The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Miksic, John 158

  Milan, Gabriel 720–21

  Milan 470, 559–60

  millet 50, 246, 491, 754

  Milton, John 770

  Mimana 192

  Mina coast 506–8

  Minamoto clan 217, 230

  Mindelo, Cape Verde 841

  Mindoro island 616

  mines 882, 889

  Mingzhou 240

  Minnagar 107

  Minoans 322

  mirrors 194

  Mitchell, David 691

  Mizrahi Jews 841

  Mleiha 61

  moa 12, 39

  Mogadishu 265, 266–7

  Mogador (Essaouira) xxix, 90, 323, 326, 467, 834–40, 841

  islands off 502

  mohair 682

  Mohawks 781

  Mohenjo-daro 63, 64, 66, 69

  Moluccas/Spice Islands xix, 12, 132, 143, 160, 166, 171, 182, 276, 280, 295, 567, 643

  and China 574

  Dutch in 684–5, 688, 689–90

  and the English/EIC 687–90, 756

  and Magellan–Elcano voyage 568–79

  Mexican route to 580–81

  and Ottomans 607

  and the Portuguese 568–81, 606, 611, 614

  and the Spanish 567–81, 606, 611, 614

  Mombasa 540, 546, 547, 568, 759, 829, 831, 833

  Mon-Khmer people 139–40

  Mongols

  attacks on Japan 221, 222–8

  and China: attacks on southern China 224; and fall of Quanzhou 247; and Yong-le 267; Yuan rule 218, 221, 228, 248–9, 259

  and Java 228, 272, 279

  and Korea 222, 249

  ships 223, 226, 227–8

  and tribute 223, 279

  and Vietnam 222, 228

  Monmouth Rebellion 777

  Monmu of Japan 192

  monsoons 50, 51, 52, 96, 102, 171, 182, 261, 546

  and Śri Vijaya 149

  Montaigne, Michel de 730

  Montesinos, Antonio de 582

  Montserrat 767–8

  monuments, stone 59, 301

  Neolithic 310–13

  Moor Sand, Devon 319–20, 321

  Mo’orea 20

  Moors see Islam/Muslims

  More, Sir Thomas: Utopia 521, 550

  Moresby, Fairfax 832

  Moresby Treaty 832, 833

  Morga, Antonio de 624, 629

  Morgan, Sir Henry 764, 774–5, 847

  Morison, Samuel Eliot 495–6

  Morocco 323, 324–5, 431, 464, 467, 468, 471, 475, 479

  and Britain/England 657, 838–9, 840

  and Castile 477

  cattle 839

  and the Danes 836

  and France 561

  and Gibraltar 839–40

  Jews 697, 836–8, 840–41

  leather 839

  Marinid dynasty 475

  Mogador see Mogador

  and Portugal 479, 536, 657; and Ceuta 476–9

  and sugar 839

  and tea 839

  trade 511, 561, 657, 834–40

  Morris, Robert 785, 786

  Morse code 864

  Moscow 677

  Moselle wines 675

  Moshulu 875

  Mother Goddess 312

  Motya 83

  Mouza 105

  Mowje (Indian in Muscat) 831

  Mozambique 546, 548, 563

  Mozarabs 467

  Mughals 604–5

  Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Muhammad III of Morocco 834–6, 839

