9 Timothy W Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912 (Leiden; E J Brill) p. 121.
10 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. pp. 416-7. Sergio Romano, Giuseppe Volpi: Industrie e finanzafra Giolitti e Mussolini (Milan: Bompiani, 1979).
11 Timothy W Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912 (Leiden; E J Brill) p. 121.
12 Commodore W H Beehler, The History of the Italian-Turkish War (Annapolis, MD; United States Naval Institute, 1913) p. 56.
13 The Times, 26 February 1912.
14 26 February 1912. The New York Times.
15 Howard Bliss, ‘Report Sent to the Board of Trustees, New York, 27 February 1912’ in Main Gate, American University of Beirut Quarterly Magazine, Fall 2006 Vol. V, No. 1.
16 Sergio Romano, La quarta sponda: la guerra di Libia, 1911-1912 (Milano; Bompiani, 1977) p. 208.
17 Report in The Times, 26 February 1912.
18 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 393-4.
19 ‘Beirut Affair’ in the Evening Post, 27 February 1912.
20 Report in The Times, 26 February 1912.
21 Sergio Romano, La quarta sponda: la guerra di Libia, 1911-1912 (Milano; Bompiani, 1977) p. 208.
22 Various news agency reports, 24 and 27 February 1912.
23 Circular telegram from Foreign Office to British Ambassadors to France, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia. 28 February 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 368.
24 Buchanan to Grey. 5 March 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 373.
25 James Brown Scott (Ed.), Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War, Part I (New York; Oxford University Press, 1916) p. 342.
26 Alfred Franzis Pribram (Ed.), The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary 1879-1914 (Cambridge; Harvard University Press, 1920) Vol. I. p. 225.
27 Alfred Franzis Pribram (Ed.), The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary 1879-1914 (Cambridge; Harvard University Press, 1920) Vol. I. p. 243.
28 Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II Volume II: Emperor and exile, 1900-1941 (Chapel Hill, NC; University of North Carolina Press, 1996) p. 15. Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II Volume II: Emperor and exile, 1900-1941 (Chapel Hill, NC; University of North Carolina Press, 1996) p. 15. Isabel V Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888-1918 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2004) p. 34.
29 Luigi Albertini, Le origini della guerra del 1914: Vol. I, Le relazioni europee dal Congresso di Berlino all’attentato di Sarajevo (Milano; Bocca, 1941) pp. 358-9.
30 James Brown Scott (Ed.), Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War, Part I (New York; Oxford University Press, 1916) p. 342-3.
31 James Brown Scott (Ed.), Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War, Part I (New York; Oxford University Press, 1916) p. 344.
32 J K L Fitzwilliams, ‘The Coast Defenses of Turkey’ in the Journal of the United States ArtilleryVol. 43 No. 1 January-February 1915.
33 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 399.
34 Luigi Albertini, Le origini della guerra del 1914: Vol. I, Le relazioni europee dal Congresso di Berlino all’attentato di Sarajevo (Milano; Bocca, 1941) pp. 359-60.
35 Grey to Rodd. 19 April, and Grey to Lowther, 20 April 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) pp. 387-8.
36 Grey to Rodd. 22 April 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 388. Viscount Morley, reply to the Marquess of Lansdowne. House of Lords Debates, 22 April 1912, Volume 11, Columns 797-8.
37 Bilâl N im ir (Ed.), Ege Sorunu: Belgeler Cilt-1 1912-1913 (Ankara : Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1976) p. 75.
38 Berchtold to von Merey (Rome) and Szogyeny (Berlin). 24 July 1914. Austrian Red Book: Official Files Pertaining to Pre-War History, Part I, 28 June to 23 July 1914 (London; George Allen & Unwin, 1920) p. 110.
39 Grey to Lowther. 30 April 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 390.
40 Grey to Rodd. 30 April 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 390.
41 Rodd to Grey. 1 May 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 391.
42 Buchanan to Nicolson (Private Letter). 2 May 1912. G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Volume IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) p. 394.
43 C J Lowe, ‘Grey and the Tripoli War, 1911-1912’ in F H Hinsley (Ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1977)
44 Minutes of meeting of 9 November 1911. Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, L8, R1.
45 Spingardi to Pollio. Letter dated 12 January 1912. Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, L8, R2.
46 Giovanno Giolitti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 403.
47 Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions: German Policies from 1911 to 1914 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975) p. 145.
