Christians vs Muslims in 423, 477; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468
coins 586
and control of Atlantic 526
and Cuba 565, 856
and Denmark 685
and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish
and East Indies see East Indies: and the Spanish
and the Falklands 795
and France 676, 795
Frankish raids in 346
and Galápagos Islands 28
Galicia see Galicia
and gold 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9, 729
and Guinea 754
Habsburg dynasty 614, 764–5
and Hispaniola 528, 555
Italian wars of Charles V 611
and Jamaica 771, 773
and Japan see Japan/Japanese
and the Spanish Jews 698
and Low Countries 673, 675 see also Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish
Manila galleons see Manila galleons
Manila’s Spanish settlers 620–21, 622, 625, 626
merchants see merchants: Spanish
and Mexico see Mexico: Spanish conquest/New Spain
and the Moluccas 567–81, 606, 611, 614
Morgan and the Spaniards of Panama 775
Muslim (al-Andalus) 170, 369, 464, 465–7, 468, 698; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468; Granada as last Muslim kingdom 476, 477; and surrender treaties forged with Muslim princes 547
navy 627, 676, 856
Neolithic 309, 313
and the Netherlands 627
and Nootka Sound 794
and North America see North America: and the Spanish
nuraghic culture 324
and Pacific islands 614, 728–33
and Panama 591, 851
papal global division and Spanish rights 533, 537, 570, 579, 611, 680
and Peru 590, 611, 635
and the Philippines see Philippines: and the Spanish
and Polynesian islands 728, 731, 732
and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and the Spanish
pottery 586
rock carvings 321
and Ryukyu Islands 614
salt 683
search for southern continent 729–32
ships see boats/ships: Spanish
and silver 81, 635, 696
and slavery see slavery/slaves: and the Spanish
and South America see South America: and the Spanish
Spaniards in London 455
and spices see spices/spice trade: and the Spanish
swords 318
tin 324
trade see trade: Spanish
and the USA 856
and Vancouver Island 791
Viking raids 370, 465
wine 459, 633
Spanberg, Martin 803
Spanish Inquisition see Inquisition
spears 104, 321, 342, 736, 793
Spencer Bay, Australia 875
Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands
spices/spice trade xxi, 93, 99, 114–15, 125, 143, 147, 161, 166, 175, 184, 187, 272, 279, 454, 540, 733 see also specific spices
at Aceh, Sumatra 689
and Alexandria 595, 600, 601, 604, 669
Antwerp market 579, 600, 614, 615, 617, 668, 669–72
and the Azores 745
and Beirut 495, 544, 567, 594, 601, 604, 669
and China 545, 574, 606, 643
and Columbus 523
cost of spices 181
and the Danes 714–15
and the Dutch 678, 684, 688, 736
and the English 173, 688–90, 737; EIC 820
and German banking houses 672
and German Hansa 420, 429
in Horrea Piperataria 114
and incense-making 80
and Indian cuisine 714–15
Indo-Roman trade 52, 113–16, 877
and Malacca Strait 220
and Mamluks 595
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831
and the Philippines 622
and the Portuguese 523, 537, 542, 543, 544–5, 546, 563, 567–8, 569, 599–601, 605, 617, 635, 700, 751; and Antwerp 668, 669, 672; Lisbon market 682–3, 684; and the Moluccas 568–81, 606, 611, 614; and pepper 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544–5, 595, 600, 669
and Red Sea 52, 170–71, 594, 600, 603, 605–6, 672
and Russia 801
and Ryukyu Islands 231, 232, 233
and Semudera 276
and the Spanish 566–81, 606, 617; and the Moluccas 567–81, 606, 611, 614; and the Philippines 615 see also Manila galleons; search for southern continent 729
spice routes 52, 170–71, 173, 523, 594, 606, 617, 672
and Sturmy 460
taxation of spice traffic 181, 187
and theories about Indonesians and Madagascar 132–3
and transatlantic attempts to reach the Indies 517, 522–35, 537, 550–64, 566–8, 571–2
and the Turks 602, 603
undermining of Muslim economies by diversion of 523, 537, 546
