The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Order of the Knights of the Holy Ghost 732

  Order of the Temple 481, 501

  Oregon, USS 857, 859

  Øresund 424, 425, 438

  Orient Company 868

  Orkney Islands xxii, 304, 321, 326, 328, 347, 372–9, 386, 444

  Christianization 375–6

  and Ireland 311–12

  Neolithic 310–12, 372–3

  Norn dialect 379

  Norse character 379

  and Norway 372, 373–8

  and Vikings 372, 373–9

  Orkneyinga Saga 311, 363, 364, 373, 375, 376

  Oro cult 21

  Oronsay 305–6

  O’Rourke, Kevin 877–8

  Ortaqs 249

  Ortelius, Abraham 664

  world map 728

  Orthodox Russians 420, 427, 437

  Oscar II 872

  Oseberg ship 369, 376

  Ostend Company 722, 723

  Östergötland 342

  ostraka 112

  ostriches 266, 269

  feathers 840

  Ottomans see Turks/Ottomans

  Ovando, Nicolás de 529, 555, 586–7

  Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández de 553

  oysters 14, 196

  P&O (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company) 865, 867–8, 882, 899

  and airlines 899

  and seamen’s 1966 strike 896

  and Second World War 890, 892; and recovery 896

  Pa’ao 25

  Pacific languages 3–4

  Pacific Ocean 3–39, 565

  container shipping 903

  currents 16

  English entry to 665, 687, 730–31

  and English–Spanish conflict 665, 687, 730–31

  ‘extensions’ see Japan Sea; South China Sea; Yellow Sea

  Hawai’i see Hawai’ian islands

  Indian Ocean contrasted with 43

  island farming 12

  island settlement process 5–6

  Lapita culture see Lapita people/culture

  as largest ocean 3

  and Magellan–Elcano voyage 573–4

  maritime culture 5

  navigation see navigation: Pacific

  northern 616, 786, 797–800, 803–9

  Philippines see Philippines

  Polynesia see Polynesia/Polynesians

  and the Russians 791, 800–809

  and Second World War 888, 891

  South China Sea see South China Sea

  as ‘South Sea’ xx

  Spain and Pacific islands 614, 728–33

  trade see trade: Pacific

  and the USA 785, 791–5, 845–6

  winds see winds: Pacific

  Paekche, Korea 192, 194

  paganism

  Baltic 421–2

  in Greenland 400

  in Iceland 387–8, 400, 407

  Norse 364, 367, 379, 383, 387–8

  ‘northern crusades’ against 420–21

  Slav 423–4

  of Taínos 527

  Pakistan 50, 53, 62, 67, 598, 829

  Palembang, Indonesia 147, 148, 152, 155, 158–60, 161, 232, 261, 267, 269, 271, 272–3, 283

  and Parameśvara 289–90

  and Singapore 285

  Palermo 73, 184

  Palermo Stone 73–4

  palm oil 493

  palm wine 574, 688, 754

  Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount 826, 852

  Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company 902–3

  Pan American Airways 897–8

  Panama 29, 529, 591, 701, 730, 764–5, 774, 846, 847

  American settlement of Colón 854, 855, 858

  Canal xviii, 847–8, 849, 851–9

  coast 529

  Darien Scheme 722–3

  Gatun lake 858

  Indians 529

  railway 852–4

  and war between Britain and Spain 851

  Panama City 775, 847, 853

  Pané, Ramon 521

  Panpan 146

  panthers 99

  Panyu 135

  papacy 423

  and the Canaries 474

  and the English 770, 771

  world division into Spanish and Portuguese hemispheres 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 611, 680

