by Will Durant
Galicia, Danubian, 432
Galilee, 530, 535, 543, 544, 557, 558, 560, 563, 573, 577
Galla, 317
Gallia Lugdunensis, 472, 474
Gallic War, 169, 174-178, 179
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egna-tius Gallienus), Roman emperor (reigned 253-268), 608, 629-630, 635, 650, 666, 669
Gallio, see Novatus, Marcus Annaeus
Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), Roman emperor (ca. 207-253), 629
Gallus, Aelius, general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 336-337, 508
Gamaliel II, Jewish Patriarch (fl. ca. 100), 547
Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and president of the Sanhedrin (fl. 1st century), 576, 579-580
gambling, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 62, 269, 383, 447, 456, 458, 488
games, in Etruria, 6-7;
under Rome, 82, 90, 99, 111, 121, 133-134, 168-169, 171, 212-213, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 260, 265, 270, 274, 277-279, 289, 290-291, 302, 316, 319, 332, 340, (children’s) 367, 372, 375, 376, 377-378, 379, 380, 381-387, 388, 389, 410, 415, 423, 427, 428, 438, 443, 447, 456, 458-459, 461, 486-487, 500, 515, 532, 545, 598, 629, 631, 640, 646, 647, 649, 668
Ganymede, 510
Gard, Pont du, 474
Garda, Lago di (anc. Lacus Benacus), 4, 155, 158, 454
gardens, 76, 132-133, 141, 160, 185, 199, 215, 245*, 266, 272, 278, 280, 319, 327, 340, 343, 344, 353, 354, 362, 421, 440, 454, 459, 500, 532
Gargantua, 299
Garonne (anc. Garumna), 470
Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher and savant (1592-1655), 154
Gaul, 43, 48, 53, 73, 89, 107, 112, 118, 119, 129, 144, 167, 168, 174-178, 180-181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 217, 219, 231, 270, 283, 320, 322, 326, 329, 330, 331, 348, 366, 417, 429, 431, 468, 470-475, 476, 478, 479, 481, 495, 513, 514, 602, 604, 627, 629, 633, 638, 639, 649, 651, 653-654, 666, 669-670
Gaul, Belgic (Gallia Belgica), 176, 431, 433, 472, 474
Gaul, Cisalpine (northern Italy), 36, 47, 49, 51, 87, 88, 155, 172, 174-175, 182, 189, 193, 196, 200, 201, 235, 236, 454
Gaul, Narbonese (Gallia Narbonensis), 172, 174-177, 216, 472, 473
Gaul, Transalpine, 49, 271, 454
Gauls, 12, 23, 24, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48-51, 86, 124, 130, 174-177, 191, 235, 271, 340, 375, 454, 471-475, 478, 513
Gaza, 508, 530, 535
Gazith, 536
Gellius, Aulus, Latin grammarian (ca. 117-ca. 180), 368, 442
Gemala, Lucilius, millionaire (fl. 1st century), 461
Gemma Augusta, 346
generalship, of Hannibal, 48-54;
of Scipio Africanus, 52-54;
of Caesar, 174-178, 182-189;
of Antony, 199, 203, 206-207;
of Tiberius, 217-218, 231, 259-260;
under Claudius, 271;
of Marcus Aurelius, 428-429, 431-432;
of Septimius Severus, 622;
of Constantine, 664
Genesis, 444, 540, 614
Geneva, 175
Genghis Khan, Asiatic conqueror (1162?-1227), 606
Genoa (anc. Genua), 78, 454
Geographical Outline (Ptolemy), 503
geography, 220, 308, 503, 514, 520-521
Geography (Strabo), 520
geometry, 75, 314, 368, 503, 507, 634
Georgics (Virgil), 215, 225, 237-239
Gerasa (Djerasch), 508-509, 530, 535
Gergovia, 177
Gerizim (Jebel et Tôr), 535
Germanicus Caesar, general (15 B.C.-A.D. 19), 224, 261-262, 263*, 273, 291, 301, 371
Germans, 174-178, 217, 428-431, 434, 446, 475, 478-481, 627, 631*, 639, 653, 666, 669
