The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Hong Kong 637, 639

  and Blue Funnel Line 867, 891

  and Britain 639, 826–8, 893

  Chinese bazaar 827

  Chinese settlers 827

  Club 827

  as a container port 904, 907

  and the Depression 886

  merchants 789–90, 808, 824

  and Mizrahi Jews 841

  opium trade 827, 828

  P&O office 892

  and People’s Republic of China 639, 892–3, 907

  and pirate raids 867

  and Second World War 887, 892; and post-war period 892–3

  and the USA 893

  Victoria Island 826, 867

  Wallem shipping company 890

  Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company 905

  Honolulu 903

  Hopewell 706

  Hoppos, Canton 789

  Hoq cave, Socotra 128

  Horace 170

  Hormuz 8, 254, 264–5, 267, 269, 598–9, 604, 606, 608, 610, 634

  Strait of 52, 62, 166, 598, 634

  Horrea Piperataria 114

  horses 220, 404, 489, 581, 652, 730

  horse-breeding on Cape Verde 489, 502

  and yellow fever 855

  Horta, Azores 750–51

  horticulture, Lapita 12–13

  Hotu Matu’a 30

  houses

  circular 321, 324, 329

  in circular villages 321

  with dry-stone foundations 321

  Inuit 399

  Madeiran 484

  merchant 425–6, 443, 445–6, 838

  oblong 321

  of timber and wattle 366

  Howqua (Hong merchant) 790

  Huang Chao 172

  Hudson, Henry 665

  Hudson Bay 408, 557, 658, 664, 665, 666–7

  Huelva 319

  Huguenots 676, 696, 697

  Hull 447, 451, 462, 871

  human sacrifice 367, 368, 730, 809, 810

  Humboldt, Alexander von 852

  Hundred Years War 469

  Hung Wu-ti 219, 220

  hunting 302, 304, 306–7, 397, 399

  in Greenland 397

  grounds 404, 406, 794

  by Ming emperors 256

  seals 399

  turtles 105

  whales see whales/whaling

  Hussein, sultan of Johor 821–2

  Hutchison Ports 905

  Hygelac 348

  Hyksos 75

  Hyogo 218

  Iberia xxii, 305 see also Castile/Castilians; Catalans; Galicia; Portugal/Portuguese; Spain/Spaniards

  Atlantic culture of 324–5

  Bronze Age 316, 322

  Christian vs Muslim struggle in 12th century 467–8

  circular villages 321

  Iron Age 330

  Neolithic 308–9, 313

  pin-brooches 326

  roundhouses 329

  ships in Mediterranean from Atlantic Iberia 470

  and Spanish Reconquista 468, 477

  swords 318–19

  visitors to London 455

  Ibn al-Muqaddam 182

  Ibn Battuta 248

  Ibn Hawqal 171

  Ibn Iyas 595

  Ibn Sab’in 475

  Ibrahim Pasha, Pargalı 603, 607

  ice 303–4

  Arctic 339, 655, 657, 660, 661, 664

  glaciers 304

  receding 908

  Ice Age 303–4

  ‘Little Ice Age’ of 17th century 767

  Iceland xix, 362–3, 383–8

  Black Death in 403, 405

  and Bristol 461–3

  and Columbus 410, 524

  and England 461–3

  and Greenland 393–8, 400–402

  and Hansards 461–3

  and Norway 712

  paganism 387–8, 400, 407

  sagas 370, 380, 384, 386, 387–8, 396, 444; Egil’s Saga 389, 391; Orkneyinga Saga 311, 363, 364, 373, 375, 376

  tallow 721

  trade 390–92, 461–3

  vaðmal cloth 390–1, 403

  Ictis island 336

  Ideal-X 902–3

  Idrisi, Muhammad al- 130, 157–8, 471–2, 475

  Ieyasu Tokugawa 629, 630–31, 632, 653–4, 692, 693–4

  iguanas 12

  Iki island 224

  Imari wares 650

  Imhof family and banking house 672

  Imma 353

  immigration see migration

  Imperator 885

  Imperial Airways 898

  Incas 29, 618, 635, 727

  incense 71–3, 122, 243 see also frankincense; myrrh

  Arabian 94, 115

  Assyrian 80

  Chinese 286

  in Jewish Temple 80

  and the ‘Muscateers’ 831

  stands/vessels 80

  Sumerian 80

  Inchcape, James Lyle Mackay, 1st Earl of 884

  India

  Ajanta caves 129

  and Armenians 706, 707, 708

  and the British/English 690–91, 714, 851 see also East India Company, English; and Armenians 707

