The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Drummond Hay, John 838

  Drumont, Édouard 855

  dry-stone house foundations 321

  Dublin 361, 379, 875

  Dubrovnik

  and Ottomans 603

  Ragusans 81, 455–6

  dugongs 9, 10, 112

  Dunkirk 685

  Dunkirk II Marine Transgression 345

  Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch

  Dutch East India Company see VOC (United East India Company)

  Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683, 686

  Duyfken 736

  dyes 50, 194, 323, 473 see also sandalwood

  indigo 107, 717, 754

  orchil 474, 502

  woad 455, 459, 488

  Ea-nasir 60–61, 65, 68

  Eanes, Gil 501

  Earth Mother 312

  East Anglia 304

  East China Sea 198, 250

  East India Company, Danish 667, 712, 884

  East India Company, Dutch see VOC (United East India Company)

  East India Company, English 688, 689, 691, 723, 755, 760, 761, 780, 781, 817, 820, 824, 831

  and Boston Tea Party 784

  and New Julfans 707

  opium trade 825–6

  and Singapore 819–20, 821

  tea export monopoly to America 784

  East India Company, Swedish 723–6

  East Indies xxi, 134, 156, 723–6, 752 see also specific countries of south and south-east Asia

  Austronesians from xxi

  and Cape Verde 752–3, 754

  and Danish East India Company see Danish East India Company; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)

  Dias’s discovery of route to 514, 536, 537

  and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the East Indies/Indonesia

  East Indian crew stop-overs: in Azores 751; in Cape Verde 752–3

  and Egypt 88, 98, 99, 116 see also India: and Egypt

  and the English 657, 687–90 see also East India Company, English

  Indonesia see Indonesia/Indonesians

  Magellan’s attempt to reach 569–76

  Malaya see Malaya/Malays

  and North America 780–96

  Philippines see Philippines

  and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and East Indies/Indonesia

