by Brian Toohey
7 D.W. Argall, ‘US installations in Australia’, 31 August 1973, departmental reference 694/7/47.
8 I worked for Barnard for the first seven weeks he was a minister.
9 Kim Beazley, ‘Thinking security: Influencing national strategy from the Academy—an Australian experience’, Coral Bell Lecture, Lowy Institute for International Policy, March 2008.
10 Stephen Stockwell, ‘Beyond conspiracy theory: US presidential archives on the Australian press, national security and the Whitlam government’, Journalism Education Association Conference, Griffith University, 29 November 2005, p. 23.
11 See Chapter 21 in this book.
12 Brian Toohey, ‘The arms control myth’, NT, 4 July 1986.
13 Tange, p. 72.
14 Ibid.
15 Defence paid Edwards $355,000 to write Tange’s biography, edit the memoir and prepare his personal archives for deposit in the National Library, as well as paying Allen & Unwin $30,000 to publish the book: Defence Media email to the author, 4 November 2015.
16 Brian Toohey, ‘Pointers from Turkey on what the US bases really do’, AFR, 31 July 1975.
17 Tange, p. 74. A more junior officer, Dennis Argall, had been briefed; so had some JIO officers.
18 Tange, p. 73.
Chapter 20: The man who thought he owned a prime minister
1 Quoted in Paul Kelly, The Unmaking of Gough, Allen & Unwin, 1994, p. 32. Tange was referring to Whitlam’s intention to confirm the publicly known fact that Richard Stallings worked for the CIA.
2 The second volume of the official ASIO history says Stallings had contacted me with allegations of CIA activities in Australia in the 1960s (John Blaxland, The Protest Years: The Official History of ASIO, 1963–1975, Allen & Unwin, 2015, p. 446). I did speak to Stallings, but he was not my source.
3 Unless otherwise stated, this chapter’s account of what happened is based on my observations as a journalist at the time and on confidential sources.
4 Brian Toohey, ‘Anthony’s CIA connection’, AFR, 3 November 1975 and ‘CIA man’s wide contacts’, AFR, 4 November 1975.
5 Paul Kelly and Troy Bramston, The Dismissal, Penguin, Melbourne, 2016, p. 164.
6 Brian Toohey, ‘The CIA and Whitlam’s dismissal’, AFR, 5 December 1975.
7 Jeffrey Richelson, ‘The CIA and Signals Intelligence’, US National Security Archive, 20 March 2015, p. 15.
8 ‘NSA intelligence relationship with Australia’, a Top Secret information paper distributed to all Five Eyes members, dated April 2013, p. 2. First publicly quoted by Radio National’s Background Briefing program ‘The Base: Pine Gap’s role in US war fighting’, 20 August 2017. Snowden supplied the document.
9 Robert Lindsey, The Falcon and the Snowman, Simon & Schuster, 1979, p. 260.
10 Quoted by William Pinwill, ‘Just who betrayed whom?’, The Australian, 19 September 1981.
11 Edwards, email to the author, 30 December 2015.
12 Kelly and Branston, p. 264.
13 Arthur Tange, Defence Policy-Making, ANU Press, 2008, p. 94.
Chapter 21: The men who spread the fairytale about arms control
1 Quoted in Amy Woolf, ‘The New START Treaty: Central limits and key provisions’, Congressional Research Service, 11 October 2016.
2 Herbert Scoville, ‘The SALT debate: Why Iran doesn’t matter’, New York Magazine, 18 June 1979.
3 Amy Woolf, ‘Monitoring and verification in arms control’, Congressional Research Service, 21 April 2010, p. 18.
4 Jeffrey Richelson, email to the author, 2 February 2017. Richelson is a leading US researcher on signals intelligence.
5 Eric Schlosser, ‘World War Three by mistake’, New Yorker, 23 December 2016.
6 Other satellite sensors have a peripheral role in detecting electromagnetic pulse from a nuclear explosion.
7 ‘Verification regime’, CTBTO.org, n.d.
8 Kim Beazley, ‘Winning the peace: Australia’s role in arms control’, speech given at Murdoch University, 12 June 1986.
9 Brian Toohey, ‘The arms control myth’, NT, 4 July 1986.
10 William Burr, ‘US Cold War nuclear target lists declassified for the first time’, National Security Archive, Washington, 22 December 2015; updated 4 April 2016.
