The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

17. F. Hyde, Cunard and the North Atlantic 1840–1973: a History of Shipping and Financial Management (London, 1975), pp. 296–302.

  18. Ibid., pp. 309, 313.

  19. Howarth and Howarth, Story of P&O, pp. 160–61.

  20. B. Dickinson and A. Vladimir, $elling the Sea: an Inside Look at the Cruise Industry (2nd edn, Hoboken, 2008), pp. 21–2.

  21. M. Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (2nd edn, Princeton, 2008), pp. 29–30, 34.

  22. Ibid., pp. xi, 36–49, 53; B. Cudahy, Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World (New York, 2006), pp. 20–25.

  23. Levinson, The Box, pp. xi, 53; quotation cited by Cudahy, Box Boats, p. 35.

  24. Ibid., pp. 50–53, 57; Cudahy, Box Boats, pp. 26–32.

  25. Levinson, The Box, p. xiii.

  26. Ibid., pp. 55–7; Cudahy, Box Boats, pp. 35–6, 40–41.

  27. Levinson, The Box, pp. 58, 101–26.

  28. Cudahy, Box Boats, pp. 69, 75, 84–9 (the observant will note that the ship loaded whisky, not whiskey as Cudahy opines), 100–106.

  29. Levinson, The Box, pp. 171–88, 196, 201, 204–5; Cudahy, Box Boats, pp. 106–8, 153.

  Conclusion

  1. A. Antonello, ‘The Southern Ocean’, in D. Armitage, A. Bashford and S. Sivasundaram, eds., Oceanic Histories (Cambridge, 2018), pp. 301–8.

  Index

  The page references in this index correspond to the print edition from which this ebook was created, and clicking on them will take you to the the location in the ebook where the equivalent print page would begin. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

  Entries starting with the Old Norse letter thorn (Þ) are filed after Z.

  Aaron 80

  Abacan 226

  abalone 196, 232

  Abbas, Shah of Iran 705, 706

  Abbasids 164, 170, 173, 364, 366

  ‘Abdu’l-‘aziz, Sa‘id 291–2

  Aborigines 8–9, 10

  and first Dutchmen in Australia 736, 737, 741

  Tasmanian 742

  voting rights in Australian states 733

  Yolŋu 10

  Abu Dhabi 62

  Abu Mufarrij 176, 177, 178, 179

  Abu Zayd Hassan of Siraf 156, 172

  abzu 56, 66

  Acapulco 616, 619, 621, 623, 624, 630, 631, 642, 648, 701, 706

  Aceh, Sumatra 689

  Achilles, SS 865, 866

  Achnacreebeag 308

  Adam of Bremen 367, 393

  Adams, William (Miura Anjin) 631, 632, 691–2

  Aden xviii, 51, 105–6, 180–82, 185, 187, 265, 266, 267, 598, 600–601, 604, 605

  Admiralty Islands 10

  Adulis 104, 115, 123

  adzes 15

  Aegean 83, 85

  naval warfare 595

  Syros island 873

  Afghanistan 54, 57, 59, 202

  lapis lazuli 62

  Afonso de Lorosa, Pedro 576–7

  Afonso V of Portugal 504, 505, 506, 507

  Afriat, Aaron 839

  Africa 500–503

  boats 502

  and China 265–7

  coastal exploration by Vivaldi brothers 471

  and copper 503

  east xx, 61, 62, 90, 104, 109, 122, 123, 162, 182, 254, 540, 545–6 see also Eritrea; Ethiopia/Ethiopians; Madagascar; Mauritius; Mozambique; Somalia; Austronesians on coast of 132; Axum see Axum; coast 47, 61, 132; and East Indies 548–9; and Madagascar 759; and the Portuguese 540, 543, 545–6, 547, 548–9; sorghum 114

  gold see gold: African

  Greek settlers 841

  Horn of 266

  Maghrib 478, 839, 885

  mulatto population 503

  and Muslims 500, 502

  Operation Torch in north Africa 890

  and the Portuguese 465, 476, 490, 501–14, 540, 543, 545–6, 547, 548–9; and the Danes 718–19; and gold 471–4, 501, 502; and slavery see slavery/slaves: and the Portuguese; and Swahili Coast 545–6

  pottery/ceramics 492

  raiders 548

  and the slave trade see slavery/slaves

  south 514, 566, 569, 578 see also Cape of Good Hope; and da Gamba 539–40

  South see South Africa

  sub-Saharan 465, 472, 501, 834, 840; gold 472, 501; slaves 471, 583–4

  trade see trade: African

  trans-Sahara caravan traffic 475, 834

  west 398, 500, 501–7, 702 see also Elmina; Ghana; Guinea; and the Danes 712, 716, 717–22; and Dominican DNA 583; Dutch in 686; Gold Coast 686, 718–19; and maize 752; Mina coast 506–8; Mogador as a gateway to 840; Portuguese trading stations 683, 753–4; and the Swedes 716–17

