The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  merchants 367

  and North Sea xxii, 365, 366

  paganism 421–2

  pitch 721

  and Russia 802, 807, 809

  rye 420, 428, 439, 444, 675, 676, 682

  and silver 364

  and the Swedes 421, 422, 677

  tar 721

  trade see trade: Baltic

  Viking raids 362, 365

  Vitalienbrüder harassment 447

  ‘Wendish’ 433

  Baluchistan 91

  bamboo 12, 122

  bananas xxiii, 12, 620

  bandits 138, 175–6, 262

  Banks, Joseph 3, 743, 812

  Bantam, Java 688, 689

  Bantam island 736

  Bantus 131, 132

  Baranov, Alexander 816

  Barbados 701, 749, 761–2, 766, 767–8, 769, 772, 774

  Bridgetown see Bridgetown, Barbados

  workers on Panama Canal 859

  Barbar 66

  Barbarikon 107, 108, 124

  Barbarossa, Hayrettin 607

  Barbary Company 657

  Barbary corsairs 607, 718, 764, 782

  Barcelona 440, 455, 470, 475

  Bardi family 526, 533

  Barents Sea 658, 678

  Barentsz, Willem 660–61, 678

  barges 343–4

  Baribatani 182

  bark boats 9

  barley 58, 62, 70, 92, 381, 385, 390, 444, 562

  Barros, João de 508, 509

  Barus 160, 164

  Barygaza 103, 105, 107–8, 124, 128, 138, 185–6

  Basques 455, 459, 708

  sailors 404, 469, 477, 570

  ships 459, 470

  Basra 172, 598, 604, 606, 831

  Batavia 738–41, 743

  Batavia/Batavians 345, 690, 692, 736, 818, 823

  steamship link with Singapore 868

  Bates, Edward 861–2

  Bates, Sir Percy 886

  Bayeux Tapestry 371

  Bayonne, France 685–6, 701

  bdellium 71, 106, 107

  beans 177, 246, 492, 604, 643–4

  mung 114

  soya 648

  bears 408

  fur/skins 406, 408

  polar 391, 397, 401–2, 408, 534

  Beaujard, Philippe 132

  Beauport monks 562

  Bede 353

  Bedouins 595

  beef 112, 590, 591, 664

  beer 431, 432, 462, 664, 760, 761, 901, 902

  beetroot 431

  Behaim, Martin 572

  globe 525, 572, 655

  Beijing 254, 261, 265, 267, 636, 827

  Beirut 495, 544, 567, 594, 601, 604, 669

  Belém 480

  Belfast 869–70, 899

  Belgium

  Flanders see Flanders

  railways 880

  Belitung wreck 162–4, 165

  ben Yiju, Abraham 182, 184–6

  ben Yiju family 184

  Bencoolen, Sumatra 761, 820

  Bengal 255, 269, 562

  opium poppy fields 825

  Benin 506

  Benin City 506

  Bensaúde, Elias 840

  Bensaúde family 840

  benzoin resin 153

  Beowulf 318, 348, 350–51, 366–7

  Berardi, Giannetto 525

  Berbers 468, 472, 836

  Muslim Tuareg 500

  Sanhaja 501

  slaves 502

  Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa) 113

  Bereniké Troglodytika xviii, 52, 78, 103, 110–23, 179

  Bergen 390, 391, 403, 415, 461, 721

  Bryggen (wharves) 443, 445, 446

  and Hansards 418, 419, 443–6

  Norwegian community in 443–4

  women 446

  Bering, Vitus 802–3

  Bermuda 766

  Bertoa 560–61

  beryl 99, 118

  Beth-Horon 83

  Beukelszoon, Willem 430, 436

  Bevin, Ernest 893

  Bezborodko, Alexander Andreyevich 805

  Bia-Punt 79

  Bianco, Andrea 524

  Bibby, Geoffrey 65–6

  Bible 79–84, 761, 771

  Bickley, John 714

  Bidya 93

  Bilal 181

  Bilgames 56

  birds see also chicken; falcons; ostriches; parrots

  catching 310

  domestic 12

  Birger of Sweden 422

  Birka, Sweden 354, 355, 364, 365, 366, 367, 426

  Bismarck, Otto von 418

  Bismarck archipelago 12, 14, 15

  bitumen 54, 67, 68

  Bjarni Herjólfson 410

  Black Death 123, 403, 405, 432, 454, 473, 675

  Black Sea 346, 423, 524

  grain trade 872

  and the Greeks 872

  and Russia 802, 809

  Blue Funnel Line 866, 867, 882, 887

  and Second World War 890–91

  Blunth, Edward 559

  BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) 898–9

  and Cunard 899

  boats/ships 575, 611, 868

  at Aceh, Sumatra 689

  African 502

  Ålander 874–6

  alder 339

  American 785, 786–91, 792, 795, 817; battleships 856, 857, 859; Perry’s ‘black ships’ 846, 847; whalers 845