48 M G Pasqualini, L’esercito italiano nel Dodecaneso 1912-1943, speranze e realtà, i documenti dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito (Roma; Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 2006) pp. 18-34.
49 Giovanno Giolitti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 402.
50 Ernest N Bennett, With the Turks in Tripoli: Being Some Experiences in the Turco-Italian War of 1911 (London; Methuen, 1912) p. 294.
51 W H Beehler, The History of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912 (Annapolis, MD; William H Beehler, 1913) p. 53.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1 Rear-Admiral ECT Troubridge, Memorandum of 29 June 1912: ‘Italian occupation of Aegean Islands and its effect on naval policy’
2 Giuseppe Bevione, ‘La meravigliosa avventura nei Dardanelli narrate do Guiseppe Bevione’ in La Stampa, 25 luglio 1912.
3 Mariano Gabriele, La marina nella guerra italo-turca: il potere marittimo strumento militare e politico (1911-1912) (Roma; Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1998) p. 164. M G Pasqualini, L’esercito italiano nel Dodecaneso 1912-1943, speranze e realtà, i documenti dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito (Roma; Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 2006) p. 39.
4 Memoria sulla costituzione del Distaccamento di Bomba, in Direttive per l’occupazione dell’ isola di Rodi, 22 aprile 1912, L8 R 180.
5 Direttive per l’occupazione dell’ isola di Rodi, 22 aprile 1912. Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, L8 R61.
6 Count Berchtold to Kajetan von Merey. (Telegram) Vienna, 23 May 1912. James Brown Scott (Ed.), Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War, Part I (New York; Oxford University Press, 1916) p. 345.
7 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Ol
indo Malagodi [Memories of My Life, with a study by Olindo Malagodi] (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 403.
8 Ladislaus Count von Szögyény-Marich, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Berlin, to Count Berchtold. (Telegram.) Berlin, May 21, 1912. James Brown Scott (Ed.), Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War, Part I (New York; Oxford University Press, 1916) p. 344.
9 Rear-Admiral ECT Troubridge, Memorandum of 29 June 1912: ‘Italian occupation of Aegean Islands and its effect on naval policy’ in G P Gooch and H W V Temperley (Eds.), British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Vol. IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933) no. 430, pp. 413–15.
10 C J Lowe, ‘Grey and the Tripoli War, 1911-1912’ in F H Hinsley (Ed.), British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 322.
11 Randolph S Churchill, Winston S Churchill, Companion Volume II, Part 3 1911-1914 (London; Heinemann, 1969) p. 1565.
12 Joseph S Roucek, ‘The Legal Aspects of Sovereignty over the Dodecanese’ in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct., 1944) p. 701.
13 HC Deb 12 August 1913 vol 56 cc2281-352.
14 Jeanne Z Stephanopoli, Les Iles de l’Egee Leurs Privileges (avec documents et notes statistiques) (Atene; Apostolopoulos, 1912) p. 147.
15 Dr Skevos Zervos, The Dodecanese: The History of the Dodecanese through the Ages - Its Services to Mankind and its Rights (No Place; No Publisher, 1918-19) p. 65.
16 Quoted in Renzo Sertoli Salis, Le isole italiane dell’Egeo dall’occupazione alla sovranità (Roma; Vittoriano, 1939) p. 19.
17 Quoted in Renzo Sertoli Salis, Le isole italiane dell’Egeo dall’occupazione alla sovranità (Roma; Vittoriano, 1939) p. 20.
18 Dr Skevos Zervos, Le Dodécanèse: l’histoire du Dodécanèse à travers les siècles - les services qu’il a rendus à l’humanité ses droits (London; no publisher, no date -probably 1920) p. 71.
19 Joseph S Roucek, ‘The Legal Aspects of Sovereignty over the Dodecanese’ in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct., 1944) p. 701. Dr Skevos Zervos, Le Dodécanèse: l’histoire du Dodécanèse à travers les siècles - les services qu’il a rendus à l’humanité ses droits (London; no publisher, no date-probably 1920) pp. 72-3.
20 L Divanis, F Constantopoulou et al, The Dodecanese: The long road to union with Greece. Diplomatic Documents from the Historical Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Athens; Kastaniotis, 1997) p. 17. William Miller, The Ottoman Empire 1801-1913 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1913) p. 497.