  mules 839

  Muli’eleali 25

  mullet 26

  Mumbai see Bombay

  Munakata shrine 191

  mung beans 114

  Munk, Jens 666–7

  Muqaddam, ibn al- 182

  Muscat 598, 829–32, 834

  Muscovy 800, 804

  trade 659, 678

  Muscovy Company 659–60, 662, 691

  Musi, River 158

  musical instruments 202

  musk 186, 194, 640

  musk oxen 408

  muskets 721

  Muskett (Benjamin Bueno de Mesquita) 772–3

  Muslims see Islam/Muslims

  Mussolini, Benito 889

  Muziris, India 112, 114, 138

  Muziris Papyrus 112–13

  Mycenaeans 314, 322

  warriors 83

  Myngs, Christopher 774, 776

  Myos Hormos 96, 103, 112, 113, 115, 117, 122–3, 179

  as Qusayr see Qusayr al-Qadim

  myrrh 47, 71–3, 75, 76, 80, 99, 104, 153, 266

  Nabataeans 79, 94, 99, 111, 129

  and Socotra 129

  Naddoð 384

  Nadezhda 807, 808

  Nagasaki 232, 628, 630, 646, 648, 652, 653, 691, 692, 694

  Naha, Okinawa 232

  nails 123, 343, 349, 369, 492, 806, 810, 811

  Nakhom Si Thammarat 163

  Namibia 539

  Nancy 795

  Nanhai I wreck 165

  Nanjing 142, 260, 262, 267, 636

  Bao-en temple 267

  Nanking, Treaty of 826, 827

  Nanna (god) 58

  Nansen, Fridtjof 871

  Nantes 346

  Nantucket 845

  Naples 555, 559–60, 703

  Napoleonic Wars 712, 789, 818

  Nara, Japan 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204, 207, 217

  Kōfuko-ji monastery 235

  Shōsō-in 194, 207, 217

  Tōdaiji temple 194, 202

  nard 107, 109

  Narva, Baltic port 677

  narwhal 397

  tusks 695

  Nasrid dynasty 475

  Navarre 468

  Navidad, Mexico 615

  Navigatio Brendani 382

  navigation

  and chronometers 16, 731, 812

  Columbus and transformation of Atlantic navigation 582

  compasses see compasses

  English Navigation Act (1651) 780, 784

  European assumptions of superiority 731

  and fixing longitude 16, 731, 812

  free navigation rights and trade rights 679–82, 822

  Frisian 354–5

  Indian Ocean 117

  and knowledge of winds 51

  long-distance navigation made possible by archipelago stopping-places 751; Cape Verde 752–3

  Manila galleons creating circumnavigation routes 617

  mythology of Prince Henry’s school of 479–80

  Pacific: and Chinese magnetic compass 243; navigational antiquity 6–8; pause with cessation of Lapita expansion 19; Polynesian 16–19, 39; revival by 5th century AD 20

  Piri Reis’ book on 607–10

  Polynesian charts 17

  and ‘scientific’ aspects of early circumnavigation 809

  skills: Austronesian 133–4; European, in Pacific 573; Italian 489; Japanese 631; Philippine 615; Polynesian 16–19, 573, 731, 812–13

  by stars 17, 18

  translation of Portuguese sailing manuals into Japanese 644

  Nazis 437

  Neanderthals 304

  Nearchos 90–92, 93

  Necho of Egypt 89

  necklaces 56, 102

  Needham, Joseph 243

  Science and Civilization in China 254

  Neira, Moluccas 688

  Nelson, Horatio 851

  Nelson, Kenneth 890

  Neolithic peoples 9, 12, 63

  of Atlantic coasts 299, 307–14

  body sizes 307

  ‘Neolithic Revolution’ 307

  stone monuments 310–13

  Nereids 92

  Nernar, Norway 396

  Nestorians 160

  Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch xix, 320, 336, 352, 353, 673, 682, 689–90

  Amsterdam see Amsterdam

  and Antwerp 669–76

  and Arctic Ocean 660–61

  and Armenians 708

  and Australia (‘New Holland’) 733, 735–43

  and Ayutthaya 278

  and the Balt
ic 675, 676, 677, 685, 686

  and Brazil 686, 748, 772; and the Portuguese 705

  and Britain see Britain: and the Dutch

  and Cape Verde 683, 753

  and the Chinese 823

  cloth 631, 678

  and Cuba 683, 772

  and Curaçao 766, 772

  and dairy goods 675

  and the Danes 685–6, 713, 718

  Dutch East India Company see VOC (United East India Company)

  Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683, 686

  and the East Indies/Indonesia 678, 682, 684–5, 688, 689–90, 724, 818, 820, 821, 822, 823, 892 see also VOC (United East India Company)

  and the English see England/English: and the Dutch

  farming 675–6

  and the Flemings 682, 685

  and France 818

  and grain 428, 675, 676–7

  and Hansards see Hansa, German: and the Dutch

  and herring 668, 674, 683, 685

  and Hispaniola 683

  immigrants in Dutch cities 677

  and Japan 691–5, 846; and Dutch luxuries 647; Dutch merchants in Japan 197, 650, 691–5

