Miksic, John 158
Milan, Gabriel 720–21
Milan 470, 559–60
millet 50, 246, 491, 754
Milton, John 770
Mimana 192
Mina coast 506–8
Minamoto clan 217, 230
Mindelo, Cape Verde 841
Mindoro island 616
mines 882, 889
Mingzhou 240
Minnagar 107
Minoans 322
mirrors 194
Mitchell, David 691
Mizrahi Jews 841
Mleiha 61
moa 12, 39
Mogadishu 265, 266–7
Mogador (Essaouira) xxix, 90, 323, 326, 467, 834–40, 841
islands off 502
mohair 682
Mohawks 781
Mohenjo-daro 63, 64, 66, 69
Moluccas/Spice Islands xix, 12, 132, 143, 160, 166, 171, 182, 276, 280, 295, 567, 643
and China 574
Dutch in 684–5, 688, 689–90
and the English/EIC 687–90, 756
and Magellan–Elcano voyage 568–79
Mexican route to 580–81
and Ottomans 607
and the Portuguese 568–81, 606, 611, 614
and the Spanish 567–81, 606, 611, 614
Mombasa 540, 546, 547, 568, 759, 829, 831, 833
Mon-Khmer people 139–40
Mongols
attacks on Japan 221, 222–8
and China: attacks on southern China 224; and fall of Quanzhou 247; and Yong-le 267; Yuan rule 218, 221, 228, 248–9, 259
and Java 228, 272, 279
and Korea 222, 249
ships 223, 226, 227–8
and tribute 223, 279
and Vietnam 222, 228
Monmouth Rebellion 777
Monmu of Japan 192
monsoons 50, 51, 52, 96, 102, 171, 182, 261, 546
and Śri Vijaya 149
Montaigne, Michel de 730
Montesinos, Antonio de 582
Montserrat 767–8
monuments, stone 59, 301
Neolithic 310–13
Moor Sand, Devon 319–20, 321
Mo’orea 20
Moors see Islam/Muslims
More, Sir Thomas: Utopia 521, 550
Moresby, Fairfax 832
Moresby Treaty 832, 833
Morga, Antonio de 624, 629
Morgan, Sir Henry 764, 774–5, 847
Morison, Samuel Eliot 495–6
Morocco 323, 324–5, 431, 464, 467, 468, 471, 475, 479
and Britain/England 657, 838–9, 840
and Castile 477
cattle 839
and the Danes 836
and France 561
and Gibraltar 839–40
Jews 697, 836–8, 840–41
leather 839
Marinid dynasty 475
Mogador see Mogador
and Portugal 479, 536, 657; and Ceuta 476–9
and sugar 839
and tea 839
trade 511, 561, 657, 834–40
Morris, Robert 785, 786
Morse code 864
Moscow 677
Moselle wines 675
Moshulu 875
Mother Goddess 312
Motya 83
Mouza 105
Mowje (Indian in Muscat) 831
Mozambique 546, 548, 563
Mozarabs 467
Mughals 604–5
Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Muhammad III of Morocco 834–6, 839
mules 839
Muli’eleali 25
mullet 26
Mumbai see Bombay
Munakata shrine 191
mung beans 114
Munk, Jens 666–7
Muqaddam, ibn al- 182
Muscat 598, 829–32, 834
Muscovy 800, 804
trade 659, 678
Muscovy Company 659–60, 662, 691
Musi, River 158
musical instruments 202
musk 186, 194, 640
musk oxen 408
muskets 721
Muskett (Benjamin Bueno de Mesquita) 772–3
Muslims see Islam/Muslims
Mussolini, Benito 889
Muziris, India 112, 114, 138
Muziris Papyrus 112–13
Mycenaeans 314, 322
warriors 83
Myngs, Christopher 774, 776
Myos Hormos 96, 103, 112, 113, 115, 117, 122–3, 179
as Qusayr see Qusayr al-Qadim
myrrh 47, 71–3, 75, 76, 80, 99, 104, 153, 266
Nabataeans 79, 94, 99, 111, 129
and Socotra 129
Naddoð 384
Nadezhda 807, 808
Nagasaki 232, 628, 630, 646, 648, 652, 653, 691, 692, 694
Naha, Okinawa 232
nails 123, 343, 349, 369, 492, 806, 810, 811
Nakhom Si Thammarat 163
Namibia 539
Nancy 795
Nanhai I wreck 165
Nanjing 142, 260, 262, 267, 636
Bao-en temple 267
Nanking, Treaty of 826, 827
Nanna (god) 58
Nansen, Fridtjof 871
Nantes 346
Nantucket 845
Naples 555, 559–60, 703
Napoleonic Wars 712, 789, 818
Nara, Japan 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204, 207, 217
Kōfuko-ji monastery 235
Shōsō-in 194, 207, 217
Tōdaiji temple 194, 202
nard 107, 109
Narva, Baltic port 677
narwhal 397
tusks 695
Nasrid dynasty 475
Navarre 468
Navidad, Mexico 615
Navigatio Brendani 382
navigation
and chronometers 16, 731, 812
Columbus and transformation of Atlantic navigation 582
compasses see compasses
English Navigation Act (1651) 780, 784
European assumptions of superiority 731
and fixing longitude 16, 731, 812
free navigation rights and trade rights 679–82, 822
Frisian 354–5
Indian Ocean 117
and knowledge of winds 51
long-distance navigation made possible by archipelago stopping-places 751; Cape Verde 752–3
Manila galleons creating circumnavigation routes 617
mythology of Prince Henry’s school of 479–80
Pacific: and Chinese magnetic compass 243; navigational antiquity 6–8; pause with cessation of Lapita expansion 19; Polynesian 16–19, 39; revival by 5th century AD 20
Piri Reis’ book on 607–10
Polynesian charts 17
and ‘scientific’ aspects of early circumnavigation 809
skills: Austronesian 133–4; European, in Pacific 573; Italian 489; Japanese 631; Philippine 615; Polynesian 16–19, 573, 731, 812–13
by stars 17, 18
translation of Portuguese sailing manuals into Japanese 644
Nazis 437
Neanderthals 304
Nearchos 90–92, 93
Necho of Egypt 89
necklaces 56, 102
Needham, Joseph 243
Science and Civilization in China 254
Neira, Moluccas 688
Nelson, Horatio 851
Nelson, Kenneth 890
Neolithic peoples 9, 12, 63
of Atlantic coasts 299, 307–14
body sizes 307
‘Neolithic Revolution’ 307
stone monuments 310–13
Nereids 92
Nernar, Norway 396
Nestorians 160
Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch xix, 320, 336, 352, 353, 673, 682, 689–90
Amsterdam see Amsterdam
and Antwerp 669–76
and Arctic Ocean 660–61
and Armenians 708
and Australia (‘New Holland’) 733, 735–43
and Ayutthaya 278
and the Balt
ic 675, 676, 677, 685, 686
and Brazil 686, 748, 772; and the Portuguese 705
and Britain see Britain: and the Dutch
and Cape Verde 683, 753
and the Chinese 823
cloth 631, 678
and Cuba 683, 772
and Curaçao 766, 772
and dairy goods 675
and the Danes 685–6, 713, 718
Dutch East India Company see VOC (United East India Company)
Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683, 686
and the East Indies/Indonesia 678, 682, 684–5, 688, 689–90, 724, 818, 820, 821, 822, 823, 892 see also VOC (United East India Company)
and the English see England/English: and the Dutch
farming 675–6
and the Flemings 682, 685
and France 818
and grain 428, 675, 676–7
and Hansards see Hansa, German: and the Dutch
and herring 668, 674, 683, 685
and Hispaniola 683
immigrants in Dutch cities 677
and Japan 691–5, 846; and Dutch luxuries 647; Dutch merchants in Japan 197, 650, 691–5
Malay Straits Settlements 822
and the Mediterranean 676, 682
and Melaka 818
merchant fleets/navy 668, 685, 883
merchants see merchants: Dutch
and Middelburg 675
and New Zealand 742–3, 744
and North America 783–4
ocean route struggle/supremacy 5, 667, 679–91
and pepper 678
piracy 676, 679, 682
porcelain imports xix