  Agamemnon, SS 865

  Agatharchides of Knidos 97

  Agricola 344

  agriculture/farming

  Dutch 675–6

  Hawai’ian 26–7

  Icelandic 385

  irrigation see irrigation

  Mesolithic 305

  Neolithic 307

  in Pacific islands 12

  tools 221

  agronomy, Lapita 12

  Aguado, Juan 528

  Ahab 82

  Ahaziah, son of Ahab 82

  Ahutoru, Tahitian prince 811–12, 813

  Ainus 797, 809

  aircraft 898

  anti-aircraft guns 889

  effect of safe jet traffic on passenger shipping across oceans 879–80, 898–9

  limitations as cargo vessels 901

  and Second World War 887, 888, 889, 891

  airlines 898–9

  airships 898

  Ajanta caves, India 129

  Ajax, SS 865

  Akkad 57, 62

  Akkadian 55

  Ala-uddin, sultan 689

  Alagakkonara of Ceylon 262–3

  Åland 874

  Åland Islands 366, 873–6

  Alaska 254, 255, 399, 786, 791, 795, 797, 903

  and the Russians 804, 805–6, 807–8, 809, 816, 903

  Albuquerque, Afonso de 598–9, 600–601, 602–3, 606

  Alcáçovas, Treaty of 505

  Alcatrázes 491

  alder 339

  Aleppo 598

  Aleutian Islands 786, 793, 797, 804, 805

  Alexander VI, Pope 407, 537

  Alexander the Great 46, 89, 90, 93, 282, 289

  Alexandria 93, 99, 115, 188, 265, 266, 495, 544, 567, 594, 603, 838, 872

  and Indian Ocean 96, 103, 187

  library 97

  and the spice trade 595, 600, 601, 604, 669

  steam packet between England and 848–9

  and Suez Canal 848–9, 851

  taxation by Mamluks in 595

  and Venetians 460, 601

  Alfonso V of Aragon 512

  Alfonso VIII of Castile 471

  Alfred, king of Wessex 357, 361

  Alfred Holt & Co. see Blue Funnel Line

  Algarve 467, 468, 477, 478, 485, 497–9

  Algeciras 475, 478

  Algeria 477

  Ali, Muhammad, of Egypt 848, 849

  Alkaff family 823–4

  Allure of the Seas 900

  Almeida, Francisco de 547, 568, 600, 602

  Almohad caliphs 175, 468

  almonds 114, 178, 429, 492, 839

  Almoravids 501

  aloes 153, 194

  Als island 342

  Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of 673

  Amalfi 243

  Amazons 581

  amber 337–8, 339–42, 472

  Baltic 337, 338, 441, 701

  beads 339

  Jutish 337, 339

  and North Sea 337–8, 339

  ambergris 180, 467, 766

  Amboyna island 615, 689–90, 714

  massacre 690

  Ambrose, Christopher 455

  American Revolution 721–2

  and Boston Tea Party 784

  Americas see Central America; North America; South America; Un
ited States of America

