The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Garðar Svávarsson 384

  garfish 284, 285

  garnets 141

  garum sauce 112, 116, 120

  Gascony 458, 459

  Gatun lake, Panama 858

  Gaul/Gauls 115, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 345, 346

  Gaza 122, 167

  gazelle skins 323

  Gdansk see Danzig

  Geer, Louis De 717

  Genizah documents 174, 175–6, 182, 184

  Genoa/Genoese 188, 415, 420, 461, 465, 470, 471, 525, 703–4

  bankers 590, 703

  and Bruges 438

  and Castile 528

  and Ceuta 475, 478

  East India Company funding attempts 704

  and Indian Ocean 703–4

  investors in sugar trade 589–90

  and Lisbon 470

  and London 455

  and Madeira 481, 486

  merchants 470, 475, 682

  and Mogador 836

  and Portugal 470, 485

  ships 454

  and silver from New World 611

  and slave trade 503, 588, 777

  and St George 697

  and wool 454–5

  George, St 697

  George, Prince Regent, later George IV 820

  George 463

  Germaine de Foix 556

  Germanic languages 347, 352

  Germanic raiders 344–7

  Germany

  Antwerp and south German businessmen 672

  bankers 450, 579, 590, 672, 673, 675, 703

  Brandenburg see Brandenburg

  and Britain: and First World War 881–3; and naval power 418, 881; and Second World War 887–91

  Bronze Age 317, 319, 320

  and First World War 881–3

  and France, Second World War 888

  German Democratic Republic 418–19, 422–3

  German Hansa see Hansa, German

  heavy industry exit points 880

  internecine warfare in 1620s and 1630s 686

  and Italy see Italy: and Germany

  and Japan, Second World War 887, 888

  Jews 422, 886

  Low German language see Low German language

  Luftwaffe 889

  and Madeira 486

  merchant navy 882, 883

  merchants see merchants: German

  Military Orders 420–21

  mines 882, 889

  naval ambitions 418, 881, 887

  Prussia see Prussia

  and Second Crusade 423

  and Second World War 887–91

  Slav wars with 423

  and Thirty Years War 714

  trade see trade: German

  transatlantic air service 898

  and Urnfield Culture 317

  and the USA: and First World War 882; and US immigration policy 885

  Gerrha 94, 95

  Ghana 492, 716, 718 see also Elmina

  ghee 104

  Ghent 355

  Gibraltar 90, 322–3, 335, 475, 656, 801, 851

  and Morocco 839–40

  Strait of 323, 324, 454, 467, 470, 475, 477–8, 857

  Gilbert, Humphrey 662

  Gilgamesh 55, 56

  ginger 12, 99, 118, 188, 429, 542, 574, 615, 640

  ginseng 194, 786

  giraffes 255, 259, 265, 266, 269

  glaciers 304

  Glasgow 869, 874, 875, 889

  glass beads 288, 521, 554, 754

  Glob, P. V. 65–6, 306, 339

  global warming 908

  globalization 877–9

  debates concerning origins of xvi–xvii, 877

  global economy and First World War 882–3

  and trade routes xvi–xvii, 877

  and transatlantic wheat trade 878

  globes 525, 556, 572, 652, 655, 661–2

  glottochronology 131–2

  Glückstadt 701, 712, 717–18, 721

  trade with Guinea 719

  Glückstadt Company 718

  Glueck, Nelson 83

  Goa 52, 508, 546, 599, 600, 605, 606, 617, 621, 634, 642, 645, 648, 652, 759

  Inquisition in 703

  Jesuits 645

  goats 404, 489, 730

  meat 752

  milk 752

  skins 473, 756, 839

  Godfred of Denmark 360, 365

  Godijn, Louis 676

  Godmanchester 346–7

  Goitein, S. D. 174

  Gokstad ship 369

  gold 57, 76, 106, 244, 505, 540, 547, 588, 640, 717

  African 471–4, 475, 481, 484, 496, 500–501, 506; Guinea/Mina coast 507, 508, 509–11; ‘River of Gold’ 471, 473, 474, 484, 496, 500, 502, 511

