Garðar Svávarsson 384
garfish 284, 285
garnets 141
garum sauce 112, 116, 120
Gascony 458, 459
Gatun lake, Panama 858
Gaul/Gauls 115, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 345, 346
Gaza 122, 167
gazelle skins 323
Gdansk see Danzig
Geer, Louis De 717
Genizah documents 174, 175–6, 182, 184
Genoa/Genoese 188, 415, 420, 461, 465, 470, 471, 525, 703–4
bankers 590, 703
and Bruges 438
and Castile 528
and Ceuta 475, 478
East India Company funding attempts 704
and Indian Ocean 703–4
investors in sugar trade 589–90
and Lisbon 470
and London 455
and Madeira 481, 486
merchants 470, 475, 682
and Mogador 836
and Portugal 470, 485
ships 454
and silver from New World 611
and slave trade 503, 588, 777
and St George 697
and wool 454–5
George, St 697
George, Prince Regent, later George IV 820
George 463
Germaine de Foix 556
Germanic languages 347, 352
Germanic raiders 344–7
Germany
Antwerp and south German businessmen 672
bankers 450, 579, 590, 672, 673, 675, 703
Brandenburg see Brandenburg
and Britain: and First World War 881–3; and naval power 418, 881; and Second World War 887–91
Bronze Age 317, 319, 320
and First World War 881–3
and France, Second World War 888
German Democratic Republic 418–19, 422–3
German Hansa see Hansa, German
heavy industry exit points 880
internecine warfare in 1620s and 1630s 686
and Italy see Italy: and Germany
and Japan, Second World War 887, 888
Jews 422, 886
Low German language see Low German language
Luftwaffe 889
and Madeira 486
merchant navy 882, 883
merchants see merchants: German
Military Orders 420–21
mines 882, 889
naval ambitions 418, 881, 887
Prussia see Prussia
and Second Crusade 423
and Second World War 887–91
Slav wars with 423
and Thirty Years War 714
trade see trade: German
transatlantic air service 898
and Urnfield Culture 317
and the USA: and First World War 882; and US immigration policy 885
Gerrha 94, 95
Ghana 492, 716, 718 see also Elmina
ghee 104
Ghent 355
Gibraltar 90, 322–3, 335, 475, 656, 801, 851
and Morocco 839–40
Strait of 323, 324, 454, 467, 470, 475, 477–8, 857
Gilbert, Humphrey 662
Gilgamesh 55, 56
ginger 12, 99, 118, 188, 429, 542, 574, 615, 640
ginseng 194, 786
giraffes 255, 259, 265, 266, 269
glaciers 304
Glasgow 869, 874, 875, 889
glass beads 288, 521, 554, 754
Glob, P. V. 65–6, 306, 339
global warming 908
globalization 877–9
debates concerning origins of xvi–xvii, 877
global economy and First World War 882–3
and trade routes xvi–xvii, 877
and transatlantic wheat trade 878
globes 525, 556, 572, 652, 655, 661–2
glottochronology 131–2
Glückstadt 701, 712, 717–18, 721
trade with Guinea 719
Glückstadt Company 718
Glueck, Nelson 83
Goa 52, 508, 546, 599, 600, 605, 606, 617, 621, 634, 642, 645, 648, 652, 759
Inquisition in 703
Jesuits 645
goats 404, 489, 730
meat 752
milk 752
skins 473, 756, 839
Godfred of Denmark 360, 365
Godijn, Louis 676
Godmanchester 346–7
Goitein, S. D. 174
Gokstad ship 369
gold 57, 76, 106, 244, 505, 540, 547, 588, 640, 717
African 471–4, 475, 481, 484, 496, 500–501, 506; Guinea/Mina coast 507, 508, 509–11; ‘River of Gold’ 471, 473, 474, 484, 496, 500, 502, 511
artefacts found in Broighter 331
Aztec 635
bars 509
from Bia-Punt 79
boat model 331
bracelets 509
bribes 207, 782–3
bullion famine 500–501
Californian 852–3