Germans, On the Situation and Origin of the (Tacitus), 434
Germany, 36, 112, 118, 176, 178, 194, 217-218, 231, 248, 261, 284, 285, 308, 320, 326, 329, 366, 406, 410, 417, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 471, 472, 473, 475, 478-481, 633, 644;
Upper Germany, 291, 439, 479-480;
Lower Germany, 479
Gesco, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C..), 46
Geta (Publius Septimius Geta), Roman emperor (?-211), 621-622, 634, 635
Getae, 257
Gethsemane, 569, 571
Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737-1794), 364, 425, 613*, 662, 667
Gibraltar (anc. Calpe), 39, 40, 43, 194
Gil Bias (Lesage), 299
Gilgamesh, 428
Giorgione da Castelfranco (Giorgio Bar-barelli), Venetian painter (1478?-1511), 355
Giton, 297
gladiators, Etruscan, 7;
Roman, 52, 90, 131, 133-134, 137, 173, 179-180, 198, 223, 265, 267, 274, 279, 303, 313, 351, 370, 377, 382, 383-387, 410, 428, 429, 430, 447, 453, 456, 459, 465, 487, 532, 545, 622, 649, 665;
schools for, 385-386, 447, 505
glass, 322, 328, 329, 342, 347, 361, 374-375, 456, 473, 474, 499-500, 510; see also murrhine glass
Glevum (Gloucester), 477
Gloria, De (Cicero), 163* Glycera, 247
Glycon, Athenian sculptor in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C..), 349
Gnosticism, 502, 556, 595, 604-605, 606, 609, 614
God, Seneca on, 304;
Marcus Aurelius on, 444-445;
Plutarch on, 484-485, 486;
Panae-tius on, 490;
Epictetus on, 491-494;
Philo on, 501-502;
Galen on, 507;
Poseidonius on, 514;
Dion Chrysostomus on, 522;
Apollonius of Tyana on, 526;
Plotinus on, 610;
Origen on, 614-615
gods, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41-42;
under Rome, 58-67, 69, 75, 76, 81-82, 84, 93-94, 104, 164, 214, 225-227, 235, 238-239, 240, 242, 243, 248, 251, 256, 259, 265, 268, 274, 280, 293, 300, 316, 335, 340, 343, 349, 352, 371, 372, 377, 388-390, 427, 429, 430, 438, 444, 449, 457, 489, 510, 512, 522-526, 557, 588, 601, 607, 625, 646-651, 655;
Lucretius on, 147-153;
Cicero on, 162;
in the Aeneid, 242, 243;
Horace on, 248-249;
Pliny on, 309;
Sextus Empiricus on, 495;
Lucian on, 495-497
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German writer (1749-1832), 354
Golden Age, Saturn’s, 61, 225, 236;
Augustus’, 233-258, 346;
Diocletian’s, 645
Golden Ass, The (Apuleius), 299, 442, 467-468
Golden Bough, 62
Golden Horn, 483
Golden House, 280, 282, 283, 344-345, 352, 358, 361
golden mean, see aurea mediocritas
Golden Milestone, see Millenarium Aureum
Golden Thoughts (Marcus Aurelius), see Meditations
Golgotha, 572-573, 581
Good Goddess, see Bona Dea Gorboduc (Sackville and Norton), 302
Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (158-238), 628
Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628
Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus), Roman emperor (226-244), 628
Gospels, 553-574, 591
Gothic architecture, 661
Gothic letters, 479
Goths, 316, 480, 622, 628, 629-630, 638, 669-670
gout, 311, 389, 622
government, in Etruria, 6;
in Latium, 11-17;
in Carthage, 42-43;
under the Republic, 21-35, 57, 89, 93-94, 99, 113, 128-130, 136, 146, 174, 180-208;
Cicero on, 165;
under the Principate, 212-217, 227, 266, 270-271, 285-294, 328, 336, 338, 405, 415-416, 418-420, 422-424, 425, 436, 447-449;
under the monarchy, 623, 626-627, 632, 639, 640-645, 647, 664, 668-669;
