 560, 563, 573, 577

  Galla, 317

  Gallia Lugdunensis, 472, 474

  Gallic War, 169, 174-178, 179

  Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egna-tius Gallienus), Roman emperor (reigned 253-268), 608, 629-630, 635, 650, 666, 669

  Gallio, see Novatus, Marcus Annaeus

  Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), Roman emperor (ca. 207-253), 629

  Gallus, Aelius, general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 336-337, 508

  Gamaliel II, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 100), 547

  Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and president of the Sanhedrin (fl. 1st century), 576, 579-580

  gambling, in Etruria, 7;

  under Rome, 62, 269, 383, 447, 456, 458, 488

  games, in Etruria, 6-7;

  under Rome, 82, 90, 99, 111, 121, 133-134, 168-169, 171, 212-213, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 260, 265, 270, 274, 277-279, 289, 290-291, 302, 316, 319, 332, 340, (children’s) 367, 372, 375, 376, 377-378, 379, 380, 381-387, 388, 389, 410, 415, 423, 427, 428, 438, 443, 447, 456, 458-459, 461, 486-487, 500, 515, 532, 545, 598, 629, 631, 640, 646, 647, 649, 668

  Ganymede, 510

  Gard, Pont du, 474

  Garda, Lago di (anc. Lacus Benacus), 4, 155, 158, 454

  gardens, 76, 132-133, 141, 160, 185, 199, 215, 245*, 266, 272, 278, 280, 319, 327, 340, 343, 344, 353, 354, 362, 421, 440, 454, 459, 500, 532

  Gargantua, 299

  Garonne (anc. Garumna), 470

  Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher and savant (1592-1655), 154

  Gaul, 43, 48, 53, 73, 89, 107, 112, 118, 119, 129, 144, 167, 168, 174-178, 180-181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 217, 219, 231, 270, 283, 320, 322, 326, 329, 330, 331, 348, 366, 417, 429, 431, 468, 470-475, 476, 478, 479, 481, 495, 513, 514, 602, 604, 627, 629, 633, 638, 639, 649, 651, 653-654, 666, 669-670

  Gaul, Belgic (Gallia Belgica), 176, 431, 433, 472, 474

  Gaul, Cisalpine (northern Italy), 36, 47, 49, 51, 87, 88, 155, 172, 174-175, 182, 189, 193, 196, 200, 201, 235, 236, 454

  Gaul, Narbonese (Gallia Narbonensis), 172, 174-177, 216, 472, 473

  Gaul, Transalpine, 49, 271, 454

  Gauls, 12, 23, 24, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48-51, 86, 124, 130, 174-177, 191, 235, 271, 340, 375, 454, 471-475, 478, 513

  Gaza, 508, 530, 535

  Gazith, 536

  Gellius, Aulus, Latin grammarian (ca. 117-ca. 180), 368, 442

  Gemala, Lucilius, millionaire (fl. 1st century), 461

  Gemma Augusta, 346

  generalship, of Hannibal, 48-54;

  of Scipio Africanus, 52-54;

  of Caesar, 174-178, 182-189;

  of Antony, 199, 203, 206-207;

  of Tiberius, 217-218, 231, 259-260;

  under Claudius, 271;

  of Marcus Aurelius, 428-429, 431-432;

  of Septimius Severus, 622;

  of Constantine, 664

  Genesis, 444, 540, 614

  Geneva, 175

  Genghis Khan, Asiatic conqueror (1162?-1227), 606

  Genoa (anc. Genua), 78, 454

  Geographical Outline (Ptolemy), 503

  geography, 220, 308, 503, 514, 520-521

  Geography (Strabo), 520

  geometry, 75, 314, 368, 503, 507, 634

  Georgics (Virgil), 215, 225, 237-239

  Gerasa (Djerasch), 508-509, 530, 535

  Gergovia, 177

  Gerizim (Jebel et Tôr), 535

  Germanicus Caesar, general (15 B.C.-A.D. 19), 224, 261-262, 263*, 273, 291, 301, 371