and Venice 595, 675
spinning 414
Spinola family 470
Spitsbergen 396, 655, 661
Sri Lanka see Ceylon
Śri Vijaya, Sumatra 133, 147, 148–65, 187, 243, 250
and Buddhism 152, 154
and China 149–52, 153–6, 161, 273
Chola’s attack on 273
and India 161
and Java 159, 160, 272–3, 279–80, 287
merchants 154, 164
and monsoons 149
as Zabaj, and the Arabs 155–8
Stamford Bridge, battle of 377
Staraya Ladoga 365, 367
starlight navigation 17, 18
Statue of Liberty 860, 879
steam power
and globalization 877
and the railways 854
and shipping 848–9, 860–61, 864–73
steel 104
stegodons 7
Sterling silver 449
Stettin (Szczecin) 423, 452
Stiles, Ezra 785
Stockholm 418, 421
archipelago 364–5
Danish siege 436
and Vitalienbrüder 436
Störtebeker, Klaus 437
Strabo 96, 98, 99, 106, 118, 121, 334, 335, 336–7
Stralsund 425
Stuart, Charles Edward, ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’ 723
Stuart, James Francis Edward, the ‘Old Pretender’ 723
Sturmy, Robert 460–61
submarines 883, 887
German U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891
Sudan 78, 174
slave castration in Coptic monastery on Mount Jebel-Eter 832
Suez Canal xviii, 848–51, 857, 859, 866, 867
closure (1956) 896
nationalization 896
sugar xxiii, 104, 118, 154, 238, 429, 454, 459, 485, 500–501, 545, 676, 717, 718, 772
Barbadian 768
Bermudan 766
Brazilian 745, 748, 753
and Britain/England 657, 768, 881
and the Canaries 589–90
cane 12
Caribbean 582, 589–90, 748, 766, 768–9
Columbus and sugar trade 525, 589
Cuban 591
the Danes, and sugar from West Indies 721
equipment for manufacturing 721
and Flanders 486, 669
global reach of sugar trade 877
and Hispaniola 582, 589–90, 768–9
Jamaican 777, 779
from La Gomera 589
Madeiran xxiii, 464, 485, 486, 501, 561, 562, 748, 749
mills 486, 589, 749
and Moroccans 839
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831
plantations 582, 683, 748, 749, 768, 774, 777, 831
and the Portuguese 669, 697
and São Tomé 493
and slavery 582, 584, 589, 749, 762, 768, 831
and tea trade 768, 839
Sugawara no Mi
chizane 201
Suione boats 342–3
Sulayman of Basra 171–2, 183–4, 185
Süleyman the Magnificent/Lawgiver 603, 604, 605, 607
Süleyman Pasha, Hadım 605, 608
sulphur 391
Sumatra 147, 149, 157, 159, 233, 244, 261, 264, 269, 273, 279, 606, 740, 821
Chinese piracy off 293
copper 160
East India Company base in 831
EIC pepper factory, Bencoolen 761, 820
Lancaster in 689
Palembang see Palembang, Indonesia
Parameśvara and Javan rule 287, 289–90
and the Portuguese 578
Śri Vijaya see Śri Vijaya
and Thailand 279
tin 160
Sumbal, Samuel 836
Sumer/Sumerians 46, 47, 50, 55–70
boats 57
and Dilmun see Dilmun
and Indus Valley 62
literature 55
myths 55, 56, 67
pottery 61
seals 63–4
trade 57–62
Sunbay (slave girl) 553
Sunda (Pleistocene island bridge linking south-east Asia to Sahul) 7
Sunda Strait 606, 736, 787, 821, 868
Sunni Muslims 295, 594, 705
Turks 599
Surabaya 268–9
Surat (Armenian merchant) 706
Sūryavarman II 244
Sutton Hoo ship burial 349
Svantovit (god) 425
Svein Asleifarson 363, 373
Svein Forkbeard of Denmark 361, 375, 401–2
Sverre of Norway 444
Sveti Pavel 804
Swahili coast 519, 545–6, 831, 833
Swan Hellenic 900
Sweden xxi, 322, 342, 364–5, 426, 427
and west Africa 716–17
and Baltic conquest 421, 422, 677
boats 342, 365
and the British 725
and China 725, 726
and the Danes 724
and the Dutch 718, 724
and a ‘General Commercial Company for Asia, Africa, America and Magellanica’ 716–17
global trading network 709
Gotland see Gotland
and Great Northern War 802
and Guinea 716, 718
invasion of Jutland 685
iron 724
rune stones 368
and Russia 802
and silk 724, 725
and silver 724–5
Swedish East India Company 723–6
Swedish Vikings 362
and tea 709, 725, 871
trade 709, 722, 724–6, 871
Varangian merchants from 423
sweet potato 12, 29, 37, 493
Swift, Jonathan: Gulliver’s Travels 693
Swire, John 866–7
Swire family 867
Switzerland 889
