The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  in Bronze Age 314, 317, 319–20

  Buddhist staffs 164

  Chinese bronzes 141

  figurines 58, 326, 332

  ingots 320

  payment in amber for bronze goods 338

  weapons 316, 317, 319–20

  brooches 326, 353

  Brookes, John 737

  Brouwer, Hendrik 736, 738

  Bruges 343, 355, 433, 438–9, 440, 441–2, 465, 469–70, 674

  and Maximilian of Austria 668–9

  merchants moving to Antwerp 668–9

  Brunei, Borneo 576

  bubonic plague 123, 403, 405, 432

  Buddhism

  Avalokitesvara statue 159

  Borobodur temple complex 164

  bronze staffs 164

  Buddha relics 263

  Buddha statues 146, 152–3, 164, 194, 277, 366

  and Ceylon 166, 257, 263

  and China 43, 137, 142, 144–6, 152, 166, 208–9, 215, 245, 263, 267

  Far Eastern Buddhist desire for fundamental texts 152

  and Funan 142

  Great Collection of Buddhist Sutras 234

  and Greek culture 90

  Hinayana 203

  Hinduism interwoven with 293

  and the Indian Ocean 43–6, 118

  in Japan 43–6, 146, 198, 199–200, 202, 215, 229, 649, 654; and Ennin 202–9, 210–11; and fisherfolk 213; and persecution 646

  Korean 166, 194, 198

  Lotus Sutra 199–200, 215

  Mahayana 199–200, 203

  and Majapahit 280

  monasteries 118, 128, 163, 205, 208–9, 218, 235, 236, 245, 646

  and moneylending 214

  persecution of Buddhists: in China 208–9; in Japan 646

  Scripture of the Dragon-King of the Sea 205

  and Socotra 128

  spread along trade routes xx, 146, 166

  and Śri Vijaya 152, 154

  and tea 215, 216

  temples 154, 164, 642, 647, 649

  trade encouraged by 236

  and Vietnam 142, 144

  Zen see Zen

  Budomel, king 503

  Bueno de Mesquita, Benjamin 772–3

  Buenos Aires 700

  Bugi pirates 819, 823

  Buka 11

  Bukhara 258

  Burgos, Laws of 531

  burial see also tombs

  in boat-shaped graves 342, 368

  boat burials 348–9, 350–51, 364, 368, 369

  goods 65, 312, 349, 369

  Herjólfsnes graves 404, 405, 406

  mass 405

  mounds 65, 313

  on Orkney and Shetland 372

  practices 312, 325, 348–9; and cremation 317

  in Ribeira Grande 491

  rites 319

  royal burials 287

  of slaves 491

  urn burials 317

  Viking 368, 372

  Burma 121, 706, 708

  Bushmen 539–40

  butter 381, 399, 444, 445, 462, 487, 664, 752

  clarified 104

  dishes 715

  Butterfield and Swire 866

  Buxhövden, Albert von 420

  búzas 390–91

  Buzurg 186

  Byzantine Empire 167, 601

  Byzantine army 362

  cables, intercontinental 864, 877, 907

  Cabo Frio, Brazil 560

  Cabot, John 464, 517, 522, 523, 525–6, 532–5

  discovery of North America 413, 532–5; and Newfoundland 413, 522, 533

  and Japan 532

  Cabot, Sebastian 533–4, 557, 565, 658, 661, 662

  Cabral, Pedro Álvares 541–2, 560, 602

  Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez 517, 580–81

  Cacheu-São Domingos 503

  Cadamosto/Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise 484, 485, 488, 502–3

  Cádiz (Gadir) 81, 83, 322, 323, 332, 335, 370, 617, 764–5

  and New Julfans 706, 708

  Caesar, Julius 328, 330, 331

  Gallic Wars 328

  caffeine 711, 784 see also coffee; tea

  Cai Jingfang 242–3

  Cairo 171, 173, 175, 265, 500, 898

  Chinese ceramics in 174

  as city of Babylon 88

  Jews 124, 536

  Old Cairo see Fustat

  Teldo in 595–8

  Caithness 373, 376, 379

  Calafia, mythical queen 581

  Calais 455

  Calcutta (Kolkata) 707, 832

  Armenian printing house 708

  Çaldıran, battle of 599

  Caledonian Canal 848

  Calicut 51, 52, 261, 262, 265, 267, 269, 540–41, 542, 543

  California 517, 580–81, 806, 808, 846

  gold 852–3

  Callao, Peru 729

  Calvinists 660, 693, 708, 741–3, 769, 825

  Cambodia 140, 244, 648–9, 653

  Khmer kingdom see Khmer kingdom/kings

  Cambridge Economic History of Europe xxiv

  Cambridge University archaeologists 490, 491

  camel caravans 94, 475, 840

  camels 99, 266

  cameralism 725

  Camões, Luís de 276

  Lusiads 276, 296, 479

  Campbell, Colin 723–4

  Campbell Clan 404

  camphor 147, 153, 184, 220, 547, 569

  cloves 184

  ships of camphor wood 227–8

  Canaanites 81

  Canada 399, 408, 565, 661, 845, 874, 882

  boundary with USA 794

  Canary Islands 465, 471–4, 481, 488, 501, 502, 518–19, 527, 593

  and Castile 504, 505

  and Havana 592

  slaves 473–4, 486, 497, 499

  sugar 589–90

  suspected secret Jews in 697

  wine 592, 688

  Canberra, SS 899

  candelabra 194

  Candish, Thomas see Cavendish, Thomas

  Canggu Ferry Charter 280

  Cannanore 542, 598

  cannibalism 156, 520, 526, 530, 559, 560, 563, 663, 729–30, 809

  Canning, George 460

  cannon 265, 457, 542, 546, 558, 602, 608, 737, 742, 756, 788, 815

  canoes

  Alaskan art of canoeing 797

  fleet from Hawaiki 37

  Māori 742

  outrigger canoes of Torres Strait 9, 10

  Polynesian 24, 731, 810–11; Tahitian 21

  Taíno 521–2

  war canoes 21, 342

  Cansino, Diego Alonso 491

  Cantabrians 455, 470

  Cantino Map 535

  Canton see Guangzhou/Canton

  Canton 867

  Canynges, William 460

  Cão, Diogo 507, 511–14

  Cape Horn xv, 572, 727, 785, 791–2, 793, 807, 845, 851, 857, 875

  Cape of Good Hope 47, 254, 514, 537, 558, 567, 577, 617, 665, 687, 703, 707, 794, 845

  Cape Verde Islands xxi, 483, 488–92, 558, 578, 579, 593, 631, 745, 752–5

  and Atlantic/global trading networks 752–5

  and Brazil 752

  and the Castilians 505

  Columbia in 792–3

  Creole 491

  and the Dutch 683, 753

  and East Indies 752–3, 754

  horse-breeding 489, 502

  Moroccan Jewish settlers 841

  mulatto population 748

  New Christians 491, 702, 754

  Nossa Senhora da Conceição 490

  Nossa Senhora do Rosário 490–91

  and the Portuguese 488–92, 702, 748, 753, 754, 841

  salt 489, 683, 752

  and slavery see slavery/slaves: and Cape Verde

  and the Spanish 754

  car ferries 899

  Caramansa 509–10

  Carausius 346

  caravels 483–4, 503, 508–9, 510–11, 512, 513

  Carbon 14 dating 30, 38, 78, 312, 354, 381

  cardamom 99, 153, 157, 178

  Caribbean xxiii, 299, 520–23, 555–6, 763–7
9

  Antilles see Antilles

  and Bermuda 766

  and Columbus 270, 520, 521–2, 523–4, 527–8, 529, 530–31

  cotton 522, 588

  and the Danes 711–12, 716, 720–22, 772

  Dutch raids in 772

  and the English 764–5, 766–79

  ethnic complexity of pre-Columbian 520–21

  European migration to 766–7

  gold 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9

  Jamaica see Jamaica

  Kettler in 719, 720

  pearls 701

  pleasure cruises 868, 899–900

  privateers/buccaneers 763–5, 772, 773–6, 778, 779

  slavery 490, 491, 583–5, 592, 593, 720–21, 767, 769, 777

  and the Spanish 520, 553, 582–93, 634, 764–5, 767, 768, 770–71; and gold 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9; and Jamaica 771, 773

  sugar 582, 589–90, 766, 768–9

  Taínos see Taíno Indians

  Tobago conflict 719

  trade network 520, 527 see also trade: Caribbean

  treasure ships 763, 764–5

  and the USA 856, 857, 858

  West Indies see West Indies

  Carleton, Mary 778

  Carletti, Antonio 618–20, 621, 639, 640, 643, 647, 648–9

  Carletti, Francesco 618–22

  Carlsborg fort, Guinea 717, 718

  carnelian 54, 57, 59, 64

  Carolinas 17, 761

  Carolingian dynasty 354

  carpets

  Indian 548

  Persian 598

  carracks 370, 643, 646–7, 679

  and galleons 641

  Cartagena de las Indias, Colombia 697, 701, 753

  Carthage/Carthaginians 81, 91, 115, 323, 331, 335

  Cartier, Jacques 661

  cartographers/cartography 471, 514, 524, 525, 554, 556, 558, 570, 572, 607–10, 660, 744

  Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez 769

  cash 178 see also coins

  Chinese 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 218, 240, 242, 244, 245, 249, 266–7

  in Japan 214

  Caspian Sea 364

  cassava/manioc 521, 588, 752, 756

  bread 582, 585

  cassia 80, 104

  wood 99

  Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de 512

  Castile/Castilians 456–7, 465, 468, 469, 474, 475, 555

  attack on Salé 471

  and the Canaries 504, 505

  cloth 491

  and the Genoese 528

  and Morocco 477

  navy 528

  and the Portuguese 476, 477, 478, 479, 489, 504–5, 571

  castration 832 see also eunuchs

  Catalans 415, 429, 454, 471, 473, 474, 491, 609, 669

  world maps 500

  catamarans 16, 133, 134, 742

  catfish 112

  Cathay Company 662, 664

  Cathay Pacific 867

  Catherine II, the Great 804, 805–6

  Catherine of Aragon 534, 656

  cattle 352, 399, 404, 405, 486, 675, 730, 759, 764, 766

  on Cuba 591

  on Hispaniola 590–91

  Moroccan 839

  cauldrons 317, 318

  Cavendish, Thomas 687, 727, 756

  caviar 682

  Cavite 626

  Cebu 575–6

  cedar 73, 78, 80, 81, 122, 259

  Celtic languages 317, 330

  Celts 302, 363

  Celtic Christianity 379, 380

  ‘Celtic’ identity 329–30

  in Iceland 386

  mixed marriages between Scandinavians and 375–6, 380, 386

  and Norwegian sovereignty 378–9

  Vikings and Celtic armies 379

  Central America 565, 617, 851–2, 853 see also Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama

  and gold 565, 589

  and Panama Canal xviii, 847–8, 849, 851–9

  and Spain 577–8

  Centurión, Gaspar 588

  ceramics see pottery/ceramics

  Ceuta 431, 468, 470, 471, 474–9, 701, 839

  and the Portuguese 476–9, 501

  Ceylon/Sri Lanka xxix, 46, 111, 118, 122, 185, 254, 261, 724

  Bosi in 147

  and Buddhism 166, 257, 263

  and China 262–3

  and the Danes 713–14

  and the Persians 147

  and Ptolemy 118, 119, 727

  and the Romans 102, 103, 727

  and silk 147

  and Śri Vijaya 152

  as Taprobané 109

  CGT (Compagnie Générale Transatlantique) 885, 886

  Chagres, River 855, 858

  Champa 239, 245–6, 249–50, 260

  Chancellor, Richard 658, 659, 666

  Chang Pogo xxx, 204, 208, 209–11

  Changan 199

  Changle 268

  Changsha 163

  Charibaël 104

  Charlemagne 354, 365

  Charles II of England 720, 764, 772, 773, 774

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain 453, 556, 569, 570, 575, 577, 578, 579, 590, 611–14

  and banks of Antwerp 673

  Charles Martel 352

  Charlotte, Queen 820

  Châtillon, Reynaud de 187

  Chauci 344–6

  Cheddar 317

  cheese 381, 399, 487, 493, 675, 752, 777

  Chelmsford 345

  Chen Zu-yi 261

  Cheng Ho see Zheng He

  Cheng Hoon Teng temple, Melaka 258

  chert 15

  chicken 38, 112, 132, 558, 574

  chickpeas 177, 588

  Chile 880

  China/Chinese

  and Africa 265–7

  books 215, 245, 246

  and Britain see Britain: and China

  bronzes 141

  and Buddhism 43, 137, 142, 144–6, 152, 166, 208–9, 215, 245, 263, 267

  Bureau of Ortaq Affairs 249

  ceramics see pottery/ceramics: Chinese

  and Ceylon 262–3

  and Champa 239, 245–6

  Chin dynasty 239, 248–9

  and Christianity 627, 640, 645, 695

  cloths see cloth: Chinese

  coins/cash 138, 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 218, 221, 229, 240, 242, 244, 245, 249, 266–7