  and Russia 802

  and south-east Africa 548–9

  and the Spanish 567–81; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons

  Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands

  spice trade see spices/spice trade

  and Swedish East India Company 723–6

  wider area covered by term 46, 781

  Easter Island 3, 27, 29–31

  ebony 47, 57, 76, 78–9, 106, 122, 233, 265

  Edo, Japan 644, 652, 653, 693, 695, 807, 846 see also Tokyo

  Edo Bay 846

  Edward I of England 450, 456, 469

  Edward II of England 450

  Edward III of England 450, 454–5

  Edward IV of England 507

  Edward VI of England 658

  eels 14

  Eendracht 736

  Egbert of Wessex 360

  Egede, Niels 405

  Egeria 117

  eggs 178, 179

  Egil’s Saga 389

  Egypt/Egyptians 46, 47, 91

  Alexandrian Egyptians 99

  and Bereniké 111

  and Chinese ceramics 174, 266

  and East Indies 88, 98, 99, 116 see also India: and Egypt

  emeralds 174

  Fatimid Empire 160, 173

  under Hatshepsut 75–6, 78

  and India 182–3, 187–8

  Mamluks see Mamluks

  merchants 181, 182, 265

  and Mesopotamia 47, 70

  and Ottomans 601–2, 603

  and Persia 85

  Ptolemies see Ptolemies

  and the ‘Sea Peoples’ 79

  shipping on Nile 70

  ships see boats/ships: Egyptian

  and Six-Day War (1967) 896

  Suez see Suez Canal

  trade see trade: Egyptian

  unification of Upper and Lower Egypt 70, 76

  Eirík the Red 393, 396–7, 398, 400, 410

  Eisai 216

  El Dorado 553

  El Piñal 627–8

  Elcano, Juan Sebastian 569, 570, 571, 577, 578, 579, 581, 617

  Eleanor of Aquitaine 458

  Eleanor 815

  elephant birds 133

  elephantegoi 111

  elephants 59, 64, 93, 96, 104, 111, 170, 266, 278, 365, 542, 833

  ivory see ivory: elephant

  tusks 135 see also ivory: elephant

  Eliezer, son of Dodavahu 82

  Elizabeth I 453, 657, 659, 660, 662, 663–4, 689, 731

  1600 charter 691

  Ellesmere Island 407, 408

  Elliott, Charles 826

  Elmina 493, 495, 508, 510–11, 560, 561, 584, 585, 686

  Elsinore see Helsingør

  Elyot, Hugh 534

  emeralds 99, 174, 238

  Empire Flying Boats 898

  Empress of China 785, 786–90, 791

  Endo, Shusaku: The Samurai 632

  Enfantin, Barthélemy-Prosper 848

  England/English

  and Amboyna island 714

  Anglo-Saxon 347, 349, 355–6, 357–62

  Anglo-Saxon literature 318

  Antwerp trade decline 673

  and Arctic Ocean 657–60, 662–6

  and Armenians 707

  and Australia 737

  and the Azores 750–51

  and the Baltic 367, 452–3

  and Barbados 767–8, 772

  and Bermuda 766

  Bronze Age 319

  and the Caribbean 764–5, 766–79

  cloth see cloth: English

  Crown Jewels 450

  and the Danes 714, 718, 720

  Darien Scheme and Scottish union 722–3

  delftware 778

  and the Dutch 682, 687–91; and Cromwell 769; Tobago conflict 719

  and the East Indies 657, 687–90 see also East India Company, English

  Englishmen in Prussia 451–2

  and France see France: and Britain/England

  and Gambia 719

  glassware 660

  gold desired by 663–4

  grain trade 389, 391, 444, 458

  and Guinea 716

  and Hansards 419, 447–53, 456, 458, 463

  house of Tudor 534

  and Iceland 461–3

  and India see India: and the British/English

  and Ireland 767

  Italian bankers in 454

  and Jamaica 765, 768, 769–79

  and Jews 700, 769–70, 839

  London see London

  and Madeira 484, 748–50

  Magnus Intercursus treaty with Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669

  merchants in: English merchants see merchants: English; Frisian merchants 353; Greek merchants 872–3; Portuguese merchants 469; under protection of Crown 469

  and Morocco 657, 838–9, 840

  Navigation Act (1651) 780, 784

  navy: and the Anglo-Saxons 361; RN see Royal Navy

  Neolithic 309, 310; descendants from 317

  and the New World 557, 766–7; and Manhattan Island/New Amsterdam 690, 717, 756

  and the papacy 770, 771

  piracy 452, 718, 763–5, 773–6

  and Portugal 465, 474, 751–2; English merchants meeting Portuguese objections 464; and Madeira 484; Portuguese alliances 469, 474