11 Brian Toohey, ‘Sydney role in US missile tests’, NT, 1 February 1985.
12 Brian Toohey, ‘Pine Gap prepares to spy on Greece’, NT, 29 March 1985.
13 Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson, ‘Preparing For Teal Ruby’, NT, 10 May 1985.
14 Brian Toohey, ‘Weapons blast from space’, NT, 30 March 1980.
15 NAA Series A14370, JH1977/423.
16 Peter Hartcher, ‘The year in review’, 2015 Sir Herman Black Lecture, Royal United Services Institute of New South Wales, 16 November 2015.
17 Spencer Ackerman, ‘41 men targeted but 1147 people killed: US drone strikes—the facts on the ground’, The Guardian, 24 November 2014.
Chapter 22: The men seduced by the secrets
1 Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Threats to Australia’s Security: Their Nature and Probability, AGPS, Canberra, 1981, p. 18.
2 Kim Beazley, ‘Des Ball: A personal recollection’, The Strategist, 27 October 2016.
3 Kim Beazley and Gareth Evans, memorial service for Des Ball, 22 November 2016.
4 Desmond Ball, A Base for Debate, Allen & Unwin, 1987, pp. 147–8.
5 See Chapter 21 in this book.
6 Richard Tanter, ‘The “joint facilities” revisited: Desmond Ball, democratic debate on security, and the human interest’, NAPSNet Special Report, 11 December 2012.
7 Arthur Tange, Defence Policy-Making, ANU Press, 2008, p. 70.
8 Andrew Clark, NT, 17 November 1975.
9 Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Threats to Australia’s Security, p. 18.
10 Kim Beazley, ‘Thinking security: Influencing national strategy from the Academy—an Australian experience’, Coral Bell Lecture, Lowy Institute for International Policy, March 2008, footnote 14.
11 Ball, p. xii.
12 Testimony of Professor Desmond Ball to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, Pine Gap, Hansard, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, August 1999.
13 Duncan Campbell, ‘Somebody’s listening’, New Statesman, 12 August 1988. See also Nicky Hager, Secret Power, Craig Potton Publishing, 1996, and European Parliament, Report of the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System, 2001.
14 Testimony of Professor Desmond Ball to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, op. cit.
15 Peter Cronau, ‘The Base: Pine Gap’s role in US war fighting’, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ryan Gallagher, ‘Inside Menwith Hill, the NSA’s British base at the heart of US targeted killing’, The Intercept, 6 September 2016.
20 Ibid.
21 Richard Tanter, Desmond Ball and Bill Robinson, ‘The militarisation of Pine Gap: Organisations and personnel’, Nautilus Institute, 14 August 2015.
22 Desmond Ball, Bill Robinson and Richard Tanter, ‘The antennas of Pine Gap’, NAPSNet Special Report, 21 February 2016. This report says Pine Gap’s conventional ground stations for intercepting communication satellites began operating in 1999. They are part of a global network of collection stations, including NSA stations at Misawa in Japan, Menwith Hill and Bude (in Cornwall) in the UK, Cyprus, Oman, Ontario, Geraldton in WA, Shoal Bay in the NT, and Waihopai in New Zealand.
23 Kim Beazley, Lockheed Martin Vernon Parker Oration, Canberra, 22 June 2016.
Chapter 23: The difficult birth and early years of a treaty
1 Graeme Dobell, ‘The Downer legacy: The US alliance’, The Interpreter, 30 January 2009.
2 John Edwards, John Curtin’s War, Vol. 2, Viking, 2018, p. 75.
3 Quoted
by Lachlan Strahan, Australia’s China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 147.
4 Roger Holdich, Vivianne Johnson and Pamela Andre (eds), The ANZUS Treaty 1951, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2001, p. 1.
5 Ibid., p. xviii.
6 Ibid., p. 56.
7 Dobell, op. cit.
8 Holdich et al., p. 64.
9 Ibid., p. 68.
10 ‘60 per cent say Japan’s pacifist constitution should stay unchanged: Poll’, South China Morning Post, 22 July 2015.
11 David Horner, ‘Shedden, Sir Frederick Geoffrey (1893–1971)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, MUP, 2002.
12 Arthur Tange, Defence Policy-Making, ANU Press, 2008, pp. 3, 7–8.
13 Brian Toohey, ‘The Menzies man who exasperated Washington’, NT, 6 April 1980.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Garry Woodard, ‘Should Australia do more on the South China Sea?’, Australian Institute of International Affairs panel discussion, 10 March 2016.