  Confucianism see Confucianism

  copper 238, 242

  cultural influences on neighbours 189, 199–200, 215, 234, 235

  and the Danes 709, 712, 714, 725

  and the Dutch 823

  and European chinoiserie 710, 715

  and European weapons 644

  and France see France: and China

  and Funan 139–44

  and furs 785–6, 791, 792–6, 797, 806

  and gold 216

  Grand Canal 254

  Han dynasty 135–6, 138–9, 190, 198

  herbs 660

  imperial court 142, 154, 163–4, 189, 198, 215, 216, 233, 236, 239–40, 241–2, 244, 248, 250

  incense 286

  and India see India: and China

  industrial development 907–8

  and Iraq 185

  iron ore 242

  and Japan see Japan/Japanese: and China

  and Java 163–4, 188, 244, 260, 262, 268–9, 280–81, 286–7

  Jesuits in 640

  jewels 562

  and Korea 189, 191, 192, 198, 210, 236, 239, 244, 245, 287, 650

  luxury of elite 188

  magnetic compass 243, 256, 370

  and Malaya 135–6, 138–9, 144, 147

  and Manila 620–21, 622–6, 715, 780; foundation story 618

  medicine 278

  and Melaka 254, 286, 293–4, 295, 636

  men taking Filipino wives 625

  Mercantile Shipping and Transportation Bureau 248

  merchant fleets 248

  merchants: Chinese merchants see merchants: Chinese; foreign merchants in China 238, 243–4

  and Mexico see Mexico: and China

  Ming dynasty 213, 219–20, 2
29, 238, 251–71, 278, 281, 286–7, 289, 293–4, 617, 624, 643, 650; voyages under Zheng He xvii, 254–5, 256–69, 280–81, 293, 622, 636

  and the Moluccas 574

  and Mongols see Mongols: and China

  Muslim communities/mosques 244, 258

  naval wars 239

  navy 136, 238, 239, 245, 260, 261

  and North America 780–96

  and Norway 871

  ‘One Belt, One Road’ project 908

  and opium see opium

  paintings 230

  Pax Sinica 293

  People’s Republic of China 639, 892–3, 907–8

  and Persian Gulf 171–2

  and Philippines 574, 614, 617, 618, 620–21, 622–6

  piracy 293, 625, 867

  porcelain see porcelain: Chinese

  port superintendents 154–5

  and the Portuguese 606–7, 627–8, 636–7, 638–42, 643–4, 652

  pottery see pottery/ceramics: Chinese

  Qin Empire 136

  Qing Empire 801

  religious eclecticism 263

  Republic of China 892–3

  and Russia 800, 801, 802, 806

  and Ryukyu Islands 231–2, 234, 614

  sailors 135, 233, 625, 642, 732

  ‘Seven Warring States’ conflict 136

  shipbuilding 247, 259–60

  ships see boats/ships: Chinese; junks: Chinese

  and Siam 262, 278

  silk see silk: Chinese

  and the Silk Road xx, 135–6

  and silver 220, 623, 624–5, 643, 696

  and Singapore 286, 288–9, 822–3

  skins 107

  Song dynasty 149, 154, 165, 213, 221, 224, 228, 239–50, 273, 622; Song culture 222; Southern 221, 222, 238

  and South China Sea see South China Sea: and China

  Southern Song dynasty 221, 222, 238

  and the Spanish 622–8, 652, 806

  and spices 545, 574, 606, 643

  and Śri Vijaya 149–52, 153–6, 161, 273

  and sugar 238

  superiority beliefs/claims 221, 236, 256; as a moral force 256

  and Sweden 725, 726

  Tang dynasty 142, 154, 160, 170, 192, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206–11, 215, 216; pottery 158, 163, 172

  taxation see taxation: Chinese

  tea 215, 246, 768, 781, 790

  trade see trade: Chinese

  and tribute 142, 236, 238, 257, 262, 270, 281, 293, 622

  urban growth 242

  and the USA 709, 781, 787–96, 893

  and Vietnam 136, 139–44, 245, 257

  voyages under Zheng He xvii, 254–5, 256–69, 280–81, 293, 622, 636

  Wu dynasty 136–7, 142

  Yuan dynasty 213, 218, 219, 221, 228, 248–9, 259

  Yueh kingdoms 135–6

  chinoiserie, European 710, 715

  Chios 872–3

  Chirikov, Aleksei 803

  Ch’oe (agent of Chang Pogo) 210

  Ch’oe-I 222

  Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de 812

  Chola Tamils 174, 273

  Chōnen 215

  Christian IV of Denmark 666, 713, 717

  Christianity

  anchorites 381, 413

  Armenian 707

  Augustinians 615, 640

  Britain’s Christianization 347, 349