Order of the Knights of the Holy Ghost 732
Order of the Temple 481, 501
Oregon, USS 857, 859
Øresund 424, 425, 438
Orient Company 868
Orkney Islands xxii, 304, 321, 326, 328, 347, 372–9, 386, 444
Christianization 375–6
and Ireland 311–12
Neolithic 310–12, 372–3
Norn dialect 379
Norse character 379
and Norway 372, 373–8
and Vikings 372, 373–9
Orkneyinga Saga 311, 363, 364, 373, 375, 376
Oro cult 21
Oronsay 305–6
O’Rourke, Kevin 877–8
Ortaqs 249
Ortelius, Abraham 664
world map 728
Orthodox Russians 420, 427, 437
Oscar II 872
Oseberg ship 369, 376
Ostend Company 722, 723
Östergötland 342
ostraka 112
ostriches 266, 269
feathers 840
Ottomans see Turks/Ottomans
Ovando, Nicolás de 529, 555, 586–7
Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández de 553
oysters 14, 196
P&O (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company) 865, 867–8, 882, 899
and airlines 899
and seamen’s 1966 strike 896
and Second World War 890, 892; and recovery 896
Pa’ao 25
Pacific languages 3–4
Pacific Ocean 3–39, 565
container shipping 903
currents 16
English entry to 665, 687, 730–31
and English–Spanish conflict 665, 687, 730–31
‘extensions’ see Japan Sea; South China Sea; Yellow Sea
Hawai’i see Hawai’ian islands
Indian Ocean contrasted with 43
island farming 12
island settlement process 5–6
Lapita culture see Lapita people/culture
as largest ocean 3
and Magellan–Elcano voyage 573–4
maritime culture 5
navigation see navigation: Pacific
northern 616, 786, 797–800, 803–9
Philippines see Philippines
Polynesia see Polynesia/Polynesians
and the Russians 791, 800–809
and Second World War 888, 891
South China Sea see South China Sea
as ‘South Sea’ xx
Spain and Pacific islands 614, 728–33
trade see trade: Pacific
and the USA 785, 791–5, 845–6
winds see winds: Pacific
Paekche, Korea 192, 194
paganism
Baltic 421–2
in Greenland 400
in Iceland 387–8, 400, 407
Norse 364, 367, 379, 383, 387–8
‘northern crusades’ against 420–21
Slav 423–4
of Taínos 527
Pakistan 50, 53, 62, 67, 598, 829
Palembang, Indonesia 147, 148, 152, 155, 158–60, 161, 232, 261, 267, 269, 271, 272–3, 283
and Parameśvara 289–90
and Singapore 285
Palermo 73, 184
Palermo Stone 73–4
palm oil 493
palm wine 574, 688, 754
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount 826, 852
Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company 902–3
Pan American Airways 897–8
Panama 29, 529, 591, 701, 730, 764–5, 774, 846, 847
American settlement of Colón 854, 855, 858
Canal xviii, 847–8, 849, 851–9
coast 529
Darien Scheme 722–3
Gatun lake 858
Indians 529
railway 852–4
and war between Britain and Spain 851
Panama City 775, 847, 853
Pané, Ramon 521
Panpan 146
panthers 99
Panyu 135
papacy 423
and the Canaries 474
and the English 770, 771
world division into Spanish and Portuguese hemispheres 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 611, 680
papayas 644
paper 185, 194, 559, 588
Japanese 200, 201, 213, 743
money 240, 249, 262, 624
Papey island 386
Papua New Guinea 9
papyri 71, 74, 94, 111, 112
Muziris Papyrus 112–13
Parameśvara 255, 264, 287, 289–90, 293
Parekhou 77
Parhae, Korea 194, 197–8
Paris 855
Parker, Daniel 785, 786
parrot fish 14
parrots 216, 220, 543, 560, 561
Parsees 824, 834
Parthians 93
Pasai 276, 292, 293
Semudera–Pasai 273–6, 279, 292
Passat 876
passenger shipping 860, 869, 899–900
Patagonians 572
