opium trade 827
and the Portuguese 638–42, 643–4, 787; New Christians 703
silk 640
and silver 763
and tax 639
and the USA 806
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1st Baron 722
mace 611, 684, 703, 781
Macnin, Meir 839
Macnin family 836
Macpherson, W. J. 847
Mactan 576
Madagascar xxi, 43, 131–3, 158, 162, 542, 548, 549, 758–62
and east Africa 759
and English East India Company 760, 761
French claims to 557
and Hinduism 759
and Islam 759
as link between Atlantic and Indian Ocean 758, 780
Malagasy language 3, 132
and piracy 760–61
and the Portuguese 759
rice 759
and slavery 760, 761–2, 780
Madanela Cansina 491–2
Madeira xxi, xxiii, 5, 459, 464, 471, 483–6, 488, 545, 593, 745, 748–50
Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations’ effect on 748
and the English 484, 748–50
Genoese in 481, 486
rabbits in Porto Santo 486
settlers at end of 15th century 486
shipbuilding 484
slaves 486, 497
sugar xxiii, 464, 485, 486, 501, 561, 562, 748, 749
timber 749
and the West Indies 749
wheat 484, 486
wine 748, 749–50
wood 484, 485, 749
Madras (Chennai) 706, 707
Madrid 632, 686, 699, 701, 703, 704
Mælbrigte 375
Maersk 905
Maes Howe 310, 311
Magan 58–9, 61, 62
and copper 57, 67, 68
Magellan, Ferdinand 5, 39, 517, 563, 568, 569–76, 609, 617, 655, 735
Magellan, Strait of 572, 579, 687, 731
Magellanica 716, 717, 727
magnetism 243
magnetic compass 243, 256, 370
Magnus, Olaus 655
Magnus Barelegs 377, 378
Magnus Erlendsson 377–8
cult of St Magnus 379
Magnus VI Haakonsson of Norway 444
Mahan, Alfred Thayer 856–7, 858
Mahdia 184
Maimon, David ben 175–6
Maimonides, Moses 175
Maine, USS 856, 857
maize 588, 643, 752
Majapahit 279–81, 284–5, 287, 290
Majorca (Mallorca) 471, 473
Jews 480
ships 454
Majoreros 472
Majos 472
Malabar Coast 184, 186, 187
malabathron 75, 109
Malacca see Melaka (Malacca)
Malagasy language 3, 132
Malagueta pepper 504, 505, 507, 511, 669
Mälaren, Lake 364
malaria 13, 853, 854, 858
Malaspina, Alejandro 795
Malay Annals xxiv, 134, 158, 276, 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290–91, 294, 295
Malaya/Malays xx, 52, 125, 135, 162, 239, 240, 273 see also Indonesia/Indonesians
and Buddhism 166
Bugi pirates 819, 823
and China 135–6, 138–9, 144, 147
Federation of Malaya: and Indonesian Republic 893–4; Singapore’s expulsion 895
as Golden Chersonese 110, 121–2
independence movement 893
Indian cultural influence on 282
and Islam 282
language 131, 820, 822
Melaka see Melaka (Malacca)
and Red Sea 84
and rubber 824, 868, 888, 892, 893–4
sailings between India and China 125
as seafaring nation 134, 283
ships 134, 139, 142–3
Singapore see Singapore
Straits Settlements 822
tin 164, 868
Malayu 160 see also Jambi
Malcolm, king of the Scots 375
Malfante, Antonio 501
Mali empire 500
Malindi 266
Malinowski, Bronisław 15
Mallorca see Majorca
Mallorca, Jaume de 480
Malmö 425
Malmsey wine 455, 748
Malocello, Lançalotto 471, 472
Malta 312, 849, 851
Malvinas see Falkland Islands
Mamluks 536, 537, 594–8
and Diu 600, 601, 602
fleet 598
navy 600, 602
and the Portuguese 595, 598, 600, 602
and Red Sea 265, 595, 598, 600–601
and spice trade 595
and Turks 600
Venetian–Mamluk treaties and relations 595–8, 600
Man, Isle of 308, 328, 376, 378
Viking raids 372
Manchester 865
and Bensaúde 840
cloth 839, 873
Jews 839
Manchester Ship Canal 865
Mandinga 502, 503
