The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  pottery 492

  rebellion of 1640 against Habsburgs 705

  and Red Sea see Red Sea: and Portugal

  and Ryukyu Islands 234, 636

  and St Helena 755–6

  salt 683

  and São Tomé 481–3, 492–5, 506

  São Tomé and Jewish children from Portugal 493, 494

  sea route dominion 5

  ships see boats/ships: Portuguese

  and silver 640–41, 668, 672, 700

  and slavery see slavery/slaves: and the Portuguese

  Socotran occupation 598

  and South China Sea 636; and privately owned Portuguese ships 606

  and the Spanish 526, 533, 537, 567–81, 611, 614, 700, 751–2; and Cape Verde 754; Castilians 476, 477, 478, 479, 489, 504–5, 571; and China 627–8; diaspora in Madrid 703, 704; and Guinea 754; and New Christians 704–5; and papal division of the world 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 611; Philip II of Spain succeeding to throne of Portugal 621, 627, 642, 700; played against each other by Spice Islands rulers 606; Portuguese independence with 1640 rebellion against Habsburg rule 687, 754

  and spices see spices/spice trade: and the Portuguese

  Strait of Hormuz control 634

  and sugar 669, 697

  and Sumatra 578

  and Tangier 479

  taxation see taxation: Portuguese

  tiles 640

  trade see trade: Portuguese

  trading stations in west Africa 683, 753–4

  unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid Portuguese customs duties 745, 751

  wine 459, 469, 647

  Po-ššu see Bosi/Po-ššu

  Postan, Sir Michael (‘Munia’) xxiv

  potatoes xxiii, 752, 815

  Potosí, Peru 696, 700, 763

  pottery/ceramics 454

  Abbasid 164

  at Achnacreebeag 308

  African 492

  amphorae 115, 116, 119–20

  south Arabian 88, 129

  Axumite 115, 167

  in Barus 160

  on Belitung shipwreck 163

  from Bereniké 115

  bitumen-sealed earthenware 68

  in Cape Verde 492

  Chinese 153, 159, 163, 164, 176, 179, 186, 217, 230, 242, 244, 247, 725, 781; and Africa 267; and Egypt 174, 266; global reach of 877; at Hakata 196, 216–17; and Japan 649; Jian bowls 215; and Mexico 592; and North America 780, 781, 784; and Philippines 574, 614, 622; porcelain see porcelain: Chinese; and Ryukyu Islands 232; and Siam 278; and Singapore 288–9; and Spain 617; Tang pottery 158, 163, 172; white pottery (hisoku) 216–17