21 M G Pasqualini, L’esercito italiano nel Dodecaneso 1912-1943, speranze e realtà, i documenti dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito (Roma; Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 2006) p. 72. For a Greek perspective see: Αυτώνη Σεβ. Μαίλλη, ‘Η κατάληψη της Ρόδου: Χρονικό της ιολεμικής εειχείρησης του ιταλικών στρατιωτικών δυνάμεων’ in ΕΕτα Ημερεσ, Κυριακη 30 Νοεμβριου 1997. p. 4.
22 R J B Bosworth, ‘Italy and the End of the Ottoman Empire’ in M Kent (Ed.) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (London: Allen and Unwin 1984) p. 64. Cesare Cesari, Colonie e possedimenti coloniali. Cenni storici e geografici. Con 15 tavole ed una breve appendice riassuntiva delle varie questioni d’Oriente (Roma; Libreria di Scienze e Lettere, 1926) . p. 161.
23 Albert Legrand to Justin de Selves, 20 November 1911. Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre de 1914, Documents diplomatiques francais 1871-1914. 3. serie (1911-1914) tome 1 (Paris; Imprimerie nationale, 1929) p. 161.
24 Timothy W Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912 (Leiden; E J Brill) p. 114.
25 Generale Alberto Pollio, promemoria sulla nostra situazione politico-militare trasmesso a Paolo Spingardi il 30 giugno 1912, in Carte Giolitti, Sottofasc c/5, Archivio Centrale dello Stato.
26 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi [Memories of My Life, with a study by Olindo Malagodi] (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 471.
27 Camillo Manfroni (Ed.), Guerra italo- turca (1911-1912): Cronistoria delle operazioni navali, Vol. II: Dal decreto di sovranità su la Libia alla conclusione della pace (Roma; Poligrafico, 1926) p. 171. The whole story of the attack can be found in this work on pp. 168-179, and unless otherwise stated it is the source of this section. Millo’s report can be found in the Archivo Storico Stato Maggiore Esercito, 223, Forzamento dei Dardanelli - Telegrammi del Comandante Millo e dell’Ammiraglio Viale (19-20 luglio 1912).
28 Report from Naval Attaché Rome, to Sir Rennell Rodd. 23 July 1912. UK National Archives. PRO ADM 116/1154.
29 Alfredo Frassati, ‘Cinque torpediniere italiene s’inoltrano per 20 chilometri nei Dardanelli sotto il fuoco incrociato dei forti turchi’ in La Stampa, 21 luglio 1912.
30 Giuseppe Bevione, ‘La meravigliosa avventura nei Dardanelli narrate do Guiseppe Bevione’ in La Stampa, 25 luglio 1912.
31 Giovanno Giolotti, Memorie della mia vita, con uno studio di Olindo Malagodi [Memories of My Life, with a study by Olindo Malagodi] (Milano; Fratelli Treves, 1922) Volume II. p. 406.
32 Marling to Grey. No. 624. 23 July 1912, UK National Archives. PRO ADM 116/1154.
33 Mariano Gabriele, La marina nella guerra italo-turca: il potere marittimo strumento militare e politico (1911-1912) (Roma; Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1998) p. 170
34 E Ashmead-Bartlett, The Uncensored Dardanelles (London; Hutchinson, 1928) p. 177.
35 B H Liddell Hart, The Defence of Britain (London; Faber and Faber, 1939) p. 130.
36 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication 3-02; Amphibious Operations. 10 August 2009. Available at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_02.pdf
37 Enver Pasa, Um Tripolis (Munchen, Hugo Bruckmann, 1918) p. 48.
38 Rear-Admiral William Henry Smyth, The Mediterranean: A Memoir Physical, Historical, and Nautical (London; John Parker, 1854) p. 87.
39 Enver Pasa, Um Tripolis (Munchen, Hugo Bruckmann, 1918) pp. 48-9.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1 ‘La Misura,’ an article in Rome’s La Tribuna. Quoted in Carl Ludwig Siemering, ‘Artikel Rundschau’ in Alfred M Fried (Ed.), Die Friedens-Warte: Zeitschrift für zwischenstaatliche Organisation (Berlin; 1912) p. 360.