and the Portuguese 674, 705, 751–2; and Japan 692–3; and Melaka 818; New Christians in Bayonne 685–6; and St Helena 756; and trade see trade: Dutch–Portuguese struggle in
and Red Sea 892
resistance to Philip II of Spain 654
Revolt of 1572 673
rise of the Dutch: installation in Japan 691–5; merchant fleets 668; naval and commercial power 674–8; and rise of English trade 687–91; shift of commercial power from Antwerp to Amsterdam 668–73; on world stage from end of 16th century 682–7
Rotterdam investment 880
and St Helena 757
and salt 674, 675, 676, 683, 685
‘Sea-Beggars’ 673
and Second World War 888
ships see boats/ships: Dutch
southern transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722
and the Spanish 627, 660, 685–7, 700; and Curaçao 772; and Japan 692; and Philip II 676–7; Philip II’s temporary ban on Dutch trade 676–7; Philip III’s ban on Dutch trade 683, 684; Spanish government in the Netherlands 675; Twelve Years Truce 677
and spices 678, 684, 688, 736
and the Swedes 718, 724
tiles 640
trade see trade: Dutch
and Venezuela 683, 684
and west Africa 686
and West Indies 683, 686, 783–4
Neva 807, 808
New Amsterdam 717
New England xxi
New Granada 852
New Guinea 6–7, 9, 13, 733, 736, 743
Papua New Guinea 9
and Solomon Islands 10
and Torres Strait islanders 9
New Hazard 815–16
New Julfan merchants 705–8
New South Wales 813
New York 780–81, 790, 846, 880, 903
Port Authority 902
Statue of Liberty 860, 879
New Zealand (Aotearoa) 3, 20
discovery stories 31–8
and the Dutch 742–3, 744
Māori xix, 32–9 see also Māoris
moa 12, 39
and Polynesia 32–9
settlement 5
sweet potato 29
and Tasman 742–3, 744
Te Papa (National Museum) 38, 814
Newby, Eric 875
Newfoundland xxiii, 463, 534, 557, 752
and Cabot 413, 522, 533
and the French 562
Grand Banks 562
Newport 459
Nicaragua 774, 851–2, 854, 856
Nicobar Islands 269
Niðaros 390, 397
Niederegger family 429
Niger, River 500, 506
Nigsisanabsa 59
Nijál’s Saga 342
Nikanor archive 113
Niklot 424
Nile 70, 78, 102, 111, 177, 266, 898
catfish 112
Nile Delta 79
Darius’ channel through 88
Niña 553
Ningal (goddess) 59
Ningbo 638, 826
Nissim, Abu’l-Faraj 184
Nobunaga Oda 646, 647, 649
Noli, Antonio da 488, 489, 609
Nombre de Díos, Panama 591, 847
Nootka Convention 794
Nootka Sound 794
Normandie 886
Normandy/Normans 361, 474, 558–9, 562
Bronze Age 319, 320
Lower 308
pirates 562
sailors 558–9
ships 561
Norn dialect 379
Noronha, Fernão de 560, 561
Norsemen xix, xxi–xxii
Christianization of Greenland’s Norse settlers 397
and Greenland 393–402, 403–7, 655
and Iceland 383–8
mixed marriages between Celts and 375–6, 380, 386
Norse settlement across northern Atlantic 380–92
and North America 409–14
paganism 364, 367, 379, 383, 387–8
trade with America 414
Viking see Vikings
voyages northwards from Greenland 407–9
North-East Passage 565–6, 657, 659, 661, 666, 800, 805
North-West Passage 535, 563, 565, 657, 661–7, 794–5, 813–14
North America
American Revolution see American Revolution
Azores and New England 750–51
bibles 761
Cabot’s discovery of 532–5
Cabrillo and California 580–81
and China 780–96
and the Dutch 783–4
Dutch and English agreement over Manhattan Island 690, 756
and East Indies 780–96
and furs 785–6, 791, 816
and Indian Ocean 780–96
Jamaica and English colonies in 777
Jamestown as English foothold in 766