Manević, Ivan 455–6
Mangaia 29
Mangalore 184–6, 831
mangos 185
Manhattan Island 690, 756
New Amsterdam 717
Manigraman 183
Manila 592, 620–26, 642, 648
and Acapulco 623, 624, 630, 648, 701, 706
Armenians 706–7
Carletti in 620–22
and the Chinese 618, 620–21, 622–6, 715, 780
foundation story (Chinese) 618
and the Japanese 622, 628–30, 632, 633
and Macau 628
and Mexico 623, 780
New Christians 703
and New Julfans 706–7
and Second World War 891
and silver 635, 763
and slavery 697
Spanish settlers 620–21, 622, 625, 626
and Sultan Soliman 617–18
Manila galleons 3, 39, 518, 615–18, 620, 623, 624, 630–33, 665, 687, 701, 813
and Acapulco–Manila link 623, 624, 630, 648, 701, 706
and circumnavigation routes 617
and Japanese mercenaries vs Chinese 626
and New Julfans 706
manilhas (brass bracelets) 503, 504
manioc see cassava/manioc
Mansa Musa of Mali 500
Mansfield, Edward 774
Mansur, sultan of Tidore 568, 576
Manuel I of Portugal 523, 537, 538–9, 541, 542, 544, 546, 547, 548, 560, 569, 571, 602, 703
Māoris 5, 19, 38–9, 744
and earliest Dutchmen in New Zealand 742
and Hawai’ian language 132
stories of coming to Aotearoa 32–8
mapmakers see cartographers/cartography
marble 115, 492
Marchionni, Bartolomeo 545, 561
Marconi, Guglielmo 864
Marcus Julius Alexander 113
family 111
Margaret of Austria 578
Margaret of Denmark 436–7
Marguerite of Navarre 562
Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress 722
Marianas (‘Islands of Thieves’) 574, 619–20
Mariehamn, Åland Islands 874, 876
Marienburg 420
Marinid dynasty 475
warships 478
maritime safety 860–63, 870
Markland 408–9, 410, 414
Marquesas Islands 24, 30, 731, 807
Marrakesh, Morocco 834, 836, 837
‘Marramitta’ (Malagasy slave cook) 761
Marseilles 707, 872
Marshallese people 17–18
Martinique 768
Martyr, Peter 521
Maru (god) 38
Marxism 418
Mary I of England 654, 656, 662
Mary II of England 782
marzipan 429
Más Afuera island 791, 795
Massalia 331–4, 335, 336, 338
&
nbsp; Mas‘udi, al- 124, 157
Matheson, James 824, 825, 827
Matsuda, Matt 811
Matthew 532
Mauritius xxi, 5, 43, 712, 724, 761, 831
Maurits, Prince, Stadhouder 660, 692
Maximilian of Austria 668–9
Mayflower 767
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 720
Mazu see Tianfei/Mazu (sea goddess)
McKinley, William 856, 857
McLean, Malcolm 901–4
Meares, John 814
Mecca 177, 180, 187, 258, 269, 595, 598, 604
Ka‘aba 163, 171
and the Turks 602
Medici family 439, 542
Ferdinando de’ Medici 619
Medina 187, 602, 604
Medina Sidonia, dukes of 656
Mediterranean xx, xxiii, 85, 115, 166, 415
and Atlantic Ocean 322–5; Avienus’ Mediterranean perspective 332–3; links with Atlantic networks 470, 517
and Bereniké 115–17
Black Death/bubonic plague 123, 432
and Black Sea slave trade 524
Bronze Age 314, 319, 322–5
cables 864
currents 322
Greek merchant shipping 872–3
Habsburg naval power 604
and India 108
interaction with Indian Ocean 98, 116, 117, 124, 167–70, 338, 517
luxuries 672
Mahan on 857
and Ottomans 604, 607
parallels with Song China 247
reawakening with rising Fatimid power 173
salt 475
ships from Atlantic Iberia 470
Spanish merchants in 455
trade networks see trading networks: Mediterranean
Viking raids 370
winds 322, 324
‘Mediterranean of the North’ between Baltic and North Sea 414
‘megalithic’ culture 308, 310–13
Megiddo 80
Mehmet II 601
Mekong, River 141