  privateers 405, 662, 730, 763, 764, 774–6

  Protestant England 557, 730

  and raiders 346–7

  raising English flag in new lands 533

  Royal African Company 760, 777

  and Run 690, 714

  and Russia 659

  ships see boats/ships: English

  silver 448–9, 451

  and Spain see Spain/Spaniar
ds: and Britain/England

  and the spice trade see spices/spice trade: and the English

  and St George 697

  steam packet between England and Alexandria 848–9

  and sugar 657, 768

  trade see trade: English

  Viking raids 357–62

  Virginia Company 766

  wheat 389, 391, 444

  wool 450, 453, 454, 456, 460

  English Channel 299, 319, 321, 322

  car ferries 899

  defence by Cinque Ports 456–7

  and Edward III’s wars in 450

  Germanic raids 346

  piracy 456

  souterrains both sides of 329

  English language 838

  pidgin English 790

  Enki (god) 56, 57

  Enkidu 56

  Ennin (Jikaku Daishi) 202–9, 210–11

  Enrique (Sumatran servant/interpreter) 568, 570, 574, 575

  environmental oceanic damage xxiii, 908

  Eratosthenes 334

  Eridu 56

  Erie Canal 848

  Erik of Pomerania 436–7, 461–2

  Erikson, Gustaf 874, 876

  Eritrea 71–3, 79, 122, 182

  ermine 427, 428

  Ertebølle 306

  Eskimos

  Dorset 398–9

  Inuit 398, 399–400, 404, 405, 406–7, 408, 411

  Esmeralda 543–4

  Esmerault, Jean de 486

  Espoir 557–60

  Essaouira see Mogador

  Essomericq, son of Arosca 559

  Estonia 420, 421, 428

  Estonian raiders 422

  Ethiopia/Ethiopians 130, 166–7, 512, 536, 540

  Axum see Axum

  Etruria 120

  Etruria, SS 869

  Etruscans 326, 331, 334–5, 338

  Etzion-Geber 80, 82, 83

  Eudaimōn Arabia (Aden) 105–6

  Eudoxos of Kyzikos 97–8

  Euergetes II 97

  Eugénie of France 859

  eunuchs 99, 255, 258, 267, 268, 270, 293, 832

  Euphrates 50, 52

  European Union 419

  Evans, James 766–7

  Evans, Jeff 20

  exoticism

  exotic animals 76, 136, 255, 256 see also specific animals

  exotic goods, luxuries and foods xix, 68, 114–15, 136, 174–5, 186, 215, 236, 238, 278, 280, 366, 617, 649, 660, 682, 693, 716, 780–81 see also aromatics; carnelian; ebony; emeralds; ivory; lapis lazuli; silk; spices/spice trade; sugar

  exotic information 322

  Exquemeling, Alexandre 774, 775

  Ezekiel 81–2

  Fabian, William 507

  falcons 398

  Faleiro, Rui 570

  Falkland Islands 666, 791, 795

  Falmouth, Cornwall 848–9, 875

  Fan-man/Fan Shiman 140, 143, 144

  Fan Wenhu 226

  fans 216, 234

  farming see agriculture/farming

  Faroe Islands 380–81, 383, 386, 387, 444, 712, 721

  Farquhar, William 819, 821, 822, 828

  Fatimid Empire 160, 173

  Faxien (Shih Fa-Hsien) 144–6

  Fei Xin 256–7, 259, 261, 264, 269

  Felixstowe 880, 904–5, 907

  feng shui 243, 289

  Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Castile 464, 489, 505, 522, 527, 529, 530, 534, 555–6, 567–8

  Fernandes, Valentim 493, 494

  Fernando de Noronha island 560

  Ferrand, Gabriel 148

  Ferrer, Jaume 474, 500, 501

  Fetu people 718

  Fez, Morocco 175, 471, 475, 834, 837

  figs 470, 491, 493, 756

  Fiji 11, 14, 19

  Filipino language 131

  Finland 421

  Finno-Ugrians 421–2

  furs 428

  Karelians 422

  Finney, Ben 20

  First World War 881–3

  and Belfast 870

  fish 11, 28, 35, 39, 66, 68, 74, 91, 112, 180, 213, 303, 306, 352, 381, 429, 431, 502, 803

  bones 54, 92

  cod see cod

  deep-sea 34

  dried 432, 442, 793

  farms 26, 280

  flounder 306

  freshwater 306

  garfish 284, 285

  herring see herring

  hooks 9, 15, 24, 28, 39

  Japanese diet of 196

  Norwegian stokffish 463

  parrot fish 14

  pelagic 9

  plastics in fishy food chain 908

  pounded fish meal 92

  raw 91, 92

  salmon 196

  sauce, garum 112, 116, 120

  shellfish see shellfish

  stock depletion 908

  and Torres Strait islanders 9, 10

  traps 9

  tuna/tunny see tuna

  fishing

  and Japanese ‘People of the Sea’ 213

  Norway’s access to fishing grounds 712

  overfishing 908

  pelagic fishing from bark boats 9

  tunny 54

  Fitch, Ralph 598, 640–41

  Flanders 173, 240, 353, 355, 430, 431, 451

  Antwerp see Antwerp

  and the Azores 481, 488

  cloth 439, 440, 451, 470, 491

  and the Dutch 682, 685

  and grain trade 428

  and Hansards 433, 439

  and Madeira 486

  and Madeiran sugar 485

  Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of 669

  and Mina 506–7

  and Portugal 469–70, 474

  ships 456

  and sugar trade 486

  flax 176, 178, 444

  flesh-hooks 317, 318

  Flóki Vilgerðarson 384

  Florence/Florentines 440, 564

  banks/bankers 450, 454

  and Bruges 438

  businessmen backing long sea voyages 525, 545, 564

  cloth/wool 453–4, 460

  merchants 618–22

  Savonarola’s revolution 526

  ships 456

  Flores 7

  Florida 554, 565, 592, 857

  Miami 899–900, 902

  Florida 580

  flounder 306

  flour 63, 176, 177, 444, 445, 491, 493

  sago 15

  wheat 620, 624, 648

  Formosa Island see Taiwan

  Fortin, Mouris 559

  Fowey, Cornwall 462

  France

  anti-Semitism 855

  Antwerp banking loans 673

  and Brazil 557–60, 561

  and Britain/England: Edward III’s wars 450, 454; and Henry VIII 557; Henry V’s wars 477; and Panama Canal 851; and Suez Canal 849, 850, 896