  artefacts found in Broighter 331

  Aztec 635

  bars 509

  from Bia-Punt 79

  boat model 331

  bracelets 509

  bribes 207, 782–3

  bullion famine 500–501

  Californian 852–3

  Caribbean 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9

  and China 216

  of Chrysé and Argyré 134

  coins 164, 172, 352, 478, 687, 730, 803

  and Columbus 524, 528, 529, 531, 588, 589

  and crusades 481

  dust 207, 216, 475, 510, 531, 840

  and economic warfare against Islam 501, 537, 546

  and El Dorado 553, 590

  and encomienda system 531

  English ambitions for 663–4

  ‘fool’s gold’ 664–5

  of Funan 140

  and Hispaniola 531, 582

  Inca 635

  ingots 156

  and Japan 194, 216, 221, 232, 524, 847

  leaf 216

  mining 174

  and the Moluccas 611

  and Oc-èo 141

  of Ophir 80–81, 82

  in Philippines 574

  and the Portuguese 471–4, 501, 502, 506, 507, 508, 509–11, 546, 548, 560, 635, 652; funding imperial expansion 511; gold funding imperial expansion 511

  of Ptolemy’s Syria 97

  in Red Sea 176

  Roman 108

  and Russia 801, 802, 803

  and Singapore/Temasek 286

  and slavery 582

  and Sofala 548

  and Solomon 81

  and the Spanish 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9, 729

  and Śri Vijaya 153

  tribute 546

  Viking raids on 362

  Welsh 302

  Golden Hind 665

  Gomes, Diogo 488

  Gomes, Fernão 504, 506

  Gonneville, Binot Paulmier de 557–60

  Gonville Hall, Cambridge 669

  gooseberries 114

  Gothenburg 717, 722, 723, 724, 725

  archipelago 726

  ‘Little London’ and the British 723

  Reformed Church 723

  Gotland 353, 357, 366, 367, 368, 418, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427, 437, 448

  Bronze Age 368

  Gotlanders’ Saga 368

  Gouvea, Francisco de 653

  Graf Spee 888

  grain trade xix, 57, 104, 106, 238, 276, 352, 432, 442, 444, 470, 860 see also barley; maize; millet; rice; rye; wheat

  Ålander 874–6

  Black Sea 872

  British imports 881

  and Ceuta 475, 478

  and the Dutch 428, 675, 676–7

  English 389, 391, 444, 458

  grain surpluses 50

  and Hansards 428, 429

  and Iceland 390–91

  Santo Domingo imports from Spain 587–8

  Spanish 587–8

  Gran Canaria see Grand Canary

  Gran Colombia 852

  Granada 475, 476, 477, 485

  Grand Canary (Gran Canaria) 472–3, 501, 505

  grapes 114

  graves see burial; tombs

  Gray, Robert 793, 794

  Great Britain see Britain

  Great Britain, SS 864

  Great Chronicle of London 533

  Gr
eat Collection of Buddhist Sutras 234

  Great Depression 883–4, 886

  Great Eastern, SS 864

  Great Gift 773

  Great Northern War 802

  Greece/Greeks

  Alexandrian Greeks 99

  and Bereniké 111

  Buddhism and Greek culture 90

  coins 326

  Greco-Roman merchants see merchants: Greco-Roman/‘Roman’

  Greek pirates 130

  Greek towns in northern Italy 334–5

  and Hellenization 46, 93

  Ionia see Ionia

  maritime trade from 19th century 872–3

  Massalia and Greek travellers 331–2

  Mycenaeans see Mycenaeans

  and Persia 85

  pottery 94, 323

  settlers in Africa 841

  ships 109, 872–3

  and Socotra 129–30

  trade routes of Bronze Age Greece 314

  Greek language 111

  of Socrotans 130

  Greene, Daniel 795

  Greenland xix, xxi, 362, 380, 393–409, 721

  Black Death in 405

  Christianity 397, 400

  Corte Real’s rediscovery 534

  Eastern Settlement 397, 399, 400, 404, 406

  Eskimos: Dorset 398–9; Inuit 398, 399–400, 404, 405, 406–7

  falcons 398

  hunting 397

  and Iceland 393–8, 400–402

  named Labrador 534–5

  Norse discovery and settlement 393–402, 403–7, 655

  and Norway 712

  paganism 400

  Southern Settlement 397

  trade 398, 402–4, 407, 408

  Western Settlement 397, 404, 408

  women 406

  Greenlanders’ Saga 407, 409, 410–11, 413

  Greifswald 418, 426

  Gresham, Sir Thomas 669

  Gresham College 669

  Grijalva, Juan de 614

  Grim Kamban 380

  Grimaldo, Juan Francisco de 588

  Grotius, Hugo 679–82, 773, 822

  Guadeloupe 768

  Guam 573–4, 856

  Guanches 472, 488

  Guangdong 159

  Guangzhou/Canton xxix–xxx, 136, 138, 147, 149, 163, 164, 172, 199, 240, 243–50, 636–7, 640, 642, 723, 725, 814

  and the British 709, 814, 825

  ‘Canton System’ 789

  and Empress of China 785, 786–8

  and the French 827

  and furs 806

  Hoppos 789

  merchants in 824, 825

  and New Julfans 706

  North American trade with 786–91

  and opium 825–6

  and West Indies 711–12

  Guatemala 581

  guavas 644

  Guðrið, wife of Þorfinn Karlsefni 411, 412, 413

  Guðroð Crovan 378

  Guðrum 361

  Guerra, Luis 553

  Guerra brothers 553

  guilds, merchant 183, 184, 213, 249, 355, 669, 789

  Guinea 504–8

  and the Brandenburgers 716

  coast 489, 490, 504, 505–12, 545, 669, 702, 712, 716, 718; Carlsborg fort 717, 718

  and the Danes 712, 716, 721

  and England 716

  and France 561

  and the Portuguese 504–8, 754

  scramble in 17th century for 716–19

  and the Spanish 754

  and the Swedes 716, 718

  trade see trade: Guinea

  trading stations 716

  Guinea Bissau 504

  Gujarat/Gujaratis 51, 602, 604–5

  Diu see Diu, Gujarat

  Gulden Zeepaert, ’t 741

  Gulf Stream xv

  gum arabic 839

  Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson 396

  Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 716, 717

  Gwadar, Oman/Pakistan 829

  Gypsies 46

  Habsburgs 439, 604, 703

  Angra’s Spanish Habsburg fortifications 752

  and France 672

  Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669

  and New Christians 702, 704–5

  Portuguese 1640 rebellion 705

  and São Felipe, Cape Verde 753

  southern Netherlands transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722

  in Spain 614, 764–5

  Hacho, Mount 474, 475, 478

  Hadhramawt, south Arabia 128

  hairstyles 170

  Haithabu 365–7, 371, 421

  Haiti 527, 685 see also Hispaniola

  Hakata (Fukoaka) 196, 212, 224, 652

  Hakata Bay 196, 197, 215, 216–17, 223, 224, 225

  Hakluyt, Richard 658

  Hakusuki, battle of 192

  Halley, Edmund 750

  Hallstatt culture 326, 330, 331–2

  Hamburg 424, 437, 445, 449, 673, 676, 702, 712, 880

  Chilehaus 880

  and Portuguese Jewish merchants 701

  and Second World War 891, 892

  Sephardim 701

  trading links with South America 880

  Hamburg–Amerika Line 869

  Hamilton, Alexander 818–19

  Hamwih (Southampton) 353

  Hangzhou (Quinsay) 221, 224, 226, 238, 239, 240, 245, 248, 250

  Hannibal 845

  Hanoi 138

  Hans, king of Denmark 464

  Hansa, German xxii, 403, 415–31, 432–46, 668

  and Antwerp 673

  Baltic members’ importance 433–6

  and Bergen 418, 419, 443–6

  and Bruges 433, 438–9, 440, 441–2

  cogs 426, 428, 451

  and Cologne 428, 433, 438, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 452

  Diets (Hansetage) 420, 432–6, 437, 453

  and the Dutch 425, 428, 668, 674–5, 676, 683; conflict with Spain 685

  and England 419, 447–53, 456, 458, 463

  ‘Hanseatic League’ 419, 432–3, 452

  and herring 674

  and Iceland 461–3

  Kontor 440, 444, 445, 446, 447–8

  and Norwegians 442–6

  and Portugal 431, 477

  post-plague ‘Hansa of the Towns’ 432–6

  Prussian members 452

  and Teutonic Order 420–21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452