  Germans, 174-178, 217, 428-431, 434, 446, 475, 478-481, 627, 631*, 639, 653, 666, 669

  Germans, On the Situation and Origin of the (Tacitus), 434

  Germany, 36, 112, 118, 176, 178, 194, 217-218, 231, 248, 261, 284, 285, 308, 320, 326, 329, 366, 406, 410, 417, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 471, 472, 473, 475, 478-481, 633, 644;

  Upper Germany, 291, 439, 479-480;

  Lower Germany, 479

  Gesco, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C..), 46

  Geta (Publius Septimius Geta), Roman emperor (?-211), 621-622, 634, 635

  Getae, 257

  Gethsemane, 569, 571

  Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737-1794), 364, 425, 613*, 662, 667

  Gibraltar (anc. Calpe), 39, 40, 43, 194

  Gil Bias (Lesage), 299

  Gilgamesh, 428

  Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Bar-barelli), Venetian painter (1478?-1511), 355

  Giton, 297

  gladiators, Etruscan, 7;

  Roman, 52, 90, 131, 133-134, 137, 173, 179-180, 198, 223, 265, 267, 274, 279, 303, 313, 351, 370, 377, 382, 383-387, 410, 428, 429, 430, 447, 453, 456, 459, 465, 487, 532, 545, 622, 649, 665;

  schools for, 385-386, 447, 505

  glass, 322, 328, 329, 342, 347, 361, 374-375, 456, 473, 474, 499-500, 510; see also murrhine glass

  Glevum (Gloucester), 477

  Gloria, De (Cicero), 163* Glycera, 247

  Glycon, Athenian sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 349

  Gnosticism, 502, 556, 595, 604-605, 606, 609, 614

  God, Seneca on, 304;

  Marcus Aurelius on, 444-445;

  Plutarch on, 484-485, 486;

  Panae-tius on, 490;

  Epictetus on, 491-494;

  Philo on, 501-502;

  Galen on, 507;

  Poseidonius on, 514;

  Dion Chrysostomus on, 522;

  Apollonius of Tyana on, 526;

  Plotinus on, 610;

  Origen on, 614-615

  gods, in Etruria, 7;

  in Carthage, 41-42;

  under Rome, 58-67, 69, 75, 76, 81-82, 84, 93-94, 104, 164, 214, 225-227, 235, 238-239, 240, 242, 243, 248, 251, 256, 259, 265, 268, 274, 280, 293, 300, 316, 335, 340, 343, 349, 352, 371, 372, 377, 388-390, 427, 429, 430, 438, 444, 449, 457, 489, 510, 512, 522-526, 557, 588, 601, 607, 625, 646-651, 655;

  Lucretius on, 147-153;

  Cicero on, 162;

  in the Aeneid, 242, 243;

  Horace on, 248-249;

  Pliny on, 309;

  Sextus Empiricus on, 495;

  Lucian on, 495-497

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German writer (1749-1832), 354

  Golden Age, Saturn’s, 61, 225, 236;

  Augustus’, 233-258, 346;

  Diocletian’s, 645

  Golden Ass, The (Apuleius), 299, 442, 467-468

  Golden Bough, 62

  Golden Horn, 483

  Golden House, 280, 282, 283, 344-345, 352, 358, 361

  golden mean, see aurea mediocritas

  Golden Milestone, see Millenarium Aureum

  Golden Thoughts (Marcus Aurelius), see Meditations

  Golgotha, 572-573, 581

  Good Goddess, see Bona Dea Gorboduc (Sackville and Norton), 302

  Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (158-238), 628

  Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628

  Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (226-244), 628

  Gospels, 553-574, 591

  Gothic architecture, 661

  Gothic letters, 479

  Goths, 316, 480, 622, 628, 629-630, 638, 669-670

  gout, 311, 389, 622

  government, in Etruria, 6;

  in Latium, 11-17;

  in Carthage, 42-43;

  under the Republic, 21-35, 57, 89, 93-94, 99, 113, 128-130, 136, 146, 174, 180-208;