  on Cirebon wreck 162

  delftware 778

  Eritrean 78

  Greek 94, 323

  Indus 62, 63

  Japanese 232; porcelain 649–50, 839

  Jordanian 83

  and Kon-Tiki expedition 28

  Korean 649

  Lapita 12, 14

  Luzon ceramics 652

  Madagascan 133

  Mesolithic pottery 304

  Mesopotamian 64

  from northern Moluccas 12

  on Nanhai I 165

  through ‘Near Oceania’ 14

  Nubian 78

  at Palembang 160

  Persian 159, 164

  Phoenician 323

  Polynesian 14

  porcelain see porcelain

  Portuguese 492

  and Punt 78

  at Qusayr al-Qadim 179

  in Red Sea 176

  through ‘Remote Oceania’ 14–15

  Rhenish 353, 404

  Roman 107

  rouletted ware 115

  and Ryukyu Islands 232

  Seleukeian 94–5

  of Silves 467

  and Singapore/Temasek see silk

  Sirafi 172

  Spanish 586

  Sudanese 78

  Sumerian 61

  Taíno 586

  tea bowls 216, 230, 649

  Thai 232

  Ubaid 53, 54

  Vietnamese 232

  Yemeni 78

  Pottinger, Sir Henry 826

  Pound, Ezra 350

  Powell, John 767

  Praia, Cape Verde 490, 631, 753, 792–3

  Praia da Vitória, Terceira 488

  Praise-of-the-Two-Lands 73

  Príncipe 506

  printing

  in Antwerp 672

  Armenian printing houses 708

  Ottoman refusals 608

  presses 608, 708

  Priuli, Girolamo 544

  privateers

  in Caribbean 763–5, 772, 773–6, 778, 779

  from Dunkirk 685

  Dutch ‘Sea-Beggars’ 673

  English 405, 662, 730, 763, 764, 774–6

  Vitalienbruder 436

  promontory forts, Atlantic 328–9

  prostitutes 823

  male temple prostitutes 82

  Protestantism/Protestants 317, 645

  in Antwerp 672

  Calvinists 660, 693, 708, 741–3, 769, 825

  and England 557, 730, 770

  Huguenots 676, 696, 697

  in Madeiran English community 749

  persecution in Netherlands under duke of Alva 673

  Reformed Church in Gothenburg 723

  Prussia 420, 428

  Denmark and Brandenburg–Prussia 713, 715–16

  Englishmen in 451–2

  Hansa members 452

  Prynne, William 769

  Psenosiris, son of Leon 112

  Ptolemaïs Thērēn 104

  Ptolemies 93, 94, 95–8, 110–11

  army 96

  and Bereniké 110–11

  Ptolemy I Soter 95, 96

  Ptolemy II Soter 96, 98

  shipbuilding 111, 260

  Syria under 94, 97

  Ptolemy (Alexandrian geographer) 121, 122, 135, 345, 524, 536

  and Ceylon 118, 119, 727

  and the Indian Ocean 89, 105, 496, 727

  and Kattigara 143

  world map 727

  Pu Hesan (Abu Hassan/Husain) 245

  Pu Luoxin (Abu’l-Hassan) 243

  Pu Shougeng 242, 247

  Puerto Rico 520, 555, 769, 900, 903

  and the USA 856

  Puhar 119, 121

  Pula Run see Run, Moluccas

  Punt 47, 73, 74, 75, 76–9

  trade with Egypt 47

  Punta de Araya 683

  Puteoli 116

  Pyongyang 650

  Pyrrhus 891

  Pytheas of Marseilles 331, 334–8

  Qala’at al-Bahrain 65–6

  QANTAS 898

  Qatar 52, 54

  Qayrawan 173

  Qays see Kish/Qays

  Qian Hanshu 138–9

  Qing Empire 801

  Qingjing (mosque) 244

  Qos 78

  Quanzhou (Zaytun) xviii, xix, 187, 224, 226, 234, 238, 243–50, 265, 278, 638

  Quechua Indians 29

  Queen Elizabeth, RMS 886–7, 889–90, 899

  Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) 899

  Queen Mary, RMS 886–7, 889–90, 899

  Queen Mary 2, RMS 900

  Queensland 9, 10

  Quentovic 353, 354, 355

  Quevedo, Francisco de 704

  Quilon 183–4

  Quinsay see Hangzhou

  Quirós, Pedro Fernandes de 731–2

  Quoygrew, Orkneys 373

  Qus 177

  Qusayr al-Qadim 52, 78, 112, 123, 177–8 see also Myos Hormos

  documents from Shaykh’s House 176–9

  sheikh of 176, 178, 179, 187

  rabbits 486

  radio waves 864

  Rædwald 349

  Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 281–2, 819–21, 822, 823, 824–5, 828

  Ragusa/Ragusans 81, 455–6

  Raiateans 13

  raiders xix, 13, 104 see also bandits; pirates/piracy

  African 548

  Bedouin 595

  Castilian 457

  Curonian 422
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br />   Estonian 422

  Frankish 346

  Germanic 344–7

  North Sea 339–72 see also Vikings

  Pict 347

  and raiding culture 351, 362, 364

  Scot 347

  and sea defences 345–7

  slave-raiders 554, 559

  Viking see Vikings

  railways xx, 865, 880

  Chinese ‘One Belt, One Road’ project 908

  and globalization 877

  Panama railway 852–4

  US 790; containers and US railroad companies 901

  Rainbow Serpent 10

  Raleigh, Sir Walter 731, 765–6

  Ralli family 873

  Ramisht of Siraf 171, 173, 180, 185

  Rangoon 871

  Rapa Nui see Easter Island

  Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 3, 29–31

  Ra’s al-Junz 68

  rats 572

  Pacific 10, 12, 24, 38

  Ravenser 447

  Rawalpindi 890

  ‘Red–Med’ canal 95–6

  Red Sea xxii, 8, 46, 102, 103–4, 166–7, 398, 603, 892

  and Bab al-Mandeb 180

  cables 864

  ceramics in 176

  closure to non-Muslims 187

  currents 51

  highway 70, 111–13, 166–7, 181–2, 187, 517, 594, 600, 605–6, 634, 672

  and Jewish–Christian confrontation 130, 166–7

  and Mamluks 265, 595, 598, 600–601

  and Ottomans 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 608

  and Persian Gulf 166, 173–4

  pirate raids 187

  and Portugal 600–601, 604; and Mamluks 598, 600–601; Portuguese blockade 546, 601, 634, 672