Caribbean 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9
and China 216
of Chrysé and Argyré 134
coins 164, 172, 352, 478, 687, 730, 803
and Columbus 524, 528, 529, 531, 588, 589
and crusades 481
dust 207, 216, 475, 510, 531, 840
and economic warfare against Islam 501, 537, 546
and El Dorado 553, 590
and encomienda system 531
English ambitions for 663–4
‘fool’s gold’ 664–5
of Funan 140
and Hispaniola 531, 582
Inca 635
ingots 156
and Japan 194, 216, 221, 232, 524, 847
leaf 216
mining 174
and the Moluccas 611
and Oc-èo 141
of Ophir 80–81, 82
in Philippines 574
and the Portuguese 471–4, 501, 502, 506, 507, 508, 509–11, 546, 548, 560, 635, 652; funding imperial expansion 511; gold funding imperial expansion 511
of Ptolemy’s Syria 97
in Red Sea 176
Roman 108
and Russia 801, 802, 803
and Singapore/Temasek 286
and slavery 582
and Sofala 548
and Solomon 81
and the Spanish 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9, 729
and Śri Vijaya 153
tribute 546
Viking raids on 362
Welsh 302
Golden Hind 665
Gomes, Diogo 488
Gomes, Fernão 504, 506
Gonneville, Binot Paulmier de 557–60
Gonville Hall, Cambridge 669
gooseberries 114
Gothenburg 717, 722, 723, 724, 725
archipelago 726
‘Little London’ and the British 723
Reformed Church 723
Gotland 353, 357, 366, 367, 368, 418, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427, 437, 448
Bronze Age 368
Gotlanders’ Saga 368
Gouvea, Francisco de 653
Graf Spee 888
grain trade xix, 57, 104, 106, 238, 276, 352, 432, 442, 444, 470, 860 see also barley; maize; millet; rice; rye; wheat
Ålander 874–6
Black Sea 872
British imports 881
and Ceuta 475, 478
and the Dutch 428, 675, 676–7
English 389, 391, 444, 458
grain surpluses 50
and Hansards 428, 429
and Iceland 390–91
Santo Domingo imports from Spain 587–8
Spanish 587–8
Gran Canaria see Grand Canary
Gran Colombia 852
Granada 475, 476, 477, 485
Grand Canary (Gran Canaria) 472–3, 501, 505
grapes 114
graves see burial; tombs
Gray, Robert 793, 794
Great Britain see Britain
Great Britain, SS 864
Great Chronicle of London 533
Gr
eat Collection of Buddhist Sutras 234
Great Depression 883–4, 886
Great Eastern, SS 864
Great Gift 773
Great Northern War 802
Greece/Greeks
Alexandrian Greeks 99
and Bereniké 111
Buddhism and Greek culture 90
coins 326
Greco-Roman merchants see merchants: Greco-Roman/‘Roman’
Greek pirates 130
Greek towns in northern Italy 334–5
and Hellenization 46, 93
Ionia see Ionia
maritime trade from 19th century 872–3
Massalia and Greek travellers 331–2
Mycenaeans see Mycenaeans
and Persia 85
pottery 94, 323
settlers in Africa 841
ships 109, 872–3
and Socotra 129–30
trade routes of Bronze Age Greece 314
Greek language 111
of Socrotans 130
Greene, Daniel 795
Greenland xix, xxi, 362, 380, 393–409, 721
Black Death in 405
Christianity 397, 400
Corte Real’s rediscovery 534
Eastern Settlement 397, 399, 400, 404, 406
Eskimos: Dorset 398–9; Inuit 398, 399–400, 404, 405, 406–7
falcons 398
hunting 397
and Iceland 393–8, 400–402
named Labrador 534–5
Norse discovery and settlement 393–402, 403–7, 655
and Norway 712
paganism 400
Southern Settlement 397
trade 398, 402–4, 407, 408
Western Settlement 397, 404, 408
women 406
Greenlanders’ Saga 407, 409, 410–11, 413
Greifswald 418, 426
Gresham, Sir Thomas 669
Gresham College 669