Paterson, William 722
Patna 121
Paul I of Russia 805, 806
Paul II, Pope 485
Paviken, Gotland 366
peaches 114
peacocks 220
feathers 233
Pearl Harbour 891
Pearl River 627, 636, 638, 640, 787, 789, 826, 867, 893, 908
and the British 826, 867
pearls 54, 59, 109, 135, 139, 540, 701, 813
of Funan 140
Japanese 216, 221
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831
Pedro, Prince, duke of Coimbra 469, 487
Pelgrom de Bye, Jan 740
Pelican (later Golden Hind) 665
Pelsaert, François 738–9, 740
Pemba 132, 267, 831
Peña Negra 323–4
Penang 820, 821, 865, 866, 868
penguins 558
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company see P&O
Penn, William 770
pepper 50, 71, 99, 109, 147, 178, 181, 188, 218, 220, 232, 234, 246, 247, 248, 276, 278, 280, 724, 756
aboard Witte Leeuw 756
bell peppers 644
black 113–14, 178
and the Danes 714
and the Dutch 678
English East India Company factory, Bencoolen 761, 820
green 461
Indian 595; Indo-Roman trade 113–14, 115; south Indian 113, 569
Indo-Roman trade 877
long 108
Malagueta 504, 505, 507, 511, 669
peppercorns 114, 438
and the Portuguese 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544–5, 595, 600, 669
and the Venetians 544, 545
warehouses (Horrea Piperataria) 114
Perestrello, Bartolomeu 483, 485
Perestrello family 524, 525
Pérez, Manuel Bautista 701
Pérez de Castrogeríz, Andrés 455
perfumes 52, 71, 99, 140, 161, 166, 170, 178, 278
and ambergris 180, 467
Periplous (source of Avienus) 332
Periplous (Kosmas Indikopleustes) 130
Periplous tēs Eruthras thalassēs 103–10, 116, 119, 121, 124, 125–8, 134
Perry, Matthew C. 846, 847
Persia/Iran 52, 54, 65, 68, 82, 85, 92, 96, 164
Arab invasion of Persia 170
Bosi see Bosi/Po-ššu
and Caspian Sea 364
and Ceylon 147
cobalt 238
coins of Sasanian kings 118
fashions 170
Great Sophy 599
and Greece 85
and Hormuz 599
merchants see merchants: Persian/Iranian
and Ottomans 599, 604
Persian carpets 598
Persian Empire 85
and Phoenician trade 323
and Portugal 599
pottery 159, 164
Safavid shahs 705, 706,
707
Sasanid Persia see Sasanid Persia/Empire
silk 706
silver 188, 364
Siraf see Siraf
Persian/Arabian Gulf 8, 47, 51, 52, 56, 61–2
boats 54, 67–8, 93
and China 171–2
and Kish 173–4
and Ottomans 604, 606
and Red Sea 166, 173–4
Seleucid fleet in 93
steamship link with India 868
and Strait of Hormuz see Hormuz: Strait of
trade 46, 53–4, 170–73
trade routes see trade routes: from Persian Gulf
Peru 531, 580, 581
coins 777
and Mendaña 729, 731
Philippine link through Manila galleons 617 see also Manila galleons
silver 592, 619, 624, 635, 672, 678, 696, 700, 715, 724–5, 763
and the slave trade 701
Spanish conquest 590, 611, 635
Pessart, Bernt 715
Peter I, the Great 800, 802, 806
Peter IV of Aragon 473
Peter the Deacon 117
Petra 79, 94, 96, 167
Petrarch 473
Petropavlovsk 807
Pevensey, England 346
Philadelphia 780, 790
Philip I of Spain 555
Philip II of Spain 582, 614, 615, 616, 618, 621, 627, 642, 652–3, 654, 656, 676, 700, 703, 730, 732
Philip III of Spain 625, 626, 630, 682, 683, 684, 692
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy 439
Philippa of Lancaster 469
Philippines 3, 244, 574–6, 729
American occupation 856
and China 574, 614, 617, 618, 620–21, 622–6
and Japan 617, 622, 628–30, 632, 633, 648, 652–3
merchants in 616, 622, 623, 629
and Norway 871
and Peru 617
and South China Sea 908
and the Spanish 570, 614–15, 634; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons; treatment as extension of Mexico 617
Philipse, Frederick 760–61
Philo (admiral) 96
Phoenicians 81, 83, 89–90, 91, 322–3, 330, 502, 834
Piacenza 470
Piailug 17
Pico, Azores 751
Picts 347
pidgin English 790
Pidyar 182
Pigafetta, Antonio 570–71, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 622
Piggott, Stuart 63
pigs 12, 552, 591, 730, 810, 811, 813
pilgrimage/pilgrims xv, 239, 459, 460, 461, 469
in Japan 652
Muslim 866
route through Syria to Mecca 595
Pimienta, Francisco Diáz 592
pin-brooches 326
Pina, Rui 494
pine 73, 78, 343, 371
nuts 207
resin 153
pine marten 306
furs 428
pineapples, tinned 859
Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez 553
pirates/piracy xviii, 68, 130, 138, 140, 155, 172, 187, 192, 198, 218, 391, 455, 559, 562, 621 see also privateers; raiders
in Bahamas 765
Barbary corsairs 607, 718, 764, 782
Bugi pirates 819, 823
Caribbean 763–5, 772, 773–6, 778, 779
and Chang Pogo xxx, 204, 208, 209–11
and Chen Zu-yi 261
Chinese 293, 625, 867
Chinese naval suppression of 239, 245
and Christianity 761
Dutch 676, 679, 682
English 452, 718, 763–5, 773–6
English accusations of German piracy 450
in English Channel 456
Germanic 344–6, 450
and Hansards 433, 436
and Havana 592
Indian Ocean’s widespread piracy 707
Karelian 422
Kish as a pirate kingdom 173
licensed piracy 765, 775–6
and Madagascar 760–61
and Melaka/Malacca Strait 292, 293, 736
Norman 562
North Sea 339–56
Omani 829
Orang Laut ‘Sea People’ 290
Portuguese 470
prize money 776
and ‘The Pure Theory of the Muggery’ 765
and Singapore/Temasek 286
Vitalienbrüder 436, 437, 447
wakō pirates 218, 219, 220, 222, 637, 638
Pires, Tomé 234, 292, 296, 546, 636, 706
Suma Oriental 289–90
Piri Reis 607–10
Pisa/Pisans 188, 415, 420, 454, 460
pistachios 178
Pitcairn Island 31
pitch 721
Pithom 96
Pizarro, Francisco 581, 611
Plancius, Petrus 660
plantains 493, 756, 815
Plantijn, Christoffel 672
plastics, in oceans 908
Plimsoll, Samuel 861–2
and Plimsoll Days 863
Plimsoll line 863
Pliny the Elder 71, 95, 103, 108, 116–17, 334, 336, 337, 338
plums 114
Plymouth 360, 687
pneumonic plague 432 see also Black Death
Pô, Fernando 507
Poduké 119, 121
Poland 452
polar bears 391, 397, 401–2, 408, 534
Polo, Marco 43, 110, 124, 216, 221, 226–7, 228, 249, 255, 256, 259, 260–61, 272, 636
book of travels 247–8, 259, 729
and ‘Great Java’ 272, 280, 734
Polybios 94, 334, 335
Polynesia/Polynesians 3–6, 11, 12–14, 133, 728, 729, 732, 797
boats 15–16, 19, 24, 731, 810–11
and Europeans in 1760s and 1770s 809–13
and free love 809–10
Hawai’ian settlers and links 24, 26 see also Hawai’ian islands
languages 3, 131, 615
and Lapita culture see Lapita people/culture
as maritime folk 4
maritime technology 39
migration 13–14
mythology 140
navigational skills 16–19, 573, 731, 812–13
and New Zealand see Māoris; New Zealand
open societies 21
pottery 14
in ‘Remote Oceania’ 14
sailors/navigators xxi, 3, 5, 12, 16–19, 27, 29
second expansion phase 15, 29
sibling rivalry 13–14
and South America 27–9
and Spanish sailors 728, 731, 732
stratified societies 21
Tahiti see Tahiti/Tahitians
‘Theory of Relativity’ (etak) 18
tools 15, 16, 24
Pomare I of Tahiti 813
Pomeranians 423
Pommern 876
Ponce de León, Juan 554, 555–6, 565