Sword Brethren 420, 421
swords 233, 342, 740
Atlantic Bronze Age 317–19
Carp’s Tongue 318
Mongol 227
Ryukyu 233, 234
scimitars 318
of Yavanas 114
Sydney 813
Syria 70, 79, 598
Mamluks 265
under the Ottomans 594, 601
under Ptolemies 94, 97
and Second Crusade 423
under Seleucids 94
and Ubaid 54
Syros island 873
Szczecin (Stettin) 423, 452
Tacitus: Germania 342–3, 344, 345
T’aeryŏm of Silla 193, 196, 197
Tahiti/Tahitians 20, 21, 25–6, 810–12, 813
Raiateans 13
Taíno Indians 518–19, 521–2, 527, 528, 529, 530–31, 537, 555, 582–3, 585, 588, 591, 592
Taira clan 217, 230
Taiwan 6, 208, 278, 653, 693
prehistoric culture 11–13
and Republic of China 892–3
and South China Sea 908
Taizu 239
Takashima island 227
Takeno Jôô 649
Takezaki Suenaga 223–4, 225–6
Tale of Genji 194, 198, 215
‘Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor’ 74
Talepakemalai 15
Tallinn 421, 433, 438, 439
tallow 381, 473, 678, 721
Talmud 80
Tamemoto no Minamoto 230
Tamil language 112
Tamils 52, 160, 183
Chola 174, 273
merchants 244
in Singapore 823
Tan Tock Seng 823
Tanegashima 637
Tangier 479
battle of 484
Tannenberg, battle of 452
Tantalus 891
Taprobané 109 see also Ceylon
tar 721
taro 25, 178
Tarragona 346
Tarshish 81, 82
Tartessos 81, 322, 330, 332
Tartu 438
Tasman, Abel Janszoon 31–2, 741–3
Tasmania 7, 741–2, 743
Taunton cottons 750
Tavira 478, 479
taxation
in Alexandria 595
on Arctic shipping passing Novaya Zemlya 801
Chinese 239, 240; customs rates on luxury goods 241–2, 273; and Macau 639; from Quanzhou trade 244, 273; ‘Single Whip’ taxes and silver payments 624
on cod 562
coffee import duties 831
customs to Portuguese at Indian Ocean stations 606
on Danish Sound shipping 801
English exemptions 455
on fur trade 804
and Gibraltar 801
under Harald Fairhair 363
and Isaac the Jew 186
of Koreans by Japanese 192
Madeira’s trade tax exemption 486
Mamluk 594, 595
on merchants xviii, 109, 450; and England’s Carta Mercatoria 450, 469
of non-Muslims in Aden 181
Omani 833–4
Ottoman tax in Egypt 603
papal tax, ‘Peter’s Pence’ 403
Portuguese: on Asian shipping 635, 751; avoidance in Cape Verde through using cloths as currency 754; customs duties avoided by Portuguese merchants 745; unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid 745, 751
‘Single Whip’ and silver payments 624
of spice traffic 181, 187
on tea 725, 726, 784
and trade agreements 838–9
tea xxi, 207, 215–16, 230, 246, 649, 715, 724, 809, 816
‘Afriat Tea’ 839
bowls 216, 230, 649
and Britain 724, 725, 726
bushes 725
ceremonies 216, 649
clippers 866
fake 710–11
gatherings 649
herbal 784
and Japan 215–16, 230, 649, 847
lodge 216
and New England 781
and the sugar trade 768, 839
taxes on 725, 726, 784
trade 706, 709–11, 725, 726, 790, 860; Danish 709, 715; English Tea Act and EIC 784; global reach of 877; and Moroccans 839; North American 781, 783–4, 789; Scandinavian pick of best teas 725; and sugar 768, 839; Swedish 709, 725, 871
teacups 715, 725
teak 106, 122, 642
Teide, Mount 472
Teixeira family 701
Teldo (Venetian messenger) 595–8
telegraph cables 864, 877, 907
Tell el-Kheleifeh 83
Tell Qasile 83
Temasek 279, 282, 283, 285, 286 see also Singapore
Tenerife 472, 488, 501, 505
Tengah/Muhammad 291–2, 293
Terceira, Azores 488, 504, 745, 750
Ternate 576, 577, 580, 606
Dutch in 684
sultan of 568
Tetouan, Morocco 839
Teutonic Knights/Order 420–21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452
Thailand 113, 117, 137
and Ayutth
aya 290
boats 278
‘eaglewood’ 278
merchants in South China Sea 240
pottery 232
and Siam 279
and Sumatra 279
Thaj 93–5
Thames 807
Thames, River 360, 369
Theodoric, king of Metz 348
Thirty Years War 714
Thomas (cog) 456–7
Thomas, Hugh 627
Thomas Aquinas 499, 680
Thorne, Robert, the elder 534, 657
Thorne, Robert, the younger 657
Thorne family 657
Thousand and One Nights see Arabian Nights
Three Kings, battle of the 479
Thule 337
Tianfei/Mazu (sea goddