The Boundless Sea
Page 139
Calvinists 660
Celtic 379, 380
and China 627, 640, 645, 695
Christian trading republics emerging 173
Christians vs Muslims in Spain 423, 468, 477
Church in Norway 390
crusades see crusades
Dominicans 554, 582, 640, 652–3
in Faroe Islands 383
forced conversion of Jews to 537
Franciscans see Franciscans
in Frisia 352
in Greenland 397, 400
Iberian Christian-Muslim conflicts 467–8
in Iceland 386–7
incense use 71
and the Inquisition see Inquisition
Irish monks 381–3, 386–7
and Japan 628, 630, 632, 640, 643, 644, 645–6, 648, 653–4, 692, 693, 694, 695; Japanese converts on Kyushu 654; missionary activities 628, 630, 640, 643, 644, 645–7; persecution of Christians 628, 630, 632, 646, 647, 648, 654
Jeronymites 589
Jesuits see Jesuits
Karelian Christianization 422
and Korea 695
Lithuania’s Christianization 437
London Missionary Society 813
missionary activities 33; across North Sea 352–3; in China 640, 645; in Hawai’ian islands 24; by Jesuits 628, 640, 643, 644–7; and silk trade 645–6
Muslim governments’ relationship with Christians 836–8
Nestorians 160
and Orkney 375–6
papacy see papacy
persecution of Christians see also Inquisition; Protestants in Netherlands under duke of Alva 673
and piracy 761
Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin) 494, 503, 537, 609, 672, 673, 685, 698, 699–701, 702–3, 704–5, 708, 712, 749, 754, 769–70, 840; of Amsterdam, in Macau and Manila 693; in Cape Verde 491, 754; on St Thomas Island 720
Protestant see Protestantism/Protestants
Red Sea and Jewish–Christian confrontation 130, 166–7
Russian Orthodox 420, 427, 437
and Ryukyu Islands 695
Scandinavia’s Christianization 361
and Socotra 129, 130
Syrian Christians 841
and Vietnam 695
and the Vikings 367
Christiansborg fort 718, 721
chronometers 16, 731, 812
Chrysé 110, 134, 135
Ch’üan-chou see Quanzhou
Chulan 282–3
Chumash Indians 28, 580
Churchill, Winston 891
Chuzan 229, 231–4
Cidade Velha see Ribeira Grande
cinnamon 92, 99, 194, 542, 543, 569
bark 615
Cinque Ports 456–7
Cirebon wreck 162
cisterns 99, 180
citron 178
Ciudad Trujillo 586 see also Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
clams 14
Cleopatra II of Egypt 97
Cleopatra 816–17
climate change xxii
global warming 908
cloak pins 319, 324
Clontarf, battle of 379–80
cloth
American 833, 839
barafulas 754
bark-cloth 21, 810
Castilian 491
Chinese 107; nankeen 790, 809, 816; silks see silk: Chinese
coarse 588
cotton 106, 109, 128, 184, 504, 540, 624, 715, 724 see also cotton; American 833; calico 635, 690, 714, 717; Lancashire 866; Manchester 839, 873
as currency 754
Dutch 678; broadcloth 631
Egyptian 104
English 451–2, 459, 461, 669, 749, 750, 839; and Bristol 457–8; and Ragusans 456
fine 58, 107, 363, 454, 457, 588 see also silk
Flemish 439, 440, 451, 470, 491
Florentine 453–4
French 470
hemp 194
Indian 107, 635, 715; calico 635, 690, 714; cotton 715; and the Danes 714, 715
linen 373, 444, 457, 540, 548, 624
at Lo Yueh 135
luxurious purple textiles 106
Mercers 669
and Norway 391
Okinawan 234
at Omana 106
Portuguese 754
and Ragusans 456
satin 233
silk see silk
Ubaid 53, 54
woollen 353, 400, 441, 451, 866
clothes 184
African 540
cotton 540
English 660, 663
Greenland costumes at Herjólfsnes 404
linen 540, 548