  Ammianus Marcellinus 347

  Amoy 826

  ‘Amr ibn Kulṯum 94

  Amsterdam 643, 673, 674, 676, 677, 679, 682, 702, 780, 839

  archives 634

  Armenians 708

  immigrants 677

  Long-Distance Company 684

  New Christians of 693, 700, 708

  and New Julfans 706, 708

  Portuguese merchants in 684, 685, 705

  printing press 708

  Sephardim 701, 702, 704

  amulets 179, 398

  Amun-Ra (god) 76

  Amundsen, Roald 871

  Amur River 801, 806

  Anatolia 54

  anchorites 381, 413

  Anconi of Kilwa 547

  Ancuvannam 183

  Andalusia 467, 505, 656

  silks 623

  Andamans 43, 260–61

  Andouros 111

  Andrew of Bristol 570

  Angkor, Cambodia 50, 158, 249–50

  Angkor Wat temples 140

  Angles 344, 347, 348, 352

  Anglesey 313, 377

  under Norse rule 378

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 357–60

  Anglo-Saxons 347, 349–50, 352, 357, 363

  Anglo-Saxon England 347, 349, 355–6, 357–62

  literature 318, 348, 349–51, 366–7

  shipping 349–51

  trade 355

  and Vikings 357–62

  Ango, Jean the Elder 562

  Ango, Jean the Younger 562

  Ango family of Dieppe 562

  Angola 503, 593, 701

  Angra, Azores 488 750, 751, 752

  Annals of Ulster 372

  Annam 239, 255, 260

  Anne (cog) 460

  Annia family 116

  Annunciada 545

  Ansip, Andrus 419

  Antarctic Ocean xxii, 655

  Anthony of Padua, St 697

  anti-aircraft guns 889

  anti-Semitism 697, 700, 855, 884

  Antigua 768

  Antilles

  Greater 520 see also Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico

  Lesser 520, 767–8, 772 see also Barbados; Trinidad

  Antiochos III 94

  Antwerp 438, 441, 545, 600, 606, 643, 669–76, 701, 880

  banks 673

  Bourse 669, 672

  Charles V and the banks of 673

  and copper 672

  English decline in trade with 673

  English Merchant Adventurers in 669, 672–3

  and Hansards 673

  merchants in 672–3; from Bruges 668–9

  and the Portuguese 545, 600, 617, 668, 669, 672, 673

  printing 672

  and the rise of the Dutch 669–76

  and silver 668, 672

  and south German businessmen 672

  and the Spanish 673

  spice market 579, 600, 614, 615, 617, 668, 669–72

  and Venetians 669–70, 672

  Aotea 38

  Aotearoa see New Zealand

  apples 114

  Aqaba, Gulf of 73, 88

  Aquinas, Thomas 499, 680

  Arabia 52, 71–3, 76, 82, 85

  aridification 52

  Hadhramawt 128

  incense 94, 115

  Indian embassies to rulers of south Arabia 129

  and opium 825

  Sabaea 96

  south Arabian pottery 88, 129

  and Thaj 94

  Zheng He in 265

  Arabian Gulf see Persian/Arabian Gulf

  Arabian Nights 171

  Sinbad the Sailor 133, 156–7, 171

  Arabs

  of Arabia 52 see also Arabia; and Mouza 105

  Bosi see Bosi/Po-ššu

  of Egypt 52

  invasion of Persia 170

  and Madagascar 132

  merchants see merchants: Arab

  pan-Arabian alliance attempts 605

  pirates 130

  ships 130, 131, 545–6, 549

  in Singapore 823–4

  Six-Day War (1967) 896

  and Śri Vijaya (Zabaj) 155–8

  and Thaj 94

  Aragon 468

  and Algeria 477

  Aran Islands 382

  Arawaks 520, 521 see also Taíno Indians

  Archangel 677–8, 706

  Arctic 655–60

  ice 339, 655, 657, 660, 661, 664

  Arctic Ocean xxii, 655–67, 801

  and the Danes 666–7

  and the Dutch 660–61

  and the English 657–60, 662–6

  and Muscovy Company 659–60, 662

  Arellano, captain 615–16

  Arezzo 120

  Argentina 880

  Arguim 501, 502

  Argyré 134

  Arikamedu 116, 119–21

  Arison, Ted 899–900

  Aristotle 90

  Armenians 619, 705–8, 789, 823, 841, 873

  Armitage, David xx

  Armorica

  axes 320

  Veneti 330

  aromatics 47, 71, 76, 79, 93, 97, 99, 157, 239–40, 273 see also incense; perfumes

  aromatic woods 80, 233, 278, 648 see also sapanwood

  Arosca, king 559

  Arrian 90–91

  arsenic 185

  Arsinoë 88

  artichokes 170

  asbestos 139

  Ascension Island 755

  ascorbic acid 573

  Ashab Mosque 244

  Ashikaga shoguns 219, 220, 231

  Aso, Mount 196

  Aspinall, William 852

  Assyrians 55, 61, 323

  Astakapra/Hathab 129

  Astor, John Jacob 796

  astrolabes 544

  Atlantic Ocean

  Almohad–Portuguese battles in 468

  Atlantic Bronze Age 303, 314–25

  Atlantic historians/‘Atlantic history’ industry xx, 299

  Bristol sailors in 463

  businessmen funding transatlantic voyages 525–6

  and ‘Celts’ 302

  container shipping 901–5

  and the Danes 712

  Dias’s discovery of link with Indian Ocean 514, 536, 537

  ‘extensions’ see Baltic; Caribbean; North Sea

  in First World War 882

  Iron Age 325–38

  islands 481–96, 501–2, 745–58 see also specific islands by name; Macaronesian see Macaronesia