  Malay Straits Settlements 822

  and the Mediterranean 676, 682

  and Melaka 818

  merchant fleets/navy 668, 685, 883

  merchants see merchants: Dutch

  and Middelburg 675

  and New Zealand 742–3, 744

  and North America 783–4

  ocean route struggle/supremacy 5, 667, 679–91

  and pepper 678

  piracy 676, 679, 682

  porcelain imports xix

  and the Portuguese 674, 705, 751–2; and Japan 692–3; and Melaka 818; New Christians in Bayonne 685–6; and St Helena 756; and trade see trade: Dutch–Portuguese struggle in

  and Red Sea 892

  resistance to Philip II of Spain 654

  Revolt of 1572 673

  rise of the Dutch: installation in Japan 691–5; merchant fleets 668; naval and commercial power 674–8; and rise of English trade 687–91; shift of commercial power from Antwerp to Amsterdam 668–73; on world stage from end of 16th century 682–7

  Rotterdam investment 880

  and St Helena 757

  and salt 674, 675, 676, 683, 685

  ‘Sea-Beggars’ 673

  and Second World War 888

  ships see boats/ships: Dutch

  southern transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722

  and the Spanish 627, 660, 685–7, 700; and Curaçao 772; and Japan 692; and Philip II 676–7; Philip II’s temporary ban on Dutch trade 676–7; Philip III’s ban on Dutch trade 683, 684; Spanish government in the Netherlands 675; Twelve Years Truce 677