  Qusayr see Qusayr al-Qadim

  Roman outstations 122

  straits to Indian Ocean 180

  trade see trade: Red Sea

  winds 51, 52, 117

  Reinach, Jacques de 855

  Reinel, Pedro 609

  Reischauer, Edwin 205

  religion see also specific religions by name

  crusades see crusades

  eclecticism/syncretism 263, 293

  and migration 19

  pagan see paganism

  and trade 144–6

  René II of Naples 556

  Renfrew, Colin 322

  resins 47, 75, 79, 106, 132, 143, 147, 153, 165, 337

  benzoin 153, 156

  gum-resins 71 see also frankincense; myrrh

  Réunion 43, 761, 831

  Reval 421

  Reykjavík 385

  Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich 807, 808

  Rhine 344, 352, 353, 897

  barges 343–4

  Rhenish pottery 353, 404

  Rhine–Maas estuary 677

  Rhineland wine 353, 367, 448

  rhinoceros 266

  horn 104, 105, 121, 135, 139, 155, 242, 278, 695; pills from 199

  Rhodes 99, 115, 122

  rhubarb 153, 184, 194

  Ri Sanpei 649–50

  Rias Baixas 304

  Riau islands 239, 821, 823

  Ribe, Denmark 354

  Ribeira Grande (Cidade Velha) 490–91, 492, 578, 584–5, 631, 753

  Riberol, Francisco 590

  Ricardo, David 825

  Ricci, Matteo 645

  rice 50, 106, 114, 132, 153, 177, 187, 213, 214, 246, 276, 281, 441, 491, 648, 652, 752, 803

  and Japan 808, 847

  Madagascan 759

  and Majapahit 280

  Norway’s ferrying of 871

  wine 286, 648

  Richard I of England 449

  Richard II of England 436

  Richard III of England 462

  Riga 420, 433, 438, 440, 470

  Rikyû 649

  Rio de Janeiro 701

  Roanoke, North Carolina 765–6

  Roaring Forties xv, 735–6

  Roberts, Dr (Columbia surgeon) 792

  Roberts, Edmund 833

  Robinson, Alan 737

  Roça do Casal do Meiro 324

  rock carvings 321, 322

  Rode, Hermen 426

  Roebuck 758

  Roger II of Sicily 472

  Rognvald, earl of Orkney 364

  Rolf, Norse ruler of Normandy 373

  Roman Empire 121, 122, 166

  cost of Mediterranean trade with Indies 116–17

  fall in the West 348

  goods found in Oc-èo 142

  outstations in Red Sea 122

  and raiders 347

  Roman Britannia 344, 345, 346–7, 348, 355–6

  Romans 99–102

  clothing brought through Indian Ocean 108

  coins 107, 118, 120–21, 141

  fleets 344, 346

  gold 108

  Greco-Roman merchants see merchants: Greco-Roman/‘Roman’