Mela, Pomponius 134–5
Melaka (Malacca) xviii, xxix, 148, 158, 255, 261, 264, 271, 272, 273–6, 281, 289–96, 568, 569, 598, 617, 627, 643, 709
Albuquerque’s capture of 603, 606, 636
and Alexander the Great 282, 289
and Britain 818
Cheng Hoon Teng temple 258
and China 254, 286, 293–4, 295, 636
Daoists in 295
and the Dutch 818
founding legend 818
and Hinduism 293, 295
and Iskandar 282, 287, 289, 290–91
and Islam 291–2, 293, 295
as link between Indian Ocean, Spice Islands and China 272, 295, 569, 636
Madagascan trade 548
and New Julfa 706
and Ottomans 577, 607
and Parameśvara 255, 264, 287, 289, 290, 293
and pirates 292, 293, 736
and the Portuguese 234, 295–6, 568, 569, 606, 634, 636, 736; New Christians 703
and Ryukyu Islands 232, 233, 234
and Siam 293–5
and Singapore 285, 289, 822
St Paul’s Hill 291, 295
Strait of Malacca 47, 121, 137, 145, 152, 155, 162, 220, 273, 279, 292, 295–6, 606, 736, 818; and Singapore 281–2, 286, 290
and tribute 295
and Zheng He’s voyages 257, 260, 261, 262, 264, 269, 293, 636
Melanesia 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 732, 797
and Lapita people 11
Melilla 536, 839
Meluḫḫa 56, 57, 61–2, 63, 64, 68
Melville, Herman: Moby-Dick 845–6
Ménard, Louis 320
Mendaña, Álvaro de 729–30, 731, 733
Mendonça, Cristóvão de 735
Mendoza, Antonio de 580
Menezes, Tristão de 577
Mer Island 10
Mercator, Gerard, world map 572, 657–8, 661, 728
Mercers 669
Merchant Adventurers, English 669, 672–3
merchant fleets/navies
Ålander 874–5
Allied tonnage lost in Second World War 888
American 856–7
British 871, 873, 883, 889
Chinese 248
Danish 724
Dutch 668, 685, 883
Egyptian 96
French 888
German 882, 883
Greek 870, 872–3
Japanese 883, 896
Kurland 719
Norwegian 870–71, 888
Seleucid 96
Spanish 704
Swedish 871
Tahitian 813
merchant guilds 183, 184, 213, 249, 355, 669, 789
merchant houses 425–6, 443, 445–6, 838
Merchant Shipping Act, British 861–2
merchants
American 795
in Antwerp 668–9, 672–3
Arab 94, 105, 165, 171, 183, 249, 519, 540, 824, 831, 833; Dashi 153, 162, 266
in Baltic 367
in Barus 160
of Barygaza 106
of Bordeaux 458
Bosi 147, 161–2, 170
Bruges merchants moving to Antwerp 668–9
from Cairo 181
Canaanite 81
and Carolingian dynasty 354
China’s foreign merchants 189, 243–4, 806
Chinese 135, 139, 201, 212, 215, 219, 239, 240, 242–3, 245, 246, 617; assimilated Jewish merchants 238; in Canton 824, 825; communities from Quanzhou in Korea and Vietnam 245; Hong merchants 789–90, 808, 824; in Java 271; and Macau 639; in Philippines 616, 622, 623; and Siam 278; in Śri Vijaya 273; in Sumatra 271
coal merchants 841
of Cologne 449, 450
confiscation from xviii
Danish–Norwegian 712, 719
of Danzig 453
Delian 98
Dutch 677, 686, 717, 745; in Japan 197, 650, 693–4
Egyptian 181, 182, 265
in England, under protection of Crown 469
English 452, 457, 458–64, 534, 656, 657, 752; Bristol 534, 657; in Canton 814; coal merchants 841; and the Danes 712; in Japan 691–2; at Kholmogory 660; in Madeira 749
fleets of see merchant fleets/navies
Frisian 353
fur merchants 806
Fustat/Genizah 175, 181, 184, 187
German 420, 426, 443, 717; Hanseatic see Hansa, German
in Gibraltar 840
Greco-Roman/‘Roman’, in Indian Ocean 52, 105, 106, 108, 110, 118, 133, 142
Hanseatic see Hansa, German
and Havana 592
houses 425–6, 443, 445–6