Grijalva, Juan de 614
Grim Kamban 380
Grimaldo, Juan Francisco de 588
Grotius, Hugo 679–82, 773, 822
Guadeloupe 768
Guam 573–4, 856
Guanches 472, 488
Guangdong 159
Guangzhou/Canton xxix–xxx, 136, 138, 147, 149, 163, 164, 172, 199, 240, 243–50, 636–7, 640, 642, 723, 725, 814
and the British 709, 814, 825
‘Canton System’ 789
and Empress of China 785, 786–8
and the French 827
and furs 806
Hoppos 789
merchants in 824, 825
and New Julfans 706
North American trade with 786–91
and opium 825–6
and West Indies 711–12
Guatemala 581
guavas 644
Guðrið, wife of Þorfinn Karlsefni 411, 412, 413
Guðroð Crovan 378
Guðrum 361
Guerra, Luis 553
Guerra brothers 553
guilds, merchant 183, 184, 213, 249, 355, 669, 789
Guinea 504–8
and the Brandenburgers 716
coast 489, 490, 504, 505–12, 545, 669, 702, 712, 716, 718; Carlsborg fort 717, 718
and the Danes 712, 716, 721
and England 716
and France 561
and the Portuguese 504–8, 754
scramble in 17th century for 716–19
and the Spanish 754
and the Swedes 716, 718
trade see trade: Guinea
trading stations 716
Guinea Bissau 504
Gujarat/Gujaratis 51, 602, 604–5
Diu see Diu, Gujarat
Gulden Zeepaert, ’t 741
Gulf Stream xv
gum arabic 839
Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson 396
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 716, 717
Gwadar, Oman/Pakistan 829
Gypsies 46
Habsburgs 439, 604, 703
Angra’s Spanish Habsburg fortifications 752
and France 672
Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669
and New Christians 702, 704–5
Portuguese 1640 rebellion 705
and São Felipe, Cape Verde 753
southern Netherlands transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722
in Spain 614, 764–5
Hacho, Mount 474, 475, 478
Hadhramawt, south Arabia 128
hairstyles 170
Haithabu 365–7, 371, 421
Haiti 527, 685 see also Hispaniola
Hakata (Fukoaka) 196, 212, 224, 652
Hakata Bay 196, 197, 215, 216–17, 223, 224, 225
Hakluyt, Richard 658
Hakusuki, battle of 192
Halley, Edmund 750
Hallstatt culture 326, 330, 331–2
Hamburg 424, 437, 445, 449, 673, 676, 702, 712, 880
Chilehaus 880
and Portuguese Jewish merchants 701
and Second World War 891, 892
Sephardim 701
trading links with South America 880
Hamburg–Amerika Line 869
Hamilton, Alexander 818–19
Hamwih (Southampton) 353
Hangzhou (Quinsay) 221, 224, 226, 238, 239, 240, 245, 248, 250
Hannibal 845
Hanoi 138
Hans, king of Denmark 464
Hansa, German xxii, 403, 415–31, 432–46, 668
and Antwerp 673
Baltic members’ importance 433–6
and Bergen 418, 419, 443–6
and Bruges 433, 438–9, 440, 441–2
cogs 426, 428, 451
and Cologne 428, 433, 438, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 452
Diets (Hansetage) 420, 432–6, 437, 453
and the Dutch 425, 428, 668, 674–5, 676, 683; conflict with Spain 685
and England 419, 447–53, 456, 458, 463
‘Hanseatic League’ 419, 432–3, 452
and herring 674
and Iceland 461–3
Kontor 440, 444, 445, 446, 447–8
and Norwegians 442–6
and Portugal 431, 477
post-plague ‘Hansa of the Towns’ 432–6
Prussian members 452
and Teutonic Order 420–21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452
trade routes 424–5, 438
HAPAG 881, 885, 886, 891, 904
Harald Fairhair 362–3, 373, 380, 384, 385–6, 389, 401, 402
Harald Hardraða 361–2, 377, 378
Harali 57
Harappā 63
Harland, Edward 870
Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast 870, 899