at Qusayr al-Qadim 178
cloves xix, 153, 157, 233, 280, 429, 548, 569, 577, 578, 606, 611, 614, 684, 688, 714, 754
camphor 184
and Oman 829, 833
Clydeside 869, 891, 899
Cnut 361, 371, 375
Co-hong guild 789
coal 824, 841, 846, 860, 861, 884, 888
depots/bunkers 841, 846, 865, 884
supply ships 861, 865, 888
Welsh 884
cobalt 238
Cobh (Queenstown), Ireland 875
Cobo, Juan 652–3
Cochin 261, 269, 547, 568, 598, 640
ships 543
cocoa 721
coconuts 12, 20, 29, 114, 132, 178, 185, 493, 574
cod 306, 399, 420, 430, 442, 462, 463, 522, 562, 752
tax on 562
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 690, 713, 738, 739
coffee 95, 706, 709, 711, 715, 721, 725, 831, 832
Mocca 831
cogs (ships) 354, 426, 428–9, 451, 456, 460, 484
Coimbra 467
coins see also cash
Axumite 167
in Barus 160
billon 586
in Cape Verde 492
Chinese 138, 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 221, 229, 240, 242, 249, 266–7
copper 153, 172, 200, 207, 218, 240, 242, 249
Frisian 353, 354
gold 164, 172, 352, 478, 687, 730, 803
Greek 326
on Hispaniola 586
hoards 345, 366
in Intan shipwreck 164
introduction to India 102
Islamic 364, 366
Javanese 164
on Nanhai I 165
Newport finds 459
Norse 410
Peruvian 777
Portuguese white royal coins 476–7
for Rhineland wines 367
Roman 107, 118, 120–21, 141
Ryukyu 232
of Sasanian kings of Persia 118
silver 184, 200, 352, 353, 364, 448–9, 730, 754; American silver coins melted down for jewellery 754; billon alloy 586; dirhams 366; Maria Theresa silver dollars 833–4; and Port Royal 777
in Siraf 172
Spanish 586
Cologne 342, 344, 354, 427, 449
and Hansards 428, 433, 438, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 452
merchants of 449, 450
Venice Company 441
Colombia 592, 697, 777
and Gran Colombia/New Granada 852
and Panama Canal 854, 857–8
Colombo, Domenico 525
Colón, Diego 555, 587
Colón, Luís de 771
Colón, Panama 854, 855, 858
Columba, St 382
Columbia 792, 793
Columbus, Bartholomew 586
Columbus, Christopher xvii–xviii, 27, 254, 256, 463, 464, 483, 514, 517, 525–6, 533, 537
Bobadilla’s arrest of 529
Book of Prophecies 729
in Bristol 524
and Cape Verde 490
and cotton 588
crusade strategy 523
and de la Cosa 554
earth size calculation 537
and gold 524, 528, 529, 531, 588, 589
and Iceland 410, 524
and Japan 524–5, 537
lack of supplies hindering circumnavigation of world 523
and Madeira 486
and New Worl
d 46, 517, 521, 582, 585, 586, 588, 589; 1st voyage 522, 523–4, 526–7, 532; 2nd voyage 527–8; 3rd voyage 528–9; 4th voyage 529–31; and Bahamas 527; Caribbean islands 270, 520, 521–2, 523–4, 527–8, 529, 530–31; Hispaniola 520, 521, 527–8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 585, 769; and Taíno Indians 521–2, 527, 528, 529, 530–31, 537; and the term ‘Indies’ 46, 517
and Pané 521
and Perestrello family 524, 525
and Piri Reis 610
and sugar trade 525, 589
and transformation of Atlantic navigation 582
and Vespucci 526
Columbus, Diego (Diego Colón) 555, 587
Columbus, Ferdinand 523
Columbus family see also Colón, Colombo 550–51, 555
Comoros archipelago 131
compasses
magnetic 243, 256, 370
sidereal 17
Conference System 866–7, 868
Confucianism 200, 208, 256
and trade 236
Congo, River 512, 513
Constans II, Byzantine emperor 172
Constantinople 115, 485
fall to Turks 460, 594