migration from late 19th century to 869
native Americans 781, 793, 816, 884
neutrality in Napoleonic Wars 789
and Norsemen 409–14
Ponce de León’s discovery 554
and porcelain 780, 781, 784
ships see boats/ships: American
and the Spanish 554; and Casa de Contratación 555
and tea 781, 783–4, 789
trade see trade: North American
USA see United States of America
wheat 878
North Pole 373, 657–8
North Sea
and amber 337–8, 339
and Baltic xxii, 365, 366
defence patrols 346
and Edward III’s wars 450
herring 436, 674; interruption of herring flow to Flanders 430
and lowering sea levels 303
and ‘Mediterranean of the North’ 415 see also Hansa, German
merchants 351–2
raiders 339–72 see also Vikings
ships see boats/ships: North Sea
terpen (mounds above waters) 344, 352
trade see trade: North Sea
Vitalienbrüder harassment 447
Norway 304, 342
and Britain 871, 888
Church 390
dairy production 442
and Denmark 712
and Greenland 712
and Hansards 442–6
under Harald Fairhair 363, 380, 385–6, 389
and Iceland 712
merchant navy 870–71, 888
and the Orkneys 372, 373–8
and Second World War 888, 890
shipping network 871
ships 870–71
shipwrecks 357
stokffish 463
trade see trade: Norwegian
Vikings see Vikings
Norwegian Caribbean Lines 899–900
Norwegian Cruise Line 900
Notke, Bernt 426
Nova, João de 542, 545, 547, 548
Novaya Zemlya 658, 659, 661, 801
Novgorod 367, 419, 423, 427, 440
Peterhof 427
‘ntyw 71
Nubia/Nubians 73, 78
Nunes da Costa family 701
nuraghi (Sardinian stone towers/castles) 312, 324, 326
nuraghic culture 324
Nuremberg 672, 675
nutmeg xix, 233, 568, 578, 611, 614, 684, 688, 690, 703, 714, 781
trees 690
Nuyts, Pieter 693
Nydam, Denmark 343
O’ahu 24, 25, 814, 816
oak 78, 331, 339, 343, 354, 369
Oakland, California 904
Obearea, Polynesian queen 811
Obodrites 365
obsidian 12, 15, 39, 54–5
Oc-èo 141–2, 143
ocean currents see currents
ocean ecology xxii, xxiii
Ocean Steamship Company, Liverpool 864, 865–7
octopuses 21, 32, 34
Odessa 872
Ohanessi, Mateos ordi 706
oil xix, 76, 106, 177, 470, 888
and diesel engines 884, 885
olive 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839
palm 493
sesame 57, 59, 104
tankers 897
whale 721
Okhotsk 803, 804, 806
Okinawa 220, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234
Okinoshima island 191
Olaf the Tranquil 443
Olaf Tryggvason 375, 383, 400
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of 704, 705
olive oil 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839
jars 120
olives 114
Olmen, Ferdinand van 464, 496, 537
Olympias, Aelia 111
Olympic, RMS 870
Oman 52, 53, 67, 68, 106, 598, 829–34
boats 68
and Britain 831, 832, 833
and cloves 829, 833
and copper 58, 61
and India 831, 832
and ivory 829, 831, 833
and Magan see Magan
Moresby Treaty 832, 833
Omani ‘empire’ 829
and Pakistan 62
pirates 829
and the Portuguese 829–31, 832
ships 68, 831–2
and slavery 829, 831
sultans of 829
trade with Zabaj 156
and the USA 833
and Zanzibar 831, 832–4
Omana 106
Omura Sumitada 642–3, 644
onions 58–9
onyx 107
opals 141
Ophir 73, 80–81, 82, 135, 728–9 see also Punt
opium 796, 824, 825–6, 827, 828
First Opium War 826, 827
Second Opium War 827
oranges xxiii, 246–7, 574
orchil 474, 502
Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749
The Boundless Sea Page 145