  Arab 130, 131, 545–6, 549

  Armada de Molucca 570–73, 574–8

  and armed convoys 888

  Armenian 706–7

  Austronesian, with outriggers 4, 16, 133

  barges 343–4

  bark 9

  Basque 459, 470

  and Bereniké 111

  Bermudian 766

  bitumen-sealed 54, 67–8

  ‘black ships’ of Macau/Great Ship of Amacon 641–2

  British: English see boats/ships: English; in First World War 882–3; in Hawai’i 815, 817; and Nootka Sound 794; and the Russians 794; and search for North-West Passage 795; steamships 826, 860–61, 864–9, 881, 882–3; in Victoria Harbour 826

  Bronze Age 319

  búzas 390–91

  of camphor wood 227–8

  canoes see canoes

  caravels 483–4, 503, 508–9, 510–11, 512, 513

  carracks see carracks

  Castilian 456

  Catalan 471

  catamarans 16, 133, 134, 742

  Chinese 137, 206, 244, 245, 247–8, 254, 255, 258–60, 268, 282, 622, 629; fireships 637; junks see junks: Chinese; Treasure Ships 254, 259, 260, 266, 267

  Chumash 28

  clinker-built 343, 349, 368–9

  coal supply ships 861, 865, 888

  Cochin 543

  cogs 354, 426, 428–9, 451, 456, 460, 484

  container ships xviii, 880, 895, 897, 901–5, 908 see also containerization

  with copper keel sheathing 815

  coracles 331

  cruising 868, 879, 899–900

  currachs 331, 382

  dhows see dhows

  diesel-engined 884, 885

  dismantled, with reuse of wood 122–3

  Dutch 675, 678, 683, 740, 748; in Baltic 675, 676, 685; early arrivals in Australian waters 736, 738–42; in Indonesia 724; merchant fleets 668, 685, 883; naval vessels 685; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685; VOC vessels 736, 738–41

  Egyptian 73–4, 96; royal fleets 77

  elephantegoi 111

  English 557, 678; Bristol ships 458–9, 463–4, 522, 532, 750; at São Miguel in 17th century 750; slave ships 762; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685

  Filipino 622, 628

  fireships 637

  in First World War 881–3

  flat-bottomed 343, 354, 800

  Flemish 456

  Florentine 456

  French 557, 860

  Frisian 354

  Funanese 142–3

  funerary barges 73–4

  galleons see galleons; Manila galleons

  galliots 641

  Genoese 454 />
  German 875, 876; in Second World War 888, 890; U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891

  gold model 331

  Gotlandish 368

  and the great flood 67

  Greco-Roman 109, 124

  Greek 109, 872–3

  Hansa 420, 428–9, 451

  Hawai’ian European-style fleet 815

  hide 67

  Hiram’s ships 73, 80–81, 85

  Hoq cave image 129

  Indonesian 134, 285

  insurance costs 685

  in Iron Age 321

  Japanese 212, 214, 216, 224, 225, 227, 629, 693; ‘barrel ships’ 652; junks 628, 637; in Second World War 888; and vermilion seals 629, 632, 652; warships 883