2 J C Hobhouse, A Journey through Albania and Other Provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia to Constantinople during the Years 1809 and 1810, Volume I (London; James Cawthorn, 1813) Letter XIV pp. 159-60.
3 Jovan M Jovanovi, Borba za narodno ujedinjenje 1903–1908 (Belgrade; Geca Kon, 1938) pp. 81–4.
4 For the text of these agreements see: ‘Diplomatist’ [Sir George Young] and Lord Courtney of Penwith (Ed.), Nationalism and War in the Near East (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1915) pp. 387-400.
5 Imre Ress, ‘The Value System of Serb Liberalism’ in Iván Zoltán Dénes (Ed.), Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires (Budapest; Central European University Press, 2006) p. 354
6 Murat Ocak, Hasan Celâl Güzel, Cem O uz, Osman Karatay (Eds.), The Turks, 6 Volumes, Volume 4, Ottomans (Ankara; Yeni Tu rkiye, 2002).
7 Antonino di San Giuliano, Lettere sull’Albania: pubblicate nel Giornale d’Italia (Roma; Giornale d’Italia, 1903).
8 ‘Diplomatist’ [Sir George Young] and Lord Courtney of Penwith (Ed.), Nationalism and War in the Near East (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1915) p. 160
9 Timothy W Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912 (Leiden; E J Brill, 1990) p. 234.
10 Other than those already mentioned, George Gooch and Harold Temperley, the editors of British Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, placed their treatment of the Italo-Ottoman War firmly within the context of, and as a prelude to, the Balkan Wars. See: Gooch, G P and Temperley, H W V (Eds.). B
ritish Documents on the Origins of the War: 1898-1914, Vol. IX, The Balkan Wars, Part I, The Prelude: The Tripoli War (London; HMSO, 1933).
11 Sir James Rennell Rodd, Social and Diplomatic Memories, Third Series [Volume 3] 1902-1919 (London; Edward Arnold, 1925) p. 160.
12 Quoted by W T Stead, in an untitled posthumously published piece dated 1 April 1912 in The Review of Reviews for June 1912.
13 [Ministry of Foreign Affairs], The Bulgarian Question and the Balkan States (Sofia; State printing Press, 1919) p. 22.
14 Celal Bayar, Ben de Yazdım: Milli Mücadeleye gidi, Vol III (stanbul: Sabah Kitapları, 1997) p. 814.
15 Re at Halli, Balkan Harbi (1912-1913): I.Cilt [Volume I], Harbin Sebepleri, Askeri Hazirliklar ve Osmanli Devletinin Harbe Girii (Ankara; Genelkurmay, 1970) p. 119.
16 Report by H Conyers Surtees, military attaché, Constantinople. 20 June 1909. PRO/FO 195/2323.
17 Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, With the Turks in Thrace (New York; George H Doran, 1913) p. 55.
18 Brigadier Henry Wilson, War Staff Memorandum on Coercive Action against Turkey, 24 April 1911. UK NA WO 106/43.
19 Re at Halli, Balkan Harbi (1912-1913): I.Cilt [Volume I], Harbin Sebepleri, Askeri Hazirliklar ve Osmanli Devletinin Harbe Giri i (Ankara; Genelkurmay, 1970) pp. 130-31.
20 Cemal Kutay, Trablus Garb’de Bir Avuç Kahraman (Istanbul; Kutay, 1978) pp. 86–111. Hamdi Ertuna, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi, Osmanlı Devri, Osmanlı-talyan Harbi (Ankara; Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1981) pp. 152-58.
21 Enver Pascha, Um Tripolis (München; Hugo Bruckmann, 1918) p. 10.
22 The main source for this section dealing with the fall of the Sait Pasa government and its replacement is Childs. Timothy W Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912 (Leiden; E J Brill, 1990) pp. 168-70.
23 Enver Pascha, Um Tripolis (München; Hugo Bruckmann, 1918) pp. 61-2.
24 List of Ottoman Ministers of War 1908-1914 in Edward J Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans 1912-1913 (Westport, CT; Greenwood, 2003) p. 22.
25 Paolo Maltese, La terra promessa: La guerra italo-turca e la conquista della Libia 1911-12 (Milano; Mondadori, 1976) pp. 297-8.
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