as Mikelgarð 362
Ottoman court 456
Venetian trade with 601
containerization 901–5
container ports 897, 904–5, 907
container revolution 880
container ships xviii, 880, 895, 897, 901–5, 908
Cook, Captain James 3, 5, 31–2, 733, 743–4, 785–6, 791, 792, 809, 812–14
death 814
journals 791, 807
and the Russians 804
Cook Islands 29
Copenhagen 701, 712, 713, 714, 715, 718, 721, 724
Atlantic trade 721–2
Baltic trade 721–2
copper 47, 58, 106, 135, 164, 477
and Africa 503
and Antwerp 672
Atlantic arc and copper ores 320–21
boilers 721
and China 238, 242
coins 153, 172, 200, 207, 218, 240, 242, 249
and Dilmun 65, 69
and Indians 108
ingots 60, 242
and Japan 692, 847
keel sheathing 815
and Magan 57, 67, 68
Mycenaean axe 314
nickel content 58
and Oman 58, 61
oxidized 217
plates 183, 794
and the Portuguese 672
Sardinian 324
Sumatran 160
and Venice 672
Welsh 302
Copts 52
coracles 331
coral 153, 754
Corcos, Abraham 837, 838
Corcos family 836, 837
cordage 178
Córdoba 170, 175
Cormac ui Liatháin 382
Cornelisz, Jeronimus 739–41
Cornwall 302, 308, 322, 326, 330, 336
and Brittany 328
promontory forts 328
tin 302
Corsica 331
Corte Real, Gaspar 534
Corte Real family 534–5, 662
Cortés, Hernán 565, 580, 587, 611
Cosa, Juan de la 553–4
Cossacks 801
Costa (cruise company) 900
Costa Rica 529
cotton 106, 109, 128, 184, 504, 540, 715, 724, 754
American cloth 833
calico 635, 690, 714, 717
Caribbean 522, 588
Chinese 624
and Columbus 588
Egyptian 185
Lancashire cloths 866
and Liverpool 865
and Manchester 839, 873
and the Portuguese 635
Courthope, Nathaniel 690
Cousin, Jean 558
Couto, Diogo do 641
Coventry 458
Covilhã, Pero da 536, 545
Cowasjee, Framjee 824
cowries 14
shells 495, 506, 511
Crawford, Harriet 61
cremation 317
Creole 491
Cresques family 480
Crete 70, 83
Minoans 322
crocodiles 12
Croker Island 10
Cromwell, Oliver 691, 719, 756, 764, 769–70, 772, 773
Cromwell, Richard 756
Crosby, Alfred xxiii
Crown Jewels 450
cruising and cruise lines/industry 868, 879, 899–900, 907
crusades
and economic warfare against Islam 501, 523, 537, 546
and gold 481
Henry V’s crusading Military Order (Order of Christ) 481, 485, 497, 501, 749
northern 420–21
Second Crusade 423, 468
Third Crusade 449
and trade 422; and Mediterranean trade centres 420
CSCL Globe 905
Cuba 521, 527, 554, 555, 565, 587, 591–3, 769, 774
American occupation 856
and Columbus 523
and the Dutch 683, 772
Havana’s pre-eminence within Spanish Indies 591
sugar 591
and US war with Spain 856
Cunard 867, 882, 885–6, 899
British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 860–61, 868–9, 882, 884–5
joint transatlantic air service with BOAC 899
Second World War and Cunard ships 889–90
White Star merger 886
Cunard, Samuel 860
Cunliffe, Barry 307, 335
Curaçao 709, 766, 772
Curonian raiders 422
currachs 331, 382
currants 682, 873
currents xv
Gulf Stream xv
Kuroshio xv
down Labrador coast 464
Mediterranean 322
Pacific 16
Red Sea 51
South Equatorial 16
Cushing, John 790
Cutty Sark 866
Cyprus 70, 83, 91, 323, 324
and Britain 851
cloak pins 319
and Ottomans 604
Cyrus the Great 85
Da Mosto, Alvise see Cadamosto/Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise
Da Qin 148–9
Däbrä Damo monastery 130
Đại Việt 228
Daia 58
Dair al-Bahri 76