  in India 118

  Indo-Roman trade 52, 110–23, 877

  pottery 107

  and raiders 344–7

  silver 108

  Rome 99, 109, 115

  Horace on 170

  Horrea Piperataria 114

  Roosevelt, Theodore 856, 857, 858–9

  Rosenkrantz, Herman 713

  Roskilde ships 370–71

  Rostock 418, 423, 425, 426

  Rostovtzeff, Michael 98

  Rotterdam 880, 891, 892, 897, 903, 904

  Rouen 701

  roundhouses 321, 324, 329

  Roupinho, Fuas 468

  Royal African Company 760, 777

  Royal Air Force 889

  Royal Caribbean Lines 900

  Royal Danish Baltic and Guinea Trading Company 721–2

  Royal Dutch Shell 897

  Royal Exchange, London 669

  Royal Navy 573, 773, 789, 826, 866, 881

  and Belfast 870

  in Second World War 889

  and the slave trade 829

  Royal Society of London 792, 820

  rubber 824, 868, 888, 892, 893–4

  rubies 141

  Rügen island 425

  Rugians 423

  rum 761, 778

  Rumi, Yaqut ar- 177

  Run, Moluccas 690, 714, 756

  runes 443

  rune stones 368

  Rus see Kiev/Rus

  Russell, Sir Peter 479

  Russia

  Admiralty 806

  and Alaska 804, 805–6, 807–8, 809, 816, 903

  and the Baltic 802, 807, 809

  and the Black Sea 802, 809

  boats see boats/ships: Russian

  brandy 803

  and China 800, 801, 802, 806

  and the East Indies 802

  and England 659

  and furs 365, 420, 422, 423, 427, 428, 659, 786, 804, 806

  and gold 801, 802, 803

  Great Northern War 802

  and Hansards 428

  and Hawai’i 816

  and the Japanese 808; Russo–Japanese War (1904–5) 871–2

  luxury goods 802

  merchants 422, 423, 804, 805–6

  migrants fleeing persecution 860

  Muscovy see Muscovy

  naval power 802

  Orthodox 420, 427, 437

  and the Pacific 791, 800–809

  and porcelain 802, 809

  and Sannakh islanders 804

  ships see boats/ships: Russian

  and silk 802

  and spices 801

  and the Swedes 802

  trade see trade: Russian

  warships 794

  wax 427, 428, 678

  Russia–America Company 805, 808, 817

  rye 426, 428, 442, 677

  Baltic 420, 428, 439, 444, 675, 676, 682

  Rye, England 456

  Ryukyu Islands 220, 229–34, 244, 277, 614, 636

  and Christianity 695

  Chuzan 229, 231–4

  Saavedra, Álvaro de 580

  Sabaea 96

  Sabas 97

  sabres 220

  Safavid shahs 705, 706, 707

  Safed,
Galilee 608, 701

  saffron 132, 492

  Saga of Eirík the Red 400, 407, 409, 410, 412–13

  sago 576

  Sagres 479–80

  Sahul 7

  Said bin Sultan, Sayyid 293, 833–4

  Said Pasha 849

  Saimur 171

  Saint-Dié, Lorraine 556

  Saint-Domingue see Santo Domingo, Hispaniola

  St Helena xxi, 5, 745, 755–8, 809

  and the Dutch 757

  and English East India Company 755, 756–8

  and the Portuguese 755–6

  slaves on 756, 762

  St John Island 638

  St Kitts 767

  St Mary’s Island (off N-E coast of Madagascar) 760–61

  St Paul island, Indian Ocean 795

  St Paul’s School 669

  St Thomas, Virgin Islands 720–21

  Sainte-Croix island, West Indies 721

  Sakai 219, 230

  sake 212, 652

  cups 198

  Sakhalin island 808, 872

  sakimori 195

  Sal island, Cape Verde 489, 683

  Salawesi 280

  Salazar, António de Oliveira 480, 513

  Saldanha, António de 546

  Salé, Morocco 467, 471, 475

  Rovers 718

  Salem 790

  Salim ‘son of the cantor’ 181

  salmon 196

  Salonika 838

  salt 135, 180, 213, 246, 320, 322, 352, 429, 441, 463, 477, 588, 808

  Capeverdian 489, 683, 752

  and the Dutch 674, 675, 676, 683, 685

  Mediterranean 475

  Portuguese 683

  as preservative 108, 116, 430–31, 489, 674, 683, 752

  from Sal 489, 683

  Spanish 683

  Venezuelan 683, 684, 685

  Saltykov, Fedor Stepanovich 801

  Samarkand 255

  Sami/Lapps 373, 655

  Samoa 11, 14, 19, 21

  samurai 223–4, 225, 644, 649

  San-fo-chi 153

  San Antonio 572

  San Francisco 851, 852, 903, 904

  Bay 581, 853

  San Francisco 630

  San Pedro/Pablo 616

  San Salvador 581

  sandalwood 81, 153, 157, 578, 791, 796, 813, 815, 816, 817

  Sanfoqi 149

  Sanhaja Berbers 501

  Sanlúcar de Barrameda 656

  Sannakh islanders 804

  Sanskrit 107, 128, 129, 141, 144, 149, 159–60

  Sansom, Sir George 190

  Santa Barbara Channel 28

  Santa Casa de Misericórdia 640

  Santa Catarina 679, 682

  Santa Cruz islands 731

  Santa Luzia citânia 329

  Santa María 254, 526–7, 585

  Santa Maria island 487–8

  Santiago, Cape Verde 490, 492, 497, 631, 753

  Santiago, Cuba 592, 774

  Santiago de Compostela 459, 469

  Santiago 504

  Santo André 751

  Santo Domingo, Hispaniola 586–8, 591, 593, 709, 768–9, 770

  Welser bank 590

  Zona Colonial 587

  São Felipe, Cape Verde 753

  São Jorge da Mina see Elmina

  São Miguel 487, 745, 750

  São Pedro 544

  São Tomé 481–3, 492–5, 506, 560

  and the Dutch 683

  mulatto population 493