  Buddhist monasteries 118, 128

  Cabral in 542

  carpets 548

  and China 125, 137, 138–9, 144–6, 147, 152, 161, 282–3 see also Indo-China

  cloth see cloth: Indian

  coastal ethnic/religious diversity in 9th century 183

  coins introduced to 102

  da Gama in 540–41

  and the Danes 712, 714, 715

  diamonds 703

  and Egypt 182–3, 187–8

  da Gama in 543

  Goa see Goa

  Gujarat see Gujarat/Gujaratis

  as interchange point between trade networks 187

  and Japan 152

  luxury of elite 188

  mail sent with P&O 867

  and Malaya 282

  and Mediterranean 108

  merchant guilds 183, 184

  merchants from see merchants: Indian

  Mughal invasions 604–5

  Muslims in 183, 261

  de Nova in 542

  and Oman 831, 832

  and Ottomans 603, 605

  pepper see pepper: Indian

  and the Portuguese 540–43, 604–5, 606

  ‘Roman’ merchants and southern India 52

  Romans in 118

  and silver 188

  and Śri Vijaya 161

  steamship link with Persian Gulf 868

  Tamils see Tamils

  trade see trade: Indian

  and Vietnam see Vietnam: and India

  and West Indies 711–12

  wine imports 116

  Zheng He in 261

  Indian Ocean 43–69, 103

  and Abbasid rise 170

  and Alexandria 96, 103, 187

  and American ‘Red Sea men’ 781–2

  and British India Steam Navigation Company 868

  and Buddhism 43–6, 118

  control struggle over 594–610

  Dias’s discovery of link with Atlantic 514, 536, 537

  ‘extensions’ xxii; Red Sea see Red Sea; South China Sea see South China Sea

  and the Genoese 703–4

  Greco-Roman xviii

  and Gujarat 602

  historic exit points 46–7

  and the ‘Indies’ 46, 99, 517

  and ‘Lascars’ 841

  as link between Mediterranean and South China Sea 338

  Madagascar as link with Atlantic 758, 780

  Magellan’s experience of 568

  maritime network 43, 90, 93, 124, 125, 147, 167–70, 279

  Mediterranean interaction 98, 116, 117, 124, 167–70, 338, 517

  Melaka as link with South China Sea 272, 295, 569, 636

  monsoons 50, 51, 52, 96, 102, 171, 182, 546

  navigation 117

  and Ottomans see Turks/Ottomans: and Indian Ocean

  Pacific Ocean contrasted with 43

  of the Periplous 103–10, 116, 119, 124, 125–8, 134r />
  and Persian Gulf see Persian/Arabian Gulf

  piracy widespread through 707

  and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and Indian Ocean

  Ptolemy’s view of 89, 105, 496, 727

  and Red Sea see Red Sea

  ‘Silk Route of the Sea’ xx, 265; and Singapore 281–9

  Singapore as link with South China Sea 272

  Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands

  spices in Indian cuisine 714–15

  and Strait of Malacca see Melaka (Malacca): Strait of Malacca

  tides 103, 107

  trade see trade: Indian Ocean

  trade routes see trade routes: Indian Ocean

  and the Turks see Turks/Ottomans: and Indian Ocean

  and the USA 781–2, 795

  winds 51, 110 see also monsoons

  and Zheng He’s voyages 254–5, 256–69, 280–81, 293

  ‘Indies’

  areas covered by term in Middle Ages 46, 517, 523

  Columbus and the term 46, 517

  East Indies see East Indies; Indonesia/Indonesians

  spice trade see spices/spice trade

  transatlantic attempts to reach 517, 522–35, 537, 550–64, 566–8, 571–2

  West Indies see West Indies

  indigo 107, 717, 754

  Indiké 120

  Indo-China 137, 147, 249–50 see also Cambodia; Vietnam

  and Fan-man’s conquests 144

  Faxien’s voyages 144–6

  and Sanskrit 144

  Indonesia/Indonesians 6, 43, 147 see also East Indies; Malaya/Malays

  and Buddhism 166

  Bugi pirates 819, 823

  Chola and Indonesian trade 273

  and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the East Indies/Indonesia

  Federation of Malaya and Indonesian Republic 893–4

  and Madagascar 132–3

  merchants 10, 132, 165

  Moluccas see Moluccas/Spice Islands

  and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and East Indies/Indonesia

  and Ryukyu Islands 232

  sailings between India and China 125

  spice trade with Madagascar 132–3

  Sumatra see Sumatra

  and Vietnam 143

  Zabaj 155–8 see also Śri Vijaya, Sumatra

  Indus River 50, 53, 68, 88, 106–7

  Indus Valley and civilization 53, 62–9

  and Dilmun 66–7 see also Dilmun

  pottery 62, 63

  seals 63–4

  and Sumer 62

  trade with Mesopotamia 66–7, 69

  industrialization 861, 865, 869–70, 896, 907–8

  infant mortality 307

  Ingolf Arnarson 384–5

  ingots

  bronze 320

  copper 60, 242

  gold 156

  silver 165

  tin 164

  Ingstad, Anne Stine and Helge 413

  Innocent VIII 513

  Inquisition 491, 592, 656–7, 673, 685, 699, 700, 703, 705, 707, 708, 730, 749, 754, 769, 770, 775

  Intan wreck 164–5

  Inuit 398, 399–400, 404, 405, 406–7, 408, 411, 663

  Ionia 82, 85

  Ionian Islands 682, 872, 873

  Ipswich 353

  Iran see Persia/Iran

  Iraq 68, 85, 164, 598

  Chinese trade with 185

  Ottoman government of 831

  Sumer see Sumer/Sumerians

  Ubaid 53–4

  Ireland

  Bronze Age 316, 320

  circular villages 321

  currachs 331, 382

  and the English 767

  Irish Free State: and Second World War 888–9; and the USA 885

  Irish monks 381–3, 386–7

  linen industry 457

  migrants fleeing famine 860

  monuments 301

  and Orkney 311–12

  and the potato 752

  promontory forts 328

  trade 457

  and US immigration policy 885

  Viking raids 361, 372, 379–80, 381

  Irian 280

  Irish Channel 312

  Irish Sea 313

  iron 97, 104, 133, 142, 158, 185, 408, 807, 888

  aboard SS London 861

  early ironmaking 316

  and Greenland 398, 408, 413

  and Iceland 391–2

  magnetized 243

  and Marianas 619–20

  nails see nails

  and Norsemen 408

  ore 242

  pyrites 664–5

  Spanish 455

  steamships 826, 864, 868–9, 882–3

  Swedish 724

  technology 314–16

  irrigation 50

  on Hawai’i 25, 26

  Irvine, Charles 723

  Isaac the Jew 186–7

  Isabella of Castile 464, 489, 504–5, 522, 527, 529, 534, 582

  death 530, 555

  Isadora, Aelia 111

  Isbister, Orkney 311

  Isfahan 705–8

  Isidore of Seville 135, 409

  Isis 122

  Iskandar Shah 282, 285, 290

  Islam/Muslims xx, 94, 546

  Abbasid dynasty 164, 170

  and Africa 500, 502

  Almohads 175, 468

  in Bombay 789

  caliphate rivalries in 8th century 170

  in China 244, 258

  Christians vs Muslims in Spain 423, 477

  coins 364

  and the crusades see crusades

  dirhams 366

  European struggle against Muslim power 46 see also crusades

  forcible conversion of Jews 181

  Indian 183; in Calicut 261

  and interest payments 837

  and Ma Huan 269–70

  and Madagascar 759

  and Malaya 282

  Mamluks see Mamluks

  and Melaka 291–2, 293, 295

  merchants see merchants: Muslim

  ‘Moors’ 292, 465–7, 537, 540, 541, 569, 617, 707

  Muslim fleets 465–7

  Muslim pilgrims 866

  Muslims of Persian origin in 9th century 184

  and Pasai 276

  and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and Islam

  ‘purity of blood’ doctrine and hiding of Muslim ancestry 696

  in Quanzhou 244

  and Red Sea closure to non-Muslims 187

  relationship between Muslim governments and Jews/Christians 836–8

  Shi‘ite 173, 599

  in Spain see Spain/Spaniards: Muslim (al-Andalus)