  and spices 678, 684, 688, 736

  and the Swedes 718, 724

  tiles 640

  trade see trade: Dutch

  and Venezuela 683, 684

  and west Africa 686

  and West Indies 683, 686, 783–4

  Neva 807, 808

  New Amsterdam 717

  New England xxi

  New Granada 852

  New Guinea 6–7, 9, 13, 733, 736, 743

  Papua New Guinea 9

  and Solomon Islands 10

  and Torres Strait islanders 9

  New Hazard 815–16

  New Julfan merchants 705–8

  New South Wales 813

  New York 780–81, 790, 846, 880, 903

  Port Authority 902

  Statue of Liberty 860, 879

  New Zealand (Aotearoa) 3, 20

  discovery stories 31–8

  and the Dutch 742–3, 744

  Māori xix, 32–9 see also Māoris

  moa 12, 39

  and Polynesia 32–9

  settlement 5

  sweet potato 29

  and Tasman 742–3, 744

  Te Papa (National Museum) 38, 814

  Newby, Eric 875

  Newfoundland xxiii, 463, 534, 557, 752

  and Cabot 413, 522, 533

  and the French 562

  Grand Banks 562

  Newport 459

  Nicaragua 774, 851–2, 854, 856

  Nicobar Islands 269

  Niðaros 390, 397

  Niederegger family 429

  Niger, River 500, 506

  Nigsisanabsa 59

  Nijál’s Saga 342

  Nikanor archive 113

  Niklot 424

  Nile 70, 78, 102, 111, 177, 266, 898

  catfish 112

  Nile Delta 79

  Darius’ channel through 88

  Niña 553

  Ningal (goddess) 59

  Ningbo 638, 826

  Nissim, Abu’l-Faraj 184

  Nobunaga Oda 646, 647, 649

  Noli, Antonio da 488, 489, 609

  Nombre de Díos, Panama 591, 847

  Nootka Convention 794

  Nootka Sound 794

  Normandie 886

  Normandy/Normans 361, 474, 558–9, 562

  Bronze Age 319, 320

  Lower 308

  pirates 562

  sailors 558–9

  ships 561

  Norn dialect 379

  Noronha, Fernão de 560, 561

  Norsemen xix, xxi–xxii

  Christianization of Greenland’s Norse settlers 397

  and Greenland 393–402, 403–7, 655

  and Iceland 383–8

  mixed marriages between Celts and 375–6, 380, 386

  Norse settlement across northern Atlantic 380–92

  and North America 409–14

  paganism 364, 367, 379, 383, 387–8

  trade with America 414

  Viking see Vikings

  voyages northwards from Greenland 407–9

  North-East Passage 565–6, 657, 659, 661, 666, 800, 805

  North-West Passage 535, 563, 565, 657, 661–7, 794–5, 813–14

  North America

  American Revolution see American Revolution

  Azores and New England 750–51

  bibles 761

  Cabot’s discovery of 532–5

  Cabrillo and California 580–81

  and China 780–96

  and the Dutch 783–4

  Dutch and English agreement over Manhattan Island 690, 756

  and East Indies 780–96

  and furs 785–6, 791, 816

  and Indian Ocean 780–96

  Jamaica and English colonies in 777

  Jamestown as English foothold in 766

  migration from late 19th century to 869

  native Americans 781, 793, 816, 884

  neutrality in Napoleonic Wars 789

  and Norsemen 409–14

  Ponce de León’s discovery 554

  and porcelain 780, 781, 784

  ships see boats/ships: American

  and the Spanish 554; and Casa de Contratación 555

  and tea 781, 783–4, 789

  trade see trade: North American

  USA see United States of America

  wheat 878

  North Pole 373, 657–8

  North Sea

  and amber 337–8, 339

  and Baltic xxii, 365, 366

  defence patrols 346

  and Edward III’s wars 450

  herring 436, 674; interruption of herring flow to Flanders 430

  and lowering sea levels 303

  and ‘Mediterranean of the North’ 415 see also Hansa, German

  merchants 351–2

  raiders 339–72 see also Vikings

  ships see boats/ships: North Sea

  terpen (mounds above waters) 344, 352

  trade see trade: North Sea

  Vitalienbrüder harassment 447

  Norway 304, 342

  and Britain 871, 888

  Church 390

  dairy production 442

  and Denmark 712

  and Greenland 712

  and Hansards 442–6

  under Harald Fairhair 363, 380, 385–6, 389

  and Iceland 712
r />   kingdom re-creation (1905) 871

  merchant navy 870–71, 888

  and the Orkneys 372, 373–8

  and Second World War 888, 890

  shipping network 871

  ships 870–71

  shipwrecks 357

  stokffish 463

  trade see trade: Norwegian

  Vikings see Vikings

  Norwegian Caribbean Lines 899–900

  Norwegian Cruise Line 900

  Notke, Bernt 426

  Nova, João de 542, 545, 547, 548

  Novaya Zemlya 658, 659, 661, 801

  Novgorod 367, 419, 423, 427, 440

  Peterhof 427

  ‘ntyw 71

  Nubia/Nubians 73, 78

  Nunes da Costa family 701

  nuraghi (Sardinian stone towers/castles) 312, 324, 326

  nuraghic culture 324

  Nuremberg 672, 675

  nutmeg xix, 233, 568, 578, 611, 614, 684, 688, 690, 703, 714, 781

  trees 690

  Nuyts, Pieter 693

  Nydam, Denmark 343

  O’ahu 24, 25, 814, 816

  oak 78, 331, 339, 343, 354, 369

  Oakland, California 904

  Obearea, Polynesian queen 811

  Obodrites 365

  obsidian 12, 15, 39, 54–5

  Oc-èo 141–2, 143

  ocean currents see currents

  ocean ecology xxii, xxiii

  Ocean Steamship Company, Liverpool 864, 865–7

  octopuses 21, 32, 34

  Odessa 872

  Ohanessi, Mateos ordi 706

  oil xix, 76, 106, 177, 470, 888

  and diesel engines 884, 885

  olive 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839

  palm 493

  sesame 57, 59, 104

  tankers 897

  whale 721

  Okhotsk 803, 804, 806

  Okinawa 220, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234

  Okinoshima island 191

  Olaf the Tranquil 443

  Olaf Tryggvason 375, 383, 400

  Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of 704, 705

  olive oil 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839

  jars 120

  olives 114

  Olmen, Ferdinand van 464, 496, 537

  Olympias, Aelia 111

  Olympic, RMS 870

  Oman 52, 53, 67, 68, 106, 598, 829–34

  boats 68

  and Britain 831, 832, 833

  and cloves 829, 833

  and copper 58, 61

  and India 831, 832

  and ivory 829, 831, 833

  and Magan see Magan

  Moresby Treaty 832, 833

  Omani ‘empire’ 829

  and Pakistan 62

  pirates 829

  and the Portuguese 829–31, 832

  ships 68, 831–2

  and slavery 829, 831

  sultans of 829

  trade with Zabaj 156

  and the USA 833

  and Zanzibar 831, 832–4

  Omana 106

  Omura Sumitada 642–3, 644

  onions 58–9

  onyx 107

  opals 141

  Ophir 73, 80–81, 82, 135, 728–9 see also Punt

  opium 796, 824, 825–6, 827, 828

  First Opium War 826, 827

  Second Opium War 827

  oranges xxiii, 246–7, 574

  orchil 474, 502

  Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749