Harold Godwinsson 362
harpoons 28, 304, 399
Harris, William xxiii
Harrison, John, chronometer 812
Hartog, Dirk 736
Harun ar-Rashid 170, 365
Hasekura Tsunenaga 632
Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of 821
Haswell, Robert 793
Hathab/Astakapra 129
Hatshepsut/Hashepsowe, Queen 75–6, 77, 78, 82
Havana xviii, 591–3, 617, 701, 754
Hawai’ian islands xxiii, 3, 20–21, 25–7, 810, 813–17, 859
agriculture 26–7
first settlers 24
Kaua’i 25, 814, 815
and Māori language 132
and Marquesas 24, 30
O’ahu 24, 25, 814, 816
pineapples 859
sweet potatoes 29
and the USA 816, 817, 856, 859
Hawaiian Citizen 903
Hawaiki 5, 33, 34, 35–6, 37–8
Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit 280
Hayes’ Island 739–40
hazelnuts 114
Hazor 80
Heaney, Seamus 351
Hebrides 328, 377, 378
Viking raids 372
Hedeby see Haithabu
Heian see Kyoto/Heian
Hek
ataios 88
Hellenization 46, 93
Helluland 409
Helsingborg 425
Helsingør (Elsinore) castle 713
Helsingør narrows 685
hemp 194
Henriques, Moses Josua 719
Henry I of Schwerin 425
Henry II of England 458
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 402
Henry III of England 450, 469
Henry IV of England 452
Henry V of England 476, 477
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 449
Henry VII of England 526, 532–3, 534, 557
Henry VIII of England 557, 656
Henry the Impotent, king of Castile 504–5
Henry the Lion 424, 425, 427
Henry of Navarre 676
Henry the Navigator, Prince Henry 431, 465, 469, 476, 478, 479–80, 481, 484, 485, 499, 501, 502, 503, 514
and the Azores 487, 488
Belém statue 480
and Madeira 484, 485
hens see chicken
Herjólfsnes, Greenland 404, 405, 406, 410
Hermapollon 112–13
Herodotos 88–9, 90, 334
herring 306, 420, 426, 428, 429–30, 436, 451, 562
Baltic 430, 436, 451, 674
and the Dutch 668, 674, 683, 685
North Sea 430, 436, 674
Heyerdahl, Thor 27–30, 299, 727
Heyn, Piet 686
Heysham, Robert 749
Heysham, William 749
hides see skins/hides
Hideyoshi Toyotomi 628, 629, 630, 646–7, 649, 651–3
Dutch merchants in 650–51
Himilco 333
Himyar 122, 123, 166–7
Hindenburg 898
Hindostan, SS 865, 867
Hinduism/Hindus 109, 183, 548
Brahmins see Brahmins
Buddhism interwoven with Hinduism 293
and Madagascar 759
and Majapahit 280
and Melaka 293, 295
Oman and Hindu merchants 834
and the Portuguese 547, 548, 606; Portuguese Christianizing mistakes over images 541
and Socotra 128
and Vietnam 144
Vishnu statues 159
Hine-te-aparangi 32, 34
Hippalos 102, 109
Hirado, Japan 692, 693–4
Hiram, king of Tyre 73, 80
Hispaniola 491, 555, 582–6, 656, 768–9, 770
cattle 590–91
and Columbus 520, 521, 527–8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 585, 769
and the Dutch 683
gold 531, 582
and Havana 592
hides 590, 591
salt 588
Santo Domingo see Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
sugar 582, 589–90, 768–9
Taínos 520, 521, 527–8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 583
Hitler, Adolf 887, 888
Hjǫrleif 384–5
Hoëdic 306, 308
Hojeda, Alonso de 534, 550, 551, 552, 554
Hokianga nui a Kupe 33
Hokkaido 191
Hokule’a 20
Holocene period 303, 304
Holt, Alfred 864–7, 868
shipping company see Blue Funnel Line
hominids, early, in Flores 7
Honduras 591, 592
honey 194, 389, 391, 444, 470
Hong-wu 256, 260
Hong-xi 267
The Boundless Sea Page 141