dairy goods 66, 308, 432, 442, 487, 593, 675, 749
Dalma 54
Damascus 170, 423
Dana, Richard Henry Jr: Two Years before the Mast 791–2
Danegeld 362
Daniel, Glyn 312
Danish Asiatic Company 712
Danish East India Company 667, 713 see also United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)
Danish West India Company 667, 719, 720, 721
Dante Alighieri: Divine Comedy 472
Danzig xxii, xxix, 425, 431, 433, 438, 441, 447, 452, 470, 685
merchants of 453
Daoism 295
Dardanelles 857
Darien Company 722–3
Darien Scheme 722–3
Darius Hystaspis 88, 95
Dartmouth 468
Dashi 153, 162, 266
date palms 53
dates 53–4, 68, 177, 178, 187
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831
Dauphin Map 734
Dávila family of Segovia 588
Davis, John 665–6, 688
Davis Strait 655
Day, John 463, 533
Dazaifu, Japan 197
de la Fosse, Eustache 506–7, 511
Dee, John 664
deer 273, 276, 306, 310, 552
hides 278
Dehua 247, 289
Delano, Warren 790
Delaware River 717
delftware 778
Delos 98, 99
Denisovans 8
Denmark/Danes xxii, 306, 339, 342, 343
African population ruled by 716
Angles 347
and the Atlantic 712
and the Baltic 421, 713, 714, 715–16, 721–2
boats/ships 339, 343
and Brandenburg–Prussia 713
and the Caribbean 711–12, 716, 720–22, 772
and Ceylon 713–14
and China 709, 712, 714, 725
and Curonian raiders 422
Danish coastal empire 425, 724
Danish siege of Stockholm 436
and the Dutch 685–6, 713, 718
East India Company see Danish East India Company; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)
and the English 714, 718, 720
and the French 720
global trading network 709
and Guinea 712, 716, 721
and Hansards 424–5
and India 712, 714, 715
and Kurland 715–16
Lübeck and the Danes 424–5
merchant fleets 724
merchants 712, 719
and Morocco 836
National Museum 398
and Norway 712
and the Portuguese 718–19
rock carvings 322
shipwrecks 357
and slavery 709, 712, 716, 720, 722
and Spain 685
and the Swedes 724
and Thirty Years War 714
trade see trade: Danish
Vikings see Vikings
and west Africa 712, 716, 717–22
West India Company 719, 720, 721
and West Indies 711–12, 713, 716, 720–22
Dent, Thomas 824
Depression, Great 883–4, 886
Deshima Island 197, 691, 692, 693–4, 695, 808, 846
Deutsche Lufthansa 898
Dezhnev, Semen 800
dhows 131, 134, 171, 545–6, 549
Oman’s ancestors of 68
Dhu Nuwas (Yūsuf) 166–7
diamonds 99, 141, 703
Dian Ramach of Madagascar 759–60
Dias, Bartomeu 514, 536, 537, 538–9
Dicuil 337, 381, 386
Diderot, Denis 811
Dieppe 558, 561
Ango family 562
maps 733–4
diesel engines 884, 885
Dilmun 56–61, 64–9
and copper 65, 69
and Indus Valley 66–7
Dingler, Jules 855
Dinis of Portugal 469, 470
Diodoros the Sicilian 111, 338
and Pytheas 336
Disko Island 397, 408
Disraeli, Benjamin 850, 861
Diu, Gujarat 546, 600, 601, 602, 604–5, 831
DNA analysis 12, 26, 27, 132, 317, 347, 386, 491
Dominican Republic 583
dockworkers 901
dodo xxi
Doggerland/Dogger Bank 303
dogs 12, 38
hunting dogs 75, 273
Dollinger, Philippe 419
Dolphin 810, 811
Dominican Republic 527, 583, 586–8 see also Hispaniola
DNA analysis 583
Dominicans 554, 582, 640, 652–3
Dordrecht 439
Dorestad 353–4, 355
Dorset Eskimos 398–9
Dorset Island 408
Dover Strait 321, 346
Drake, Sir Francis 490, 517, 617, 631, 665, 687, 704, 727, 730, 753, 770, 795
Drax, Sir James 768
Dreyer, Edward 254, 259