  papayas 644

  paper 185, 194, 559, 588

  Japanese 200, 201, 213, 743

  money 240, 249, 262, 624

  Papey island 386

  Papua New Guinea 9

  papyri 71, 74, 94, 111, 112

  Muziris Papyrus 112–13

  Parameśvara 255, 264, 287, 289–90, 293

  Parekhou 77

  Parhae, Korea 194, 197–8

  Paris 855

  Parker, Daniel 785, 786

  parrot fish 14

  parrots 216, 220, 543, 560, 561

  Parsees 824, 834

  Parthians 93

  Pasai 276, 292, 293

  Semudera–Pasai 273–6, 279, 292

  Passat 876

  passenger shipping 860, 869, 899–900

  Patagonians 572

  Paterson, William 722

  Patna 121

  Paul I of Russia 805, 806

  Paul II, Pope 485

  Paviken, Gotland 366

  peaches 114

  peacocks 220

  feathers 233

  Pearl Harbour 891

  Pearl River 627, 636, 638, 640, 787, 789, 826, 867, 893, 908

  and the British 826, 867

  pearls 54, 59, 109, 135, 139, 540, 701, 813

  of Funan 140

  Japanese 216, 221

  and the ‘Muscateers’ 831

  Pedro, Prince, duke of Coimbra 469, 487

  Pelgrom de Bye, Jan 740

  Pelican (later Golden Hind) 665

  Pelsaert, François 738–9, 740

  Pemba 132, 267, 831

  Peña Negra 323–4

  Penang 820, 821, 865, 866, 868

  penguins 558

  Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company see P&O

  Penn, William 770

  pepper 50, 71, 99, 109, 147, 178, 181, 188, 218, 220, 232, 234, 246, 247, 248, 276, 278, 280, 724, 756

  aboard Witte Leeuw 756

  bell peppers 644

  black 113–14, 178

  and the Danes 714

  and the Dutch 678

  English East India Company factory, Bencoolen 761, 820

  green 461

  Indian 595; Indo-Roman trade 113–14, 115; south Indian 113, 569

  Indo-Roman trade 877

  long 108

  Malagueta 504, 505, 507, 511, 669

  peppercorns 114, 438

  and the Portuguese 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544–5, 595, 600, 669

  and the Venetians 544, 545

  warehouses (Horrea Piperataria) 114

  Perestrello, Bartolomeu 483, 485

  Perestrello family 524, 525

  Pérez, Manuel Bautista 701

  Pérez de Castrogeríz, Andrés 455

  perfumes 52, 71, 99, 140, 161, 166, 170, 178, 278

  and ambergris 180, 467

  Periplous (source of Avienus) 332

  Periplous (Kosmas Indikopleustes) 130

  Periplous tēs Eruthras thalassēs 103–10, 116, 119, 121, 124, 125–8, 134

  Perry, Matthew C. 846, 847

  Persia/Iran 52, 54, 65, 68, 82, 85, 92, 96, 164

  Arab invasion of Persia 170

  Bosi see Bosi/Po-ššu

  and Caspian Sea 364

  and Ceylon 147

  cobalt 238

  coins of Sasanian kings 118

  fashions 170

  Great Sophy 599

  and Greece 85

  and Hormuz 599

  merchants see merchants: Persian/Iranian

  and Ottomans 599, 604

  Persian carpets 598

  Persian Empire 85

  and Phoenician trade 323

  and Portugal 599

  pottery 159, 164

  Safavid shahs 705, 706,
707

  Sasanid Persia see Sasanid Persia/Empire

  silk 706

  silver 188, 364

  Siraf see Siraf

  Persian/Arabian Gulf 8, 47, 51, 52, 56, 61–2

  boats 54, 67–8, 93

  and China 171–2

  and Kish 173–4

  and Ottomans 604, 606

  and Red Sea 166, 173–4

  Seleucid fleet in 93

  steamship link with India 868

  and Strait of Hormuz see Hormuz: Strait of

  trade 46, 53–4, 170–73

  trade routes see trade routes: from Persian Gulf

  Peru 531, 580, 581

  coins 777

  and Mendaña 729, 731

  Philippine link through Manila galleons 617 see also Manila galleons

  silver 592, 619, 624, 635, 672, 678, 696, 700, 715, 724–5, 763

  and the slave trade 701

  Spanish conquest 590, 611, 635

  Pessart, Bernt 715

  Peter I, the Great 800, 802, 806

  Peter IV of Aragon 473

  Peter the Deacon 117

  Petra 79, 94, 96, 167

  Petrarch 473

  Petropavlovsk 807

  Pevensey, England 346

  Philadelphia 780, 790

  Philip I of Spain 555

  Philip II of Spain 582, 614, 615, 616, 618, 621, 627, 642, 652–3, 654, 656, 676, 700, 703, 730, 732

  Philip III of Spain 625, 626, 630, 682, 683, 684, 692

  Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy 439

  Philippa of Lancaster 469

  Philippines 3, 244, 574–6, 729

  American occupation 856

  and China 574, 614, 617, 618, 620–21, 622–6

  and Japan 617, 622, 628–30, 632, 633, 648, 652–3

  merchants in 616, 622, 623, 629

  and Norway 871

  and Peru 617

  and South China Sea 908

  and the Spanish 570, 614–15, 634; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons; treatment as extension of Mexico 617