Indian 110, 117, 604, 606; Gujarati 604; in Muscat 831; and Oman 831, 833, 834; and Socotra 128–9; Sumatra-bound 183
Indonesian 10, 132, 165
Italian 188, 470, 475, 562, 595; Florentine 618–22; Genoese 470, 475, 682; Tuscan 682; Venetian 594, 682
Jamaican 778
Japanese 189, 221, 616, 629, 630, 649
Javanese 292
Jewish 175–6, 181, 183, 184, 238, 354, 697–702, 834, 841
Korean 189, 207
Malayan 165
in Manila 622, 629
meeting points xix, 66–7, 99, 107, 111, 160, 181–2, 243–50, 438–9, 752, 834 see also specific trading centres
Mexican 642
middlemen in shipping agencies 896
in Mogador 834, 838
Muslim 153, 162, 183–4, 186, 187, 292, 293, 500, 543, 575, 838; and Africa 500; in Atlantic waters 467; in Mogador 838
Nabataean 94, 99
and North Sea 351–2
Obodrite 365
Persian/Iranian 183, 249; New Julfan 705–8
in Persian Gulf 64, 172–3
in Philippines 616, 622
Phoenician 81, 322–3
Portuguese 576–7, 606, 616, 684, 697–8, 699–705, 745; in Amsterdam 684, 685, 705; in Antwerp 673; in Brazil 745; and Cape Verde 490, 491; and Ceuta 476; and China 625, 636–8; and Crown monopoly on sp
ice trade 606; and England 469; and Inquisition 770; and Japan 637–8, 642, 647; Jewish 697–702, 838; in Macau 642; and São Tomé 492; and slavery 490, 491
Portuguese customs duties avoided by 745
and Quanzhou 243–50
Ragusan 455–6
in Ribeira Grande 491
routes favoured by see trade routes
Russian 422, 423, 804, 805–6
Scandinavian 367
Sirafi 171
slave-merchants 266, 490, 491, 753, 754, 777 see also slavery/slaves
Sogdian 135–6
Spanish 455, 553; of Seville 589
spice merchants 103, 116, 250; spice route’s merchants of different origins 52
and Śri Vijaya 154, 164
Sumerian 59
Swahili 833
Tamil 244
taxation on see taxation: on merchants
trading licences 634
of Ur 60
Varangian 364, 423
in Whampoa Island 788–9
wine 457, 458–9
mercury 244, 366, 640
Merino sheep 475
Mersa Gawasis 78
Mersey 891 see also Liverpool
Mesolithic cultures 304–7
Mesopotamia
and Egypt 47, 70
Iraq see Iraq
and Persian Gulf 47
pottery 64
and Red Sea 47
rivercraft 331
Seleucids see Seleucids
Sumer see Sumer/Sumerians
trade with Indus Valley 66–7, 69
and Ubaid culture 53
Mexico 3, 531, 643
and China 592, 620–21, 624, 633; Chinese silks 592, 621, 623–4, 780
and Havana 592, 617
and Japan 630–31
and Manila 623, 780
merchants 642
and New Julfans 706, 707
Philippine link through Manila galleons see Manila galleons
route to Spice Islands 580–81
silver 592, 619, 624, 635, 707
Spanish conquest/New Spain 590, 591, 611, 614, 616, 635; and the Philippines 617
trade see trade: Mexican
and the USA 846
Mexico City 619, 620, 701, 703
Miami 899–900, 902
Mic-Mac Indians 413, 562
Michael 662, 664
Micronesia 3, 6, 797
Middelburg 431, 465, 640, 675
Miðgarðr serpent 371
migration
and diffusionist approaches to cultures 301, 312
Dutch commerce producing flood of immigrants 677
of Europeans to Caribbean 766–7
Great Migration from Hawaiki 37
Jewish immigrants: in Azores 840; in Cape Verde 841
from Korea to Japan 191
between Melaka and Singapore 822
to North America from late 19th century 869
Polynesian 13–14
Portuguese migrants 696
and religious beliefs 19
with rising sea levels 345–6
and shipping companies 869
and trading diasporas 705–8, 838–9
and transatlantic passenger traffic 860, 869
US immigration restrictions 884–5
and Viking raids 362
Mikelgarð 362 see also Constantinople
The Boundless Sea Page 144