Chapter 24: Foreign bases and foreign political interference
1 Visit of Australian Prime Minister Menzies, Washington, 17–20 June 1962, Position Paper, drafted by Mr Ingraham.
2 ‘US National Security Study Memorandum 127’, 27 May 1971, Box 183, NSC Institutional Files.
3 Luncheon conversation with Marshall Green, Washington, DC, 12 January 1981.
4 Desmond Ball, A Suitable Piece of Real Estate, Hale & Iremonger, 1980, p. 99.
5 Ibid.
6 Brendan Nicholson, ‘Revealed: Secrets of the spies in our skies’, The Age, 10 September 2005.
7 Brian Toohey, ‘Menzies and the US envoy’s sweetheart deal’, NT, 4 May 1980.
8 Extract from JIC (AUST) report (61) 50, September 1961, quoted in an official report on ‘US projects: Chemical warfare testing in Australia’ referred to Chapters 7 and 8 in this book. The NAA was unable to locate a copy of the JIC report despite a diligent search.
9 Brian Toohey, ‘CIA funded covert action against Australian critics of Vietnam war’, NT, 28 June 1980.
10 Ibid.
11 Brian Toohey, ‘How the US backed Billy McMahon’, NT, 26 October 1980.
12 Ibid.
Chapter 25: Enduring faith in a guarantee that doesn’t exist
1 J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster (eds), Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1968–1975, self-published, 1980, p. 20.
2 Brian Toohey, ‘The Menzies man who exasperated Washington’, NT, 6 April 1980.
3 Ibid.
4 Brian Toohey and William Pinwill, Oyster, William Heinemann Australia, 1989, p. 72.
5 Fletcher Prouty in the 1983 film Allies, transcript pp. 9–11.
6 R.G. Casey, Diaries, 15 March 1958, NLA MS 6150.
7 Ibid., 3 September 1957.
8 Quoted in Gregory Pemberton, All the Way: Australia’s Road to Vietnam, Allen & Unwin, 1987, p. 78.
9 Toohey and Pinwill, p. 94.
10 James Curran, ‘A brutal lesson in politics from John F. Kennedy’, The Australian, 22 November 2013.
11 Ibid.
12 Walsh and Munster, p. 20.
13 Quoted later in SMH, 2 April 1965.
14 Curran, op. cit.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Graeme Dobell, ‘The Downer legacy: The US alliance’, The Interpreter, 30 January 2009.
Chapter 26: How New Zealand has survived without ANZUS
1 Nicky Hager, Secret Power, Craig Potton Publishing, 1996, p. 24.
2 A.F. Catalinac, ‘Why New Zealand took itself out of ANZUS’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 6(3), 2010, p. 317.
3 Ibid., p. 318.
4 Hager, p. 24.
5 Ibid., p. 23.
6 Ryan Gallagher and Nicky Hager, ‘Documents shine light on NZ’s shadowy New Zealand surveillance base’, The Intercept, 8 March 2015.
7 Ryan Gallagher and Nicky Hager, ‘NSA and NZ SIGINT agency spying on the communications of Chinese diplomats’, New Zealand Herald, 19 April 2015.
8 Ryan Gallagher and Nicky Hager, ‘Snowden revelations: NZ’s spy reach stretches across globe’, New Zealand Herald, 11 March 2015.
9 Geoff Kitney and Wendy Bacon, ‘Rainbow Warrior: French spies on Norfolk Island’, NT, 11 October 1985.
10 Mark Keenan and Colin Richardson, ‘Differences of perspective’, Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies, Australian Defence College, March 2011.
Chapter 27: The lonely death of a good policy
1 Minister for Defence, Australia’s National Security: A Defence Update 2007, released 5 July 2007.
2 ‘Downer denies Taiwan blunder’, AAP, 20 August 2004.
3 Philip Dorling and Richard Baker, ‘Missile defence language aimed to deceive Labor Left’, SMH, 9 December 2010.
4 Michael Danby, ‘Defence blunder sends wrong signal’, The Australian, 16 June 2014.
5 See Chapter 35 in this book.
6 See Chapter 6 in this book.
7 Garry Woodard, ‘What we now know about going to war in Iraq’, APSNet Special Report, 22 November 2007, p. 56.
8 Ibid. Woodard quotes parliamentary research scholar June Verrier as quoting Hudson.
9 Ibid., p. 13.
Chapter 28: What to do about a bellicose ally
1 Morton Abramowitz, ‘How American exceptionalism dooms US foreign policy’, National Interest, 22 October 2012.
2 Congressional Research Service, ‘Instances of use of United States Armed Forces abroad, 1798–2016’, 7 October 2016.
3 Scott Shane, ‘Russia isn’t the only one meddling in elections. We do it too’, NYT, 17 February 2018.
4 Nuland’s reply to a question from Senator Jeanne Shaheen during the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Hearing: Russian Violations of Borders, Treaties, and Human Rights, 6 July 2016.