  Philipse, Frederick 760–61

  Philo (admiral) 96

  Phoenicians 81, 83, 89–90, 91, 322–3, 330, 502, 834

  Piacenza 470

  Piailug 17

  Pico, Azores 751

  Picts 347

  pidgin English 790

  Pidyar 182

  Pigafetta, Antonio 570–71, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 622

  Piggott, Stuart 63

  pigs 12, 552, 591, 730, 810, 811, 813

  pilgrimage/pilgrims xv, 239, 459, 460, 461, 469

  in Japan 652

  Muslim 866

  route through Syria to Mecca 595

  Pimienta, Francisco Diáz 592

  pin-brooches 326

  Pina, Rui 494

  pine 73, 78, 343, 371

  nuts 207

  resin 153

  pine marten 306

  furs 428

  pineapples, tinned 859

  Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez 553

  pirates/piracy xviii, 68, 130, 138, 140, 155, 172, 187, 192, 198, 218, 391, 455, 559, 562, 621 see also privateers; raiders

  in Bahamas 765

  Barbary corsairs 607, 718, 764, 782

  Bugi pirates 819, 823

  Caribbean 763–5, 772, 773–6, 778, 779

  and Chang Pogo xxx, 204, 208, 209–11

  and Chen Zu-yi 261

  Chinese 293, 625, 867

  Chinese naval suppression of 239, 245

  and Christianity 761

  Dutch 676, 679, 682

  English 452, 718, 763–5, 773–6

  English accusations of German piracy 450

  in English Channel 456

  Germanic 344–6, 450

  and Hansards 433, 436

  and Havana 592

  Indian Ocean’s widespread piracy 707

  Karelian 422

  Kish as a pirate kingdom 173

  licensed piracy 765, 775–6

  and Madagascar 760–61

  and Melaka/Malacca Strait 292, 293, 736

  Norman 562

  North Sea 339–56

  Omani 829

  Orang Laut ‘Sea People’ 290

  Portuguese 470

  prize money 776

  and ‘The Pure Theory of the Muggery’ 765

  and Singapore/Temasek 286

  Vitalienbrüder 436, 437, 447

  wakō pirates 218, 219, 220, 222, 637, 638

  Pires, Tomé 234, 292, 296, 546, 636, 706

  Suma Oriental 289–90

  Piri Reis 607–10

  Pisa/Pisans 188, 415, 420, 454, 460

  pistachios 178

  Pitcairn Island 31

  pitch 721

  Pithom 96

  Pizarro, Francisco 581, 611

  Plancius, Petrus 660

  plantains 493, 756, 815

  Plantijn, Christoffel 672

  plastics, in oceans 908

  Plimsoll, Samuel 861–2

  and Plimsoll Days 863

  Plimsoll line 863

  Pliny the Elder 71, 95, 103, 108, 116–17, 334, 336, 337, 338

  plums 114

  Plymouth 360, 687

  pneumonic plague 432 see also Black Death

  Pô, Fernando 507

  Poduké 119, 121

  Poland 452

  polar bears 391, 397, 401–2, 408, 534

  Polo, Marco 43, 110, 124, 216, 221, 226–7, 228, 249, 255, 256, 259, 260–61, 272, 636