  Javanese 285, 548, 549, 606

  junks see junks

  kayaks 399

  knǫrrs 371, 385, 390–91

  Korean 206, 650–51

  Lapita 15–16

  ‘Lascars’ manning European ships 841

  with leg irons 554

  limewood 339

  liners 860, 869, 882, 885, 907 see also cruising and cruise lines/industry

  log-boats 321

  Macanese ‘black ships’/Great Ship of Amacon 641–2, 644, 645–6, 647

  Majorcan 454

  Malay 134, 139, 142–3

  Mamluk fleet 598

  Māori 742

  Marinid warships 478

  merchant fleets see merchant fleets/navies

  Mesopotamian rivercraft 331

  Mongol 223, 226, 227–8

  Muslim fleets 465–7

  Neolithic 321–2

  Norman 561

  North Sea 342–4; small ships used in warfare 342, 348

  Norwegian 870–71

  oak 339, 354, 369

  oil tankers 897

  Omani 68, 831–2

  Ottoman 549; Indian Ocean fleet 605

  P&O numbers during and after Second World War 896

  passenger shipping across oceans affected by safe jet traffic 879–80, 898–9

  in Persian Gulf 54, 67–8, 93

  ploia megala from Barygaza 106

  Polynesian 15–16, 19, 24, 731, 810–11

  Portuguese 468, 470, 507, 513, 514, 601, 609–10, 628; Almeida’s fleet 600, 602; avoiding customs duties 745; caravels 483–4, 508–9, 510–11, 512, 513; carracks 370, 641, 643, 646–7, 679; with da Gama 537–8, 539; and expropriated ships in expedition to Ceuta 476–8; flotilla off Bantam island 736; privately owned ships in South China Sea and Moluccas 606; ‘ship of the captain of Malacca’ captured by Lancaster 688

  and Pytheas 335

  rafts, balsa wood 29

  reed 28, 67–8

  Roman fleets 344, 346

  royal yachts 369, 816–17

  Russian 794, 802, 807–9; in Hawai’i 815; at Okhotsk 806; shitik (sewn boats) 800, 803

  sailing ships 321, 865–6; Ålander 874–6; clippers 860, 866; elephantegoi 111; windjammers 860, 875, 876

  Scandinavian 339, 342–3, 347, 357, 360–61, 365, 368–71

  in Second World War 888–91, 896

  Seleucid 93

  sewn-plank 68, 131

  shares in 428

  in Singapore 823

  six-oared 397

  skin-boats 411

  slave ships 510, 511, 560, 757–8, 762

  Solomon’s ships 73, 81, 82, 85

  Spanish: Armada defeat by English 627, 676; armed merchant fleets 704; and Drake 665; harassing Lady Washington and Columbia 793; treasure ships 665, 673, 686, 764–5, 851

  steamships xviii, 824, 841, 848–9, 860–61, 864–73; British 826, 860–61, 864–9, 881, 882–3; and Conference System 866–7, 868; and globalization 877, 878; iron/steel-clad 826, 864, 868–9, 882–3; paddle-driven 846, 867, 868, 873; screw-driven 868–9

  submarines see submarines

  Suione 342–3

  Sumerian 57

  Sutton Hoo ship 349

  Swedish 875

  Thai 278

  treasure ships see treasure ships

  uxer 474

  Venetian galleys 669–72

  Venetic 330–31

  Viking 347, 357, 360–61, 365, 368–71, 376–7, 467

  for war: American battleships 856, 857, 859; of Augustus 106; in Beowulf 351; British 361, 815, 817, 881, 882–3; canoes 21, 342; English 361; German 888, 890 see also U-boats; Japanese 883; Marinid 478; in North Sea 342, 348; Omani 831; Ottoman galleys 549; Portuguese 601; Russian 794; Viking 369, 376

  whalers 459, 845

  wooden-shelled, covered in hide 321, 331

  wrecked see shipwrecks

  Bobadilla, Francisco de 529

  Boccaccio, Giovanni 472, 473

  Boeing aircraft 898–9

  ‘Bog People’ 339

  boilers, copper 721

  Bolton, William 749–50

  Bombay (Mumbai) xxix, 604

  Muslims 789

  Boothby, Richard 759

  Bordeaux 458–9

  Bordelais 458

  Borneo 142, 160, 238

  Bornholm 339, 342

  Borobodur 133, 164, 280

  Bosau, Helmold von 424

  Boscà, Joan 506

  Bosi/Po-ššu 147, 161–2, 170

  Boston, England 447, 450, 452

  Boston, Massachusetts 780, 785, 792, 904

  Boston Tea Party 784

  bottle gourds 29

  Bougainville, Louis de 811–12

  Bounty 31

  Boxer, Charles 606

  bracelets 540, 754

  brass 503, 505, 507

  gold 509

  silver 548

  Brahmins 140, 144

  and Faxien 145–6

  and Kathāsaritsāgara 143

  Brandenburg

  Denmark and Brandenburg–Prussia 713, 715–16

  and Guinea 716

  brandy 803

  brass 104, 506, 511, 754, 778

  bracelets 503, 505, 507

  Brattahlíð, Greenland 397, 400

  Braudel, Fernand xx

  Brava 266

  Brazil xxiii, 553

  and Cape Verde 752

  and the Dutch 686, 705, 748, 772

  and the French 557–60, 561

  and Hamburg 880

  and Portugal 541, 542, 560–61, 584, 704; and the Dutch 705; Portuguese discovery 517; and Portuguese merchants avoiding customs duties 745; trade 560–61, 748