  Brittany see Brittany

  Bronze Age 314, 316–17, 319

  and China 709; Canton occupation 827

  cloth 470

  and the Danes 720

  and the Dutch 818

  and the Falklands 795

  Franco-Ottoman alliance 603

  and Germany, Second World War 888

  and Guinea 561

  Habsburg rivalry 672

  Huguenots 676, 696, 697

  Italy invaded by 526

  and Madagascar 557

  merchant navy 888

  and Milan 559–60

  and Morocco 561

  and Naples 559–60

  Napoleonic Wars 712, 789, 818

  Neolithic 309, 313

  and Newfoundland 562

  Normandy see Normandy/Normans

  and the Pacific islands 811–12

  and Panama Canal 848, 851, 854–5, 858

  Pondicherry rulership/base 119, 707 see also Pondicherry

  and the Portuguese 561–2

  Scandinavian raids on northern France 348

  and Second Crusade 423

  and Second World War 888

  and Spain 676, 795

  and St Thomas 720
r />   and Suez Canal 848–50, 896

  tin 324

  trade see trade: French

  trade routes affected by La Tène culture 332, 334–5

  wine 458–9, 675

  Francis I of France 562, 563, 661

  Franciscans 537, 640, 645, 648, 653, 731, 838

  and Jesuits 653

  Francisco de Vitoria, archbishop of Mexico City 701

  frankincense 47, 71, 76, 80, 104, 106, 107, 153, 243

  duty 273

  Japanese purchases of 194

  Franklin, Sir John 565, 845

  Franks 345, 346, 348, 352, 354, 361

  and Vikings 360

  Franz Joseph of Austria 859

  Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 418, 424

  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 398, 418, 425, 475

  Frederick II of Denmark 666

  Frederiksborg fort 718, 721

  Freneau, Philip 786–7

  Freydis 412

  Frisia/Frisians 344, 348, 351–5, 674

  Frisian language 352

  and Haithabu 366

  and Vikings 360

  Vitalienbrüder in East Frisian islands 437

  Frobisher, Martin 662–3, 664–5, 666

  Frobisher Bay 663

  Fuerteventura 472, 473

  Fuggers banking house, Augsburg 579, 672, 673

  Fujiwara clan 217

  Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 215

  Fukoaka see Hakata (Fukoaka)

  Funan, southern Vietnam 137, 139–44

  and Buddhism 142

  and China 139–44

  ships 142–3

  and Zhenla 146–7

  Funchal, Madeira 484, 749, 750

  Museum of Sacred Art 485

  funerary barges 73–4

  furs/fur trade 194, 198, 367, 440, 441, 712, 797

  bear furs 408

  in Canton 806

  and China 785–6, 791, 792–6, 797, 806

  ermine 427, 428

  Finnish 428

  and Hawai’i 816

  North American/US 785–6, 791–6, 816

  Russian 365, 420, 422, 423, 427, 428, 786, 804, 806; and England 659

  sea otter 785, 786, 806, 808, 809

  and the Spanish 806

  taxation 804

  Fustat (Old Cairo) xx, 160, 174, 175, 182

  Ben Ezra synagogue 175

  Chinese pottery at 179

  Genizah documents 174, 175–6, 182, 184

  Jews of 176

  merchants 175, 181, 184, 187

  Gabriel 662–3

  Gadir see Cádiz

  Galápagos Islands 28–9

  Galicia 301–2, 304, 459, 461, 470

  Bronze Age 317

  citânias 329

  megalithic culture 312

  Neolithic 312

  rías 751

  rock carvings 322

  Galicians 455

  galleons 29, 771, 777

  and carracks 641

  Manila see Manila galleons

  Santo André 751

  Gallia Belgica 344–5, 346

  galliots 641

  Galloway 328

  Gama, Gaspar da 541–2

  Gama, Vasco da xvii–xviii, 490, 514, 519, 522, 537–41, 602, 755

  Gambia 719

  Ganges 110, 121

  Gannascus 344–5

  Gardar, Greenland 397, 400, 407