  trade routes 424–5, 438

  HAPAG 881, 885, 886, 891, 904

  Harald Fairhair 362–3, 373, 380, 384, 385–6, 389, 401, 402

  Harald Hardraða 361–2, 377, 378

  Harali 57

  Harappā 63

  Harland, Edward 870

  Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast 870, 899

  Harold Godwinsson 362

  harpoons 28, 304, 399

  Harris, William xxiii

  Harrison, John, chronometer 812

  Hartog, Dirk 736

  Harun ar-Rashid 170, 365

  Hasekura Tsunenaga 632

  Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of 821

  Haswell, Robert 793

  Hathab/Astakapra 129

  Hatshepsut/Hashepsowe, Queen 75–6, 77, 78, 82

  Havana xviii, 591–3, 617, 701, 754

  Hawai’ian islands xxiii, 3, 20–21, 25–7, 810, 813–17, 859

  agriculture 26–7

  first settlers 24

  Kaua’i 25, 814, 815

  and Māori language 132

  and Marquesas 24, 30

  O’ahu 24, 25, 814, 816

  pineapples 859

  sweet potatoes 29

  and the USA 816, 817, 856, 859

  Hawaiian Citizen 903

  Hawaiki 5, 33, 34, 35–6, 37–8

  Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit 280

  Hayes’ Island 739–40

  hazelnuts 114

  Hazor 80

  Heaney, Seamus 351

  Hebrides 328, 377, 378

  Viking raids 372

  Hedeby see Haithabu

  Heian see Kyoto/Heian

  Hek
ataios 88

  Hellenization 46, 93

  Helluland 409

  Helsingborg 425

  Helsingør (Elsinore) castle 713

  Helsingør narrows 685

  hemp 194

  Henriques, Moses Josua 719

  Henry I of Schwerin 425

  Henry II of England 458

  Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 402

  Henry III of England 450, 469

  Henry IV of England 452

  Henry V of England 476, 477

  Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 449

  Henry VII of England 526, 532–3, 534, 557

  Henry VIII of England 557, 656

  Henry the Impotent, king of Castile 504–5

  Henry the Lion 424, 425, 427

  Henry of Navarre 676

  Henry the Navigator, Prince Henry 431, 465, 469, 476, 478, 479–80, 481, 484, 485, 499, 501, 502, 503, 514

  and the Azores 487, 488

  Belém statue 480

  and Madeira 484, 485

  hens see chicken

  Herjólfsnes, Greenland 404, 405, 406, 410

  Hermapollon 112–13

  Herodotos 88–9, 90, 334

  herring 306, 420, 426, 428, 429–30, 436, 451, 562

  Baltic 430, 436, 451, 674

  and the Dutch 668, 674, 683, 685

  North Sea 430, 436, 674

  Heyerdahl, Thor 27–30, 299, 727

  Heyn, Piet 686

  Heysham, Robert 749

  Heysham, William 749

  hides see skins/hides

  Hideyoshi Toyotomi 628, 629, 630, 646–7, 649, 651–3

  Dutch merchants in 650–51

  Himilco 333

  Himyar 122, 123, 166–7

  Hindenburg 898

  Hindostan, SS 865, 867

  Hinduism/Hindus 109, 183, 548

  Brahmins see Brahmins

  Buddhism interwoven with Hinduism 293

  and Madagascar 759

  and Majapahit 280

  and Melaka 293, 295

  Oman and Hindu merchants 834

  and the Portuguese 547, 548, 606; Portuguese Christianizing mistakes over images 541

  and Socotra 128

  and Vietnam 144

  Vishnu statues 159

  Hine-te-aparangi 32, 34

  Hippalos 102, 109

  Hirado, Japan 692, 693–4

  Hiram, king of Tyre 73, 80

  Hispaniola 491, 555, 582–6, 656, 768–9, 770

  cattle 590–91

  and Columbus 520, 521, 527–8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 585, 769

  and the Dutch 683

  gold 531, 582

  and Havana 592

  hides 590, 591

  salt 588

  Santo Domingo see Santo Domingo, Hispaniola

  sugar 582, 589–90, 768–9

  Taínos 520, 521, 527–8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 583

  Hitler, Adolf 887, 888

  Hjǫrleif 384–5

  Hoëdic 306, 308

  Hojeda, Alonso de 534, 550, 551, 552, 554

  Hokianga nui a Kupe 33

  Hokkaido 191

  Hokule’a 20

  Holocene period 303, 304

  Holt, Alfred 864–7, 868

  shipping company see Blue Funnel Line

  hominids, early, in Flores 7

  Honduras 591, 592

  honey 194, 389, 391, 444, 470

  Hong-wu 256, 260

  Hong-xi 267