  Cicero on, 165;

  under the Principate, 212-217, 227, 266, 270-271, 285-294, 328, 336, 338, 405, 415-416, 418-420, 422-424, 425, 436, 447-449;

  under the monarchy, 623, 626-627, 632, 639, 640-645, 647, 664, 668-669;

  of Rome, 670, 672

  governors, 87, 129, 155, 174, 194, 198-199, 215, 216-217, 261, 462-463, 661

  Gracchi, 23, 47, 91, 111, 113-117, 122, 126, 140, 165, 171, 192, 194, 319, 363, 391, 469, 516, 640

  Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, statesman (153?-121 B.C..), 113, 115-117, 465

  Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius
, statesman, father of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87, 92, 113

  Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, statesman (162?-133 B.C..), 113-115

  grace, 589

  Graecia Magna, 37, 38

  graffiti, 458-459

  Graii, 4

  grain, 111, 116, 117-118, 120, 126, 139-140, 173, 174, 179, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192, 212-213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 237, 260, 265, 267, 270, 320-321, 325, 328-329, 333, 336, 339, 348, 362, 376, 388, 411, 423, 427-428, 429, 438, 446, 453, 461, 463, 464, 483, 498, 513, 631, 633, 641-642, 666, 668

  grammar, 29, 72, 95, 146, 234, 295, 308, 367, 415

  Grand Central Terminal (in New York), 360*

  Granna (Gran), 431

  Great Exposition (Simon Magnus ?), 604

  Great Leptis, see Leptis Magna

  Great Mother, see Magna Mater and Cybele

  Greece, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23, 34, 38, 47, 48, 51, 54, 57, 62, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85-87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95-102, 104-105, 108, 112, 113, 125, 130, 141, 147, 154, 158, 163, 164, 173, 178, 183, 186, 187, 192, 203, 211, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241, 246, 256, 259, 269, 278-279, 282-283, 287, 311, 317, 320, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 338-339, 342, 344, 347t, 349, 351-361, 364, 371, 379-381, 391, 392, 406, 414, 419, 420, 429, 431, 442, 455, 456, 459, 468, 472, 474, 480, 481, 482-527, 532, 542, 579, 588, 594-595, 602, 618, 630, 633, 636, 666, 667, 670-671; see also Hellenistic

  Greek, 72-73, 95, 97, 104, 135, 141, 167, 187, 196, 233, 244, 259, 269, 274, 308, 312, 313, 365, 393, 415, 432, 440, 442, 443, 455, 479, 535, 556, 560, 563, 571, 572, 579, 582, 594-595, 596, 601, 612, 614, 634, 661; see also Hellenistic

  Greek Anthology, 509, 633

  Greek Asia, 482, 486, 490, 512, 518, 542, 630, 659

  Greeks, 4, 17, 18, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86-87, 89, 92, 94-95, 99, 104-105, 121, 132, 152, 164, 240, 242, 249, 253, 255, 256, 263, 277, 311, 312, 326, 328, 348, 352, 356, 364-365, 366, 367, 370, 388, 438, 457, 468, 469, 480, 482-527, 529, 532, 535, 544, 554, 558, 579, 582, 595, 634, see also Hellenistic

  Guadalquivir, 39, 470

  guilds, 499, 536, 642, 644; see also collegia

  gymnastics, see athletics

  gynecology, 313, 505

  H

  Hadad, 522

  Hades, 63, 84, 94, 240, 242, 389, 509, 525

  Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor (76-138), 4, 220, 234, 322, 344, 351, 359, 361, 368, 379, 392, 394, 395, 396, 398, 403, 408, 411, 413-422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 437, 442, 454, 455, 476, 482, 487, 489, 491, 499, 512, 516, 548, 549, 603, 624, 648, 662, 665

  Hadrian’s Villa, 421, 454

  Hadrian’s Wall, 476, 524

  Hadrumetum (Sousse), 39, 465

  Haggada, 547

  Halacha, 547

  Halicarnassus (Budrum), 234, 513

  Halstatt iron culture, 471

  Hamburg, 553

  Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal (?-229 B.C..), 44-47, 48

  Hammurabi, King of Babylon (ca. 1950 B.C..), 405, 557

  Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C..), 39, 47-55, 57, 70, 71, 81, 85, 90, 91, 93-94, 105, 118, 120, 121, 252, 429, 457, 469