of Rome, 670, 672
governors, 87, 129, 155, 174, 194, 198-199, 215, 216-217, 261, 462-463, 661
Gracchi, 23, 47, 91, 111, 113-117, 122, 126, 140, 165, 171, 192, 194, 319, 363, 391, 469, 516, 640
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, statesman (153?-121 B.C..), 113, 115-117, 465
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius
, statesman, father of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87, 92, 113
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, statesman (162?-133 B.C..), 113-115
grace, 589
Graecia Magna, 37, 38
graffiti, 458-459
Graii, 4
grain, 111, 116, 117-118, 120, 126, 139-140, 173, 174, 179, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192, 212-213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 237, 260, 265, 267, 270, 320-321, 325, 328-329, 333, 336, 339, 348, 362, 376, 388, 411, 423, 427-428, 429, 438, 446, 453, 461, 463, 464, 483, 498, 513, 631, 633, 641-642, 666, 668
grammar, 29, 72, 95, 146, 234, 295, 308, 367, 415
Grand Central Terminal (in New York), 360*
Granna (Gran), 431
Great Exposition (Simon Magnus ?), 604
Great Leptis, see Leptis Magna
Great Mother, see Magna Mater and Cybele
Greece, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23, 34, 38, 47, 48, 51, 54, 57, 62, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85-87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95-102, 104-105, 108, 112, 113, 125, 130, 141, 147, 154, 158, 163, 164, 173, 178, 183, 186, 187, 192, 203, 211, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241, 246, 256, 259, 269, 278-279, 282-283, 287, 311, 317, 320, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 338-339, 342, 344, 347t, 349, 351-361, 364, 371, 379-381, 391, 392, 406, 414, 419, 420, 429, 431, 442, 455, 456, 459, 468, 472, 474, 480, 481, 482-527, 532, 542, 579, 588, 594-595, 602, 618, 630, 633, 636, 666, 667, 670-671; see also Hellenistic
Greek, 72-73, 95, 97, 104, 135, 141, 167, 187, 196, 233, 244, 259, 269, 274, 308, 312, 313, 365, 393, 415, 432, 440, 442, 443, 455, 479, 535, 556, 560, 563, 571, 572, 579, 582, 594-595, 596, 601, 612, 614, 634, 661; see also Hellenistic
Greek Anthology, 509, 633
Greek Asia, 482, 486, 490, 512, 518, 542, 630, 659
Greeks, 4, 17, 18, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86-87, 89, 92, 94-95, 99, 104-105, 121, 132, 152, 164, 240, 242, 249, 253, 255, 256, 263, 277, 311, 312, 326, 328, 348, 352, 356, 364-365, 366, 367, 370, 388, 438, 457, 468, 469, 480, 482-527, 529, 532, 535, 544, 554, 558, 579, 582, 595, 634, see also Hellenistic
Guadalquivir, 39, 470
guilds, 499, 536, 642, 644; see also collegia
gymnastics, see athletics
gynecology, 313, 505
H
Hadad, 522
Hades, 63, 84, 94, 240, 242, 389, 509, 525
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor (76-138), 4, 220, 234, 322, 344, 351, 359, 361, 368, 379, 392, 394, 395, 396, 398, 403, 408, 411, 413-422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 437, 442, 454, 455, 476, 482, 487, 489, 491, 499, 512, 516, 548, 549, 603, 624, 648, 662, 665
Hadrian’s Villa, 421, 454
Hadrian’s Wall, 476, 524
Hadrumetum (Sousse), 39, 465
Haggada, 547
Halacha, 547
Halicarnassus (Budrum), 234, 513
Halstatt iron culture, 471
Hamburg, 553
Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal (?-229 B.C..), 44-47, 48