  slave trade/economy 490, 553, 560, 748

  sugar 745, 748, 753

  trade see trade: Brazilian

  Tupí Indians 553, 560, 561

  Tupinambá Indians 519

  and the Verrazanos 563–4

  brazilwood 560, 561, 676

  bread 50, 400, 620, 648

  cassava 582, 585

  fish meal 92

  sago 576

  breadfruit 12

  Bremen 426, 433, 445, 449, 676

  cog 428–9

  Bremerhaven, German Maritime Museum 428

  Brendan, St 381–2, 383

  Brian Boru 379–80

  bribery 155, 181, 214, 362, 507, 623, 638, 751, 855

  gold bribes 207, 782–3

  silver bribes 782–3

  Bridgetown, Barbados 768, 769

  museum 900

  Bristol 453, 457–64, 524, 774, 875, 885, 887

  air raids 891

  merchants 534, 657

  ships 458–9, 463–4, 522, 532, 750

  Britain see also England/English; Scotland; Wales

  Admiralty 866, 888, 889

  and Ålanders 875

  and American Revolution 721–2

  BEF, Second World War 889

  Board of Trade 850–51

  Bronze Age 316, 320, 322

  and China: Canton trade 709, 814, 825; First Opium War 826, 827; and Hong Kong 639, 826–8, 893; Second Opium War 827; steamship operations 866–7; Treaty of Nanking 826, 827; and the Treaty Ports 827–8

  Christianization 347, 349

  circular villages 321

  and Cyprus 851

 
Diodoros the Sicilian on the early Britons 336

  and the Dutch 820–21, 822 see also England/English: and the Dutch; and Second World War 888

  and the Falklands 795

  and First World War 881–3

  and France see France: and Britain/England

  and Germany see Germany: and Britain

  and Gothenburg (Little London) 723

  grain imports 881

  and Hawai’i 816

  and Hong Kong 639, 826–8, 893

  and India see India: and the British/English

  Iron Age 328

  Jacobites 723

  and Java 820

  labour relations 896, 897

  and Macau 806

  Malay Straits Settlements 822

  and Malta 849, 851

  Mediterranean power and influence 851

  and Melaka 818

  merchant fleets/Merchant Navy 871, 873, 883, 889

  Merchant Shipping Act 861–2

  and Morocco 657, 838–9, 840

  naval tradition/power 418, 826, 881 see also Royal Navy

  Neolithic 309, 313

  and Nicaragua 851

  and Nootka Sound 794

  North-West Passage prize offer 813

  and Norway 871, 888

  and Oman 831; Moresby Treaty 832, 833

  and the Pacific islands 810–11, 812–13

  and Panama Canal 851

  and Penang 820, 821, 868

  and the Portuguese 841 see also England/English: and Portugal

  and raiders 346–7

  Roman Britannia 344, 345, 346–7, 348, 355–6

  Royal Air Force 889

  Royal Navy see Royal Navy

  and rubber 892

  seamen’s strikes 896, 897

  and Second World War 887–91

  shipbuilding 869, 896

  and Singapore see Singapore: and Britain/England

  and slavery 347, 829, 831, 832, 841

  and Spain see Spain/Spaniards: and Britain/England

  and Suez Canal 848–9, 850–51, 896

  and sugar trade see sugar: and Britain/England

  and the Swedes 725

  and tea 724, 725, 726

  tilting land 304

  trade see trade: British

  and the USA see United States of America: and Britain

  and Vancouver Island 791

  Britannic, RMS 870

  British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (Cunard) 860–61, 868–9, 882, 884–5 see also Cunard

  British Expeditionary Force 889

  British India Steam Navigation Company 868

  British Institute of Persian Studies 172

  British Museum 50, 55, 174, 812

  British Overseas Airways Corporation see BOAC

  Brittany 301, 302

  Bronze Age 316, 319, 320

  Celtic language 330

  and Cornwall 328

  fishermen 562

  and Germanic raiders 345, 346

  Iron Age 326, 328

  Mesolithic 306

  Neolithic 308–10, 312, 313

  promontory forts 328

  Brock’s 889

  Broighter, County Derry 331

  bronze 58, 97, 108, 160, 164–5, 185

  in Atlantic lands 316