  Hanno, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 490 B.C..), 40, 42

  Happy Life, On the (Seneca), 302-303

  harbors, 78, 193, 220, 270, 324, 325, 326, 328, 410, 454, 455, 456, 465, 480, 483, 499, 508, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 534

  harems, 199, 447, 517

  haruspicy, in Etruria, 7, 18;

  in Rome, 18, 60, 63-64, 93, 164, 228, 651, 656

  Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657), 506

  Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, son-in-law of Hamilcar (?-221 B.C..), 47, 48

  Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (?-207 B.C..), 47, 50, 52-53

  Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the Third Punic War (2nd century B.C..), 107

  Hasmoneans, Jewish family, 530-532, 536

  Hatra, 529

  Haverfield, 477*

  Head of Caesar, 350

  Health, 358

  Health, Temple of, 82, 352, 358

  hearth, 58

  Heath, Sir Thomas Little, English mathematician (1861-1940), 504*

  Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence), 101

  heaven, 241-242, 243, 485

  Hebrew language, 41, 501, 533, 535, 556, 579, 614

  Hebrews, The Gospel according to the, 616

  Hebron, 535

  Hecatompylus, 528

  Hector, 240

  Hecyra (Terence), 101

  Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, Danish classical philologist (1854-1928), 504*

  Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1797-1856), 72, 484, 583

  Helen, 256, 354, 516

  Helena, concubine of Constantius I (fl. 3rd century), 653, 655, 663

  Heliodora (in Meleager), 509

  Heliodorus of Emesa, Greek writer of romance (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 636-637

  Heliogabalus, see Elagabalus

  Heliopolis (Baalbek), 498, 511

  Hell, belief in, 8, 84, 147, 149, 241-242, 485, 542, 561, 593-594

  Hellas, see Greece

  Hellenism, 37, 85, 92, 101, 108, 339, 367, 417, 420, 442, 472, 495, 502, 534, 535, 549, 579-580

  Hellenistic age and culture, 78, 79, 84, 86, 92*, 95, 96, 107, 113, 121, 125, 158, 233, 297, 323, 339, 343, 344, 348, 349, 352, 378, 419, 442, 443, 482-527, 530, 532, 534, 540, 576, 577, 579, 581, 584*, 585, 594-595, 606, 630, 632

  Hellespont (Dardanelles), 124, 518, 630, 638

  Helvetii, 175

  Helvidius, see Priscus, Helvidius

  Hephaestus, 63, 352

  Hera, 418, 516

  Heraclea (battle, 280 B.C..), 37

  Heraclea, in Egypt, 636

  Heracleitus, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C..), 484, 502

  Heracles, 63, 226, 278, 385

  Herculaneum, 354, 456, 457-460

  Hercules, 62, 63, 286, 354, 447, 479, 513, 640

  Hercynian Mountains, 431

  Herder, Johann Gottfried von, German philosopher, poet, and critic (1744-1803), 553

  heresy, 577, 592, 595, 603-606, 612, 615, 616, 618, 646, 657-661, 662, 664

  hermaphrodites, 310, 334

  Hermes, 63, 352, 496, 525

  Hermogenes, Greek architect (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 514

  Hernici, 36

  Hero or Heron, Alexandrian mathematician and inventor (fl. 3rd century), 503-504

  Hero, 256

  Herod the Great, King of the Jews (62?-4 B.C..), 487, 508, 512, 531-535, 536, 539, 542, 545, 546, 557