Hammurabi, King of Babylon (ca. 1950 B.C..), 405, 557
Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C..), 39, 47-55, 57, 70, 71, 81, 85, 90, 91, 93-94, 105, 118, 120, 121, 252, 429, 457, 469
Hanno, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 490 B.C..), 40, 42
Happy Life, On the (Seneca), 302-303
harbors, 78, 193, 220, 270, 324, 325, 326, 328, 410, 454, 455, 456, 465, 480, 483, 499, 508, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 534
harems, 199, 447, 517
haruspicy, in Etruria, 7, 18;
in Rome, 18, 60, 63-64, 93, 164, 228, 651, 656
Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578-1657), 506
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, son-in-law of Hamilcar (?-221 B.C..), 47, 48
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (?-207 B.C..), 47, 50, 52-53
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general in the Third Punic War (2nd century B.C..), 107
Hasmoneans, Jewish family, 530-532, 536
Hatra, 529
Haverfield, 477*
Head of Caesar, 350
Health, 358
Health, Temple of, 82, 352, 358
hearth, 58
Heath, Sir Thomas Little, English mathematician (1861-1940), 504*
Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence), 101
heaven, 241-242, 243, 485
Hebrew language, 41, 501, 533, 535, 556, 579, 614
Hebrews, The Gospel according to the, 616
Hebron, 535
Hecatompylus, 528
Hector, 240
Hecyra (Terence), 101
Heiberg, Johan Ludvig, Danish classical philologist (1854-1928), 504*
Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1797-1856), 72, 484, 583
Helen, 256, 354, 516
Helena, concubine of Constantius I (fl. 3rd century), 653, 655, 663
Heliodora (in Meleager), 509
Heliodorus of Emesa, Greek writer of romance (fl. 3rd century B.C..), 636-637
Heliogabalus, see Elagabalus
Heliopolis (Baalbek), 498, 511
Hell, belief in, 8, 84, 147, 149, 241-242, 485, 542, 561, 593-594
Hellas, see Greece
Hellenism, 37, 85, 92, 101, 108, 339, 367, 417, 420, 442, 472, 495, 502, 534, 535, 549, 579-580
Hellenistic age and culture, 78, 79, 84, 86, 92*, 95, 96, 107, 113, 121, 125, 158, 233, 297, 323, 339, 343, 344, 348, 349, 352, 378, 419, 442, 443, 482-527, 530, 532, 534, 540, 576, 577, 579, 581, 584*, 585, 594-595, 606, 630, 632
Hellespont (Dardanelles), 124, 518, 630, 638
Helvetii, 175
Helvidius, see Priscus, Helvidius
Hephaestus, 63, 352
Hera, 418, 516
Heraclea (battle, 280 B.C..), 37
Heraclea, in Egypt, 636
Heracleitus, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C..), 484, 502
Heracles, 63, 226, 278, 385
Herculaneum, 354, 456, 457-460
Hercules, 62, 63, 286, 354, 447, 479, 513, 640
Hercynian Mountains, 431
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, German philosopher, poet, and critic (1744-1803), 553
heresy, 577, 592, 595, 603-606, 612, 615, 616, 618, 646, 657-661, 662, 664
hermaphrodites, 310, 334
Hermes, 63, 352, 496, 525
Hermogenes, Greek architect (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 514
Hernici, 36
Hero or Heron, Alexandrian mathematician and inventor (fl. 3rd century), 503-504
Hero, 256
Herod the Great, King of the Jews (62?-4 B.C..), 487, 508, 512, 531-535, 536, 539, 542, 545, 546, 557
Herod Antipas, King of the Jews (fl. 1st century), 535, 560, 568
Herodes, see Atticus Herodes