Pondicherry xviii, 119, 121, 707 see also Arikamedu
porcelain xx, 184, 187, 710
blue-and-white 218, 238, 289, 818
Chinese xix, xxi, 153, 160, 163, 165, 174, 187, 227, 229, 238, 239, 247, 267, 617, 640, 649, 715; aboard Witte Leeuw 756; celadons 174, 179, 216, 217–18, 232, 247, 289; and Gothenburg 725; and Hawai’i 816; and Mexico 592; and Morocco 839; and North America 780, 781, 784; in Philippines 574, 622, 623; in Port Royal 778; and Singapore 288–9
cobalt-blue (Shonzui) 649
Dutch imports xix
Japanese 649–50, 839
Korean 649
and North America 780, 781, 784
and Russia 802, 809
and Ryukyu Islands 231, 233, 234
white 154, 163, 174, 227, 289
pork 112
Port Arthur 872
Port Royal, Jamaica 765, 769–79
Port Said 849, 851
Portchester 346
Portinari family 438
Portland, Dorset 360
Porto 467, 468, 469, 477
Porto Bello, Panama 764–5, 774
Porto de Ale 702
Porto Santo 483, 485, 486
Porto Seguro 687
Portugal/Portuguese 52, 387, 459, 465, 467–80, 636
and Africa see Africa: and the Portuguese
Algarve see Algarve
and Angola 593
and Antwerp 545, 600, 617, 668, 669, 672, 673
and Australia 733, 734, 735
Aviz dynasty 469, 474
and the Azores 487–8, 840
and Brazil see Brazil: and Portugal
and Britain 841 see also England/English: and Portugal
Bronze Age 316, 317, 319, 323–4
and Bruges 469–70
and the Canaries 472–4
and Cape Verde 488–92, 702, 748, 753, 754, 841
and Cartagena de las Indias 697
and Ceuta 476–9, 501
and China 606–7, 627–8, 636–7, 638–42, 643–4, 652
citânias 329
cloth 754
and control of Atlantic 526
and copper 672
Cortes (parliament) 485
and the Danes 718–19
and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Portuguese; trade: Dutch–Portuguese struggle in
and East Indies/Indonesia 536–49, 568–81, 635, 679–80
and England see England/English: and Portugal
and Flanders 469–70, 474
and France 561–2
and Genoese 470, 485
and gold see gold: and the Portuguese
and Guinea 504–8, 754
Habsburg rulers 705, 753
and Hansards 431, 477
in Havana 592
and Hindus 541, 547, 548, 606
and Hormuz 598–9, 604, 634
and India 540–43, 604–5, 606
and Indian Ocean 47, 124, 536–49, 569, 594, 595–601, 604, 702, 832; aspirations 511–14; Ottoman–Portuguese conflict 549, 594, 599–607, 610
and Islam 512, 523, 537, 541, 546–7; Iberian Muslim struggle with Portuguese Christians in 12th century 467–8; and Muslim sultans in Moluccas 606
and Italian navigational skills 489
and ivory 501, 504, 635
and Japan see Japan/Japanese: and the Portuguese
and Java 578
Jews see Jews: and the Portuguese
lançados (‘thrown ones’) 503, 753–4
and Macaronesia 481–96
and Macau see Macau: and the Portuguese
and Madagascar 759
and Madeira 483–6
and Mamluks 595, 598, 600, 602
megalithic culture 312
and Melaka see Melaka (Malacca): and the Portuguese
merchants see merchants: Portuguese
migrants 696
and Mogador 834
and the Moluccas 568–81, 606, 611, 614
monuments 301
and Morocco see Morocco: and Portugal
national monarchy restored (1640) 705
Neolithic 309, 312
New Christians see Christianity: Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin)
and the Omanis 829–31, 832
Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749
and Ottomans 600, 602–3, 607
papal global division and Portuguese rights 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 680
and Persia 599
piracy 470
Portuguese empire 508
The Boundless Sea Page 146