  Herod Antipas, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535, 560, 568

  Herodes, see Atticus Herodes

  Herodian, Greek writer on Roman history (180-238), 620, 622, 628

  Herodias, wife of Herod Antipas (1st century), 560

  Herod Philip, half brother of Herod Antipas (fl. 1st century), 560

  Herodotus, Greek historian (484?-425 B.C..) 454-455, 486, 513

  Heroides (Ovid), 256, 258

  Hertha, 479

  Hesiod, Greek epic poet (ca. 800 B.C..), 238, 495

  hetairai, 7, 68

  Heywood, Jasper, English translator of Seneca (1535-1598), 302

  Hexapla (Origen), 614

  Hierapolis, 390, 490, 522

  Hiero II, King of Syracuse (324?-216 B.C..), 44, 51

  Higher Griticism, 553-557

  Hillel, Jewish rabbi, President of Sanhedrin (60 B.C.?-A.D. 10?), 536, 538-539, 542, 547, 567, 580

  Himilco, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 450 B.C..), 40

  Himly, Karl, German professor of medicine (1772-1837), 310

  Hinduism, 444, 525, 609

  Hippalus, Greek navigator (fl. 1st century), 325

  Hipparchus of Nicaea, Greek astronomer (160?-125? B.C..), 503

  Hippocrates, Greek physician and writer on medicine (460-357 B.C..), 313, 505, 507, 514

  Hippodamus of Miletus, Greek architect (fl. 5th century B.C..), 356

  Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte), 39, 465, 603

>   Hippolytus, Christian schismatic (?-ca. 230), 617-618

  Hippolytus, 254

  Hippo Regius (Bone), 39, 465

  Hirtius, Aulus, Roman consul (?-43 B.C..), 201

  Hispalis, see Seville

  Hissarlik, see Troy

  Historia Augusta, 655

  Historiae (Tacitus), 434-437, 442

  Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder), 296, 308-311, 439

  Histories (Appian), 442

  Histories (Sallust), 160

  historiography, 83, 290, 295-296, 500, 671;

  Varro, 159-160;

  Sallust, 160;

  Caesar, 178;

  Livy, 250-252;

  Claudius, 269;

  Pliny the Elder, 308-311; (art) Pasiteles, 349;

  Tacitus, 433-437;

  Suetonius, 442;

  Plutarch, 483-484;

  Nicolaus of Damascus, 512-513;

  Arrian, 520;

  Josephus, 546;

  Dion Cassius Cocceianus, 636;

  Eusebius, 662-663

  history (in schools), in Carthage, 48;

  in Rome, 72, 367

  History of Rome (Q. Fabius Pictor), 73

  Hittites, 513, 516, 528

  holidays, see festivals

  Holland, Philemon, English classical scholar (1552-1637), 167, 442

  Holland, 479

  holy orders, 600, 658, 660*

  Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, 663

  Holy Spirit, 576, 582, 590, 600, 604, 605, 658, 660

  Homer (fl. 9th century B.C..), 98, 147, 213, 241, 242, 243, 254, 441, 495, 522, 614

  homosexuality, 65, 89, 94, 132, 144, 158, 167-168, 199, 237, 246-247, 266, 276, 279, 282, 290, 297-298, 317-318, 369, 408, 438, 447, 456, 509*, 598, 625, 627; see also bisexuality

  Horns (anc. Emesa), 511

  honestiores, 332

  Honor, 358;

  Temple of, 358

  Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C..), 60, 61, 73, 95*, 98, 154, 155, 158, 215, 224, 225, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244-250, 252, 258, 367, 369, 380, 437, 455, 509, 546, 671

  Horatii, Roman clan, 21

  Horatius (Horatius Codes), hero (fl. 6th century B.C..), 17

  horse racing, 277, 377, 382-383, 500

  Hortensia, lex, 24

  Hortensius, Quintus, orator (114-50 B.C..), 131, 132, 136, 141, 160, 161, 185, 213

  Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, noble (?-42 B.C..), 203

  horticulture, 308

  Horus, 523

  Hosea, 567

  hospitals, 312

  housing, 341-345, 362, 373, 465, 477, 510

  Huan-ti, Emperor of China (fl. 2nd century), 329

  Hugo, Victor Marie, Viscount, French writer (1802-1885), 249*

  human sacrifice, 588*;

  in Etruria, 7-8;

  in Carthage, 42, 465, 588*;

 

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