  Madagascar as link with Indian Ocean 758, 780

  and Mediterranean see Mediterranean: and Atlantic Ocean

  and Mesolithic cultures 304–7

  Muslim fleets in 465–7

  and Neolithic communities 299, 307–14

  passenger traffic across 860, 869

  Portuguese and Spanish sparring for control 526

  and ‘processual’ archaeologists 301

  promontory forts 328–9

  and Pytheas 334–8

  sea level changes 303

  and Second World War 890

  tides 306, 336

  and Tordesillas Treaty 537

  trade see trade: Atlantic

  trade networks see trading networks: Atlantic

  transatlantic air services 898–9

  transatlantic cables 864

  transatlantic trade routes 562–4, 606

  transatlantic voyages to reach the ‘Indies’ 517, 522–35, 537, 550–64, 566–8, 571–2

  and ‘the Western Seaways’ 299

  winds xv, 302, 304, 333, 389, 538, 558, 735–6, 751

  Atlas Mountains 468

  Atlasov, Vladimir 800

  Atrahasis 67

  aubergine 178

  Aubert, Jean 562

  Auðun 401–2

  Augsburg 672, 675

  Augustinians 615, 640

  Augustus Caesar 102, 106

  Aurora 839

  Australian continent 6, 727–44

  Aborigines see Aborigines

  and Ålanders 875

  on Dieppe
maps 733–4

  the Dutch and ‘New Holland’ 733, 735–43

  and the English 737

  New Guinea see New Guinea

  New South Wales 813

  Pleistocene 6–7

  and the Portuguese 733, 734, 735

  and Second World War 887

  Spanish search for southern continent 729–32

  stone fish traps 9

  Tasmania 7, 741–2, 743

  Terra Australis speculation 718

  Austrialia del Espiritú Santo 732

  Austronesian languages 3–4, 12, 16, 27, 131

  Austronesians, and Madagascar xxi

  Avalokitesvara statue 159

  Avienus 332–4

  Aviz dynasty 469, 474

  Axelson, Eric 514

  axes 7, 194, 312, 810

  Armorican 320

  Carp’s Tongue 324

  currency 320

  ‘median-winged’ 319–20

  Mycenaean copper axe 314

  palstave 319, 320

  socketed 320

  Axum 104, 111, 122, 123, 130

  coins 167

  pottery 115, 167

  Ayaz, Malik 602

  Aydhab 175–6

  Ayla (Aqaba–Eilat) 115, 167

  Ayutthaya/Ayudhya 276–9, 290, 706

  ‘Azafids 475

  Azambuja, Diogo de 508, 509

  Aznaghi 501

  Azores xxi, 471, 486–8, 593, 745, 750–52, 840

  and Atlantic/global trading networks 750–51, 752

  and the English 750–51

  and Flemings 481

  Jews 840

  and New England 750–51

  slaves 497

  wheat 752

  wine 751

  Aztecs 618, 635

  Bab al-Mandeb 180

  Strait 78, 104

  baboons 76

  Babylon 88, 91, 93

  Babylonia 47, 50, 85, 94

  Cyrus’s conquest of 85

  great flood myth 56, 67

  world map 50

  Babylonians 50, 55

  bacalao 752

  Bạch Đầng 228

  Badang (giant) 288

  Baffin Island 393, 399, 407, 663

  Baghdad 170, 172, 173, 188, 841

  Bahadur Shah of Gujarat 605

  Bahamas 527, 554

  depopulation 531, 582

  and piracy 765

  trade network 520

  Bahrain 52, 54, 65, 66, 67, 244, 598, 599

  Qala’at al-Bahrain 65–6

  Baiões 323–4

  Baitán 382

  Balboa, Juan Núñez de 565

  Balboa, Vasco Núñez de 563

  Balboa (town), Panama 858

  Baldridge, Adam 760–61

  Bali 146, 280

  Baltic 299, 303, 342, 353, 364

  amber 337, 338, 441, 701

  conquest and transformation in 13th century 420–22

  and the Danes 421, 713, 714, 715–16, 721–2

  ‘Drive to the East’ 418, 425

  and the Dutch 675, 676, 677, 685, 686

  and England 367, 452–3

  exotic goods 716

  Hansa members 433–6

  herring 430, 436, 451, 674

  and ‘Mediterranean of the North’ 415 see also Hansa, German