  spread along trade routes 146, 166

  and Śri Vijaya 147

  Sunnis see Sunni Muslims

  and Tengah/Muhammad 291–2, 293

  and Zheng He 257–8

  Íslendingabók 398

  Ismail Pasha 849–50

  Israel, Jonathan 674, 686

  Israel, Six-Day War (1967) 896

  Israelites

  and incense 80

  and Jewish Temple 80, 81

  Italy 115, 240 see also Sicily; Tuscany

  bankers 450, 454, 532, 590, 703; in England 454

  French invasion 526

  and Germany: landward connections 441, 442; and Second World War 889

  Greek towns in northern Italy 334–5

  and London 454–5

  merchants see merchants: Italian

  migrants fleeing poverty 860

  and Ottomans 601

  and Second World War 889

  wars with Charles V 611

  Zheng He in 254–5

  Ivan III of Russia 677

  Ivan IV, the Terrible 659–60, 677

  Ívar Bárdarson 403–4

  ivory 505, 547, 717, 840

  craftsmen 503

  elephant 47, 59, 61, 62, 63, 76, 105, 107, 118, 121, 122, 153, 233, 265, 278, 323, 324, 398, 405, 833

  and the Omanis 829, 831, 833

  and the Portuguese 501, 504, 635<
br />
  and the USA 833

  walrus xix, 385, 391, 397, 404, 408

  Izu islands 230

  Jackson, Andrew 852

  Jacob 782–3

  Jacobites 723

  Jacobsz, Ariaen 738–9

  Jakarta see Batavia/Batavians

  Jamaica 520, 530, 749, 761, 769–79

  and the English 765, 768, 769–79

  Jews 773

  Miami ferry service 900

  and Panama Canal workforce 853–4, 855

  Port Royal 765, 769–79

  silver 777, 778

  and slave trade 777

  and the Spanish 771, 773

  sugar trade 777, 779

  Jambi 160, 273, 279, 287

  James I of England 690

  James II of England 777

  James III of Majorca 473

  James of Bruges 488

  church in Azores 491

  Jamestown, Virginia 557, 766

  Jan Mayen Island 396

  Jang Bogo see Chang Pogo

  Jansz/Janszoon, Willem 736

  Janus Imperiale 454

  Japan/Japanese 6, 190–209, 212–29

  Ainus 797

  archers 211, 230

  armour 211

  artists 200

  Ashikaga shoguns 219, 220, 231

  bakufu 212, 217, 222, 223, 225, 229

  and ‘barbarians’ 847

  on Behaim’s globe 525

  bonzes (religious teachers) 647

  Buddhism see Buddhism: in Japan

  and Cabot 532

  and Carletti 621, 647, 648–9

  cash 214

  Ceremony of National Purification 199

  and China 135, 152, 188, 189–90, 192, 197, 198–209, 212–21, 228–9, 235, 236, 251, 287; and Hideyoshi’s assault on Korea 650–51; Hideyoshi’s conquest plans 646; Japanese mercenaries in Manila garrison vs Chinese 626; and Philip II’s plan to invade China 627; trade 201–2, 212–20, 228, 638, 647, 649

  and Christianity see Christianity: and Japan

  coal 846

  and Columbus 524–5, 537

  and copper 692, 847

  daimyos (warlords) 644, 646, 647, 650, 654

  and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and Japan

  early ethnic variety 191

  and European technology 847

  and European weapons 644

  and First World War 883

  and Germany, Second World War 887, 888

  and gold 194, 216, 221, 232, 524, 847

  guilds (za) 213

  Iki 224

  imperial court 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 200, 203, 205, 209, 213, 214, 215, 217, 222, 223, 228–9

  and India 152

  inflation 214

  Inland Sea 199, 204, 212, 218, 232, 652

  inter-clan battles 219, 230

  and Java 220

  junks 628, 637

  kami-kaze pilots 229

  kaolin 650

  and Korea 190, 191–9, 200, 204, 223, 225, 646, 649–51

  Kyushu see Kyushu island

  lacquered boxes xix, 216

  and Macau 635, 638, 639, 642, 644, 654

  and Manila 622, 628–30, 632, 633

  Meiji regime 847, 883, 888

  mercenaries 626, 628–9

  merchant fleets 883, 896

  merchants 189, 221, 616, 629, 630, 649

  and Mexico 630–31

  Ministry of Commerce 847