  book of travels 247–8, 259, 729

  and ‘Great Java’ 272, 280, 734

  Polybios 94, 334, 335

  Polynesia/Polynesians 3–6, 11, 12–14, 133, 728, 729, 732, 797

  boats 15–16, 19, 24, 731, 810–11

  and Europeans in 1760s and 1770s 809–13

  and free love 809–10

  Hawai’ian settlers and links 24, 26 see also Hawai’ian islands

  languages 3, 131, 615

  and Lapita culture see Lapita people/culture

  as maritime folk 4

  maritime technology 39

  migration 13–14

  mythology 140

  navigational skills 16–19, 573, 731, 812–13

  and New Zealand see Māoris; New Zealand

  open societies 21

  pottery 14

  in ‘Remote Oceania’ 14

  sailors/navigators xxi, 3, 5, 12, 16–19, 27, 29

  second expansion phase 15, 29

  sibling rivalry 13–14

  and South America 27–9

  and Spanish sailors 728, 731, 732

  stratified societies 21

  Tahiti see Tahiti/Tahitians

  ‘Theory of Relativity’ (etak) 18

  tools 15, 16, 24

  Pomare I of Tahiti 813

  Pomeranians 423

  Pommern 876

  Ponce de León, Juan 554, 555–6, 565

  Pondicherry xviii, 119, 121, 707 see also Arikamedu

  porcelain xx, 184, 187, 710

  blue-and-white 218, 238, 289, 818

  Chinese xix, xxi, 153, 160, 163, 165, 174, 187, 227, 229, 238, 239, 247, 267, 617, 640, 649, 715; aboard Witte Leeuw 756; celadons 174, 179, 216, 217–18, 232, 247, 289; and Gothenburg 725; and Hawai’i 816; and Mexico 592; and Morocco 839; and North America 780, 781, 784; in Philippines 574, 622, 623; in Port Royal 778; and Singapore 288–9

  cobalt-blue (Shonzui) 649

  Dutch imports xix

  Japanese 649–50, 839

  Korean 649

  and North America 780, 781, 784

  and Russia 802, 809

  and Ryukyu Islands 231, 233, 234

  white 154, 163, 174, 227, 289

  pork 112

  Port Arthur 872

  Port Royal, Jamaica 765, 769–79

  Port Said 849, 851

  Portchester 346

  Portinari family 438

  Portland, Dorset 360

  Porto 467, 468, 469, 477

  Porto Bello, Panama 764–5, 774

  Porto de Ale 702

 
Porto Santo 483, 485, 486

  Porto Seguro 687

  Portugal/Portuguese 52, 387, 459, 465, 467–80, 636

  and Africa see Africa: and the Portuguese

  Algarve see Algarve

  and Angola 593

  and Antwerp 545, 600, 617, 668, 669, 672, 673

  and Australia 733, 734, 735

  Aviz dynasty 469, 474

  and the Azores 487–8, 840

  and Brazil see Brazil: and Portugal

  and Britain 841 see also England/English: and Portugal

  Bronze Age 316, 317, 319, 323–4

  and Bruges 469–70

  and the Canaries 472–4

  and Cape Verde 488–92, 702, 748, 753, 754, 841

  and Cartagena de las Indias 697

  and Ceuta 476–9, 501

  and China 606–7, 627–8, 636–7, 638–42, 643–4, 652

  citânias 329

  cloth 754

  and control of Atlantic 526

  and copper 672

  Cortes (parliament) 485

  and the Danes 718–19

  and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Portuguese; trade: Dutch–Portuguese struggle in

  and East Indies/Indonesia 536–49, 568–81, 635, 679–80

  and England see England/English: and Portugal

  and Flanders 469–70, 474

  and France 561–2

  and Genoese 470, 485

  and gold see gold: and the Portuguese

  and Guinea 504–8, 754

  Habsburg rulers 705, 753

  and Hansards 431, 477

  in Havana 592

  and Hindus 541, 547, 548, 606

  and Hormuz 598–9, 604, 634

  and India 540–43, 604–5, 606

  and Indian Ocean 47, 124, 536–49, 569, 594, 595–601, 604, 702, 832; aspirations 511–14; Ottoman–Portuguese conflict 549, 594, 599–607, 610

  and Islam 512, 523, 537, 541, 546–7; Iberian Muslim struggle with Portuguese Christians in 12th century 467–8; and Muslim sultans in Moluccas 606

  and Italian navigational skills 489

  and ivory 501, 504, 635

  and Japan see Japan/Japanese: and the Portuguese

  and Java 578

  Jews see Jews: and the Portuguese

  lançados (‘thrown ones’) 503, 753–4

  and Macaronesia 481–96

  and Macau see Macau: and the Portuguese

  and Madagascar 759

  and Madeira 483–6

  and Mamluks 595, 598, 600, 602

  megalithic culture 312

  and Melaka see Melaka (Malacca): and the Portuguese

  merchants see merchants: Portuguese

  migrants 696

  and Mogador 834

  and the Moluccas 568–81, 606, 611, 614

  monuments 301

  and Morocco see Morocco: and Portugal

  national monarchy restored (1640) 705

  Neolithic 309, 312

  New Christians see Christianity: Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin)

  and the Omanis 829–31, 832

  Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749

  and Ottomans 600, 602–3, 607

  papal global division and Portuguese rights 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 680

  and Persia 599

  piracy 470

  Portuguese empire 508