Herodian, Greek writer on Roman history (180-238), 620, 622, 628
Herodias, wife of Herod Antipas (1st century), 560
Herod Philip, half brother of Herod Antipas (fl. 1st century), 560
Herodotus, Greek historian (484?-425 B.C..) 454-455, 486, 513
Heroides (Ovid), 256, 258
Hertha, 479
Hesiod, Greek epic poet (ca. 800 B.C..), 238, 495
hetairai, 7, 68
Heywood, Jasper, English translator of Seneca (1535-1598), 302
Hexapla (Origen), 614
Hierapolis, 390, 490, 522
Hiero II, King of Syracuse (324?-216 B.C..), 44, 51
Higher Griticism, 553-557
Hillel, Jewish rabbi, President of Sanhedrin (60 B.C.?-A.D. 10?), 536, 538-539, 542, 547, 567, 580
Himilco, Carthaginian navigator (ca. 450 B.C..), 40
Himly, Karl, German professor of medicine (1772-1837), 310
Hinduism, 444, 525, 609
Hippalus, Greek navigator (fl. 1st century), 325
Hipparchus of Nicaea, Greek astronomer (160?-125? B.C..), 503
Hippocrates, Greek physician and writer on medicine (460-357 B.C..), 313, 505, 507, 514
Hippodamus of Miletus, Greek architect (fl. 5th century B.C..), 356
Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte), 39, 465, 603
> Hippolytus, Christian schismatic (?-ca. 230), 617-618
Hippolytus, 254
Hippo Regius (Bone), 39, 465
Hirtius, Aulus, Roman consul (?-43 B.C..), 201
Hispalis, see Seville
Hissarlik, see Troy
Historia Augusta, 655
Historiae (Tacitus), 434-437, 442
Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder), 296, 308-311, 439
Histories (Appian), 442
Histories (Sallust), 160
historiography, 83, 290, 295-296, 500, 671;
Varro, 159-160;
Sallust, 160;
Caesar, 178;
Livy, 250-252;
Claudius, 269;
Pliny the Elder, 308-311; (art) Pasiteles, 349;
Tacitus, 433-437;
Suetonius, 442;
Plutarch, 483-484;
Nicolaus of Damascus, 512-513;
Arrian, 520;
Josephus, 546;
Dion Cassius Cocceianus, 636;
Eusebius, 662-663
history (in schools), in Carthage, 48;
in Rome, 72, 367
History of Rome (Q. Fabius Pictor), 73
Hittites, 513, 516, 528
holidays, see festivals
Holland, Philemon, English classical scholar (1552-1637), 167, 442
Holland, 479
holy orders, 600, 658, 660*
Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, 663
Holy Spirit, 576, 582, 590, 600, 604, 605, 658, 660
Homer (fl. 9th century B.C..), 98, 147, 213, 241, 242, 243, 254, 441, 495, 522, 614
homosexuality, 65, 89, 94, 132, 144, 158, 167-168, 199, 237, 246-247, 266, 276, 279, 282, 290, 297-298, 317-318, 369, 408, 438, 447, 456, 509*, 598, 625, 627; see also bisexuality
Horns (anc. Emesa), 511
honestiores, 332
Honor, 358;
Temple of, 358
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C..), 60, 61, 73, 95*, 98, 154, 155, 158, 215, 224, 225, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244-250, 252, 258, 367, 369, 380, 437, 455, 509, 546, 671
Horatii, Roman clan, 21
Horatius (Horatius Codes), hero (fl. 6th century B.C..), 17
horse racing, 277, 377, 382-383, 500
Hortensia, lex, 24
Hortensius, Quintus, orator (114-50 B.C..), 131, 132, 136, 141, 160, 161, 185, 213
Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, noble (?-42 B.C..), 203
horticulture, 308
Horus, 523
Hosea, 567
hospitals, 312
housing, 341-345, 362, 373, 465, 477, 510
Huan-ti, Emperor of China (fl. 2nd century), 329
Hugo, Victor Marie, Viscount, French writer (1802-1885), 249*
human sacrifice, 588*;
in Etruria, 7-8;
in Carthage, 42, 465, 588*;