5 Address by Nuland to the ‘Ukraine in Washington’ conference, US-Ukraine Foundation, 13 December 2013.
6 Jonathan Marcus, ‘Ukraine crisis: Transcript of leaked Nuland–Pyatt call’, BBC News, 7 February 2014.
7 Barbara Kingsolver’s novel The Poisonwood Bible (Harper, 1998) gives a harrowing account of the consequences for Congolese who were outside the power structure.
8 Stephen Weissman, ‘The CIA, the murder of Lumumba, and the rise of Mobutu’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2014, pp. 14–24.
9 ‘Timeline of US covert actions’, VOA News, 30 March 2011. Although government-owned, the VOA often provides independent analysis.
10 Charles F. Andrain, Political Power and Economic Inequality, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 88.
11 Walter Laqueur et al., ‘Coups d’état, lessons of the past, prospects for the future and a guide for action’, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1 January 1984, p. 18.
12 Abramowitz, op. cit.
13 Ibid.
14 Richard Tanter, ‘Tightly bound: The US and Australia’s alliance-dependent militarisation’, Asia-Pacific Journal, 1 June 2018.
15 Garry Woodard, ‘What we now know about going to war in Iraq’, APSNet Special Report, 22 November 2007, p 13.
16 This figure is based on the program costs for the Reaper announced by Defence Minister Christopher Pyne at a press conference in Adelaide on 16 November 2018.
17 Lockheed Martin Vernon Parker Oration, Naval Institute of Australia, Canberra, 22 June 2016.
18 Ibid.
19 ‘GDP Forecasts to 2030’, Figure 4.2, Foreign Policy White Paper, November 2017. The figures are in terms of purchasing-power parity.
20 ‘The Long View: How will the global economic order change by 2050?’, PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers), 2017.
21 Malcolm Fraser with Cain Roberts, Dangerous Allies, MUP, p. 283.
22 William Pritchett, ‘The US and us’, Pacific Security Research Institute, 1992, p. 26.
23 Geoff Barker, ‘Has ANZUS
passed its use-by date?’, Inside Story, 13 June 2011.
24 For more analysis and detail, see Clinton Fernandes, What Uncle Sam Wants: US foreign policy objectives in Australia and beyond, Palgrave Pivot, 2019 and Bob Carr, Diary of the Foreign Minister, NewSouth, 2014.
Chapter 29: The irrational US hatred of Whitlam
1 James Curran, Unholy Fury, MUP, 2015, p. 204.
2 Unless otherwise noted, the information and analysis in this chapter rely on my work as a journalist in Canberra after I resigned as a staff member for Whitlam’s deputy, Lance Barnard, soon after the election. Back then I was more critical of Whitlam than I am now.
3 Curran, 157.
4 Ibid., p. 164.
5 Transcript of Reel 4 of the 1983 documentary Allies, p. 33.
6 The Eye, July 1987, p. 14.
7 J.R. Walsh and G.J. Munster (eds), Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy, 1968–1975, self-published, 1980, p. 228.
8 Ibid., pp. 229, 230.
9 John Blaxland, The Protest Years, Allen & Unwin, 2015, pp. 343–4.
10 Curran, p. 204.
11 Luncheon conversation in Washington, DC, 2 January 1981.
12 Extracts from the official record of the Schlesinger–Barnard talks in Washington, DC, 10 January 1974, pp. 12, 13.
13 Ibid., p. 13.
14 Curran, p. 256.
15 Ibid., pp. 304–5.
16 Walsh and Munster, p. 220.
17 The NT used leaked top-secret US intelligence reports in 1982 to give a two-part account on 30 May and 6 June of what happened in East Timor.
18 Curran, p. 31.
19 Brian Toohey, ‘Marshall Green: A pro in the Canberra embassy’, NT, 21 March 1982.
20 Brian Toohey and Clem Lloyd, ‘The Loans Affair tapes’, NT, 14 November 1982 and ‘The Loans Affair’, NT, 21 November 1982.
21 Brian Toohey, ‘Khemlani squeals on Mafia mates’, NT, 6 August 1982.
Chapter 30: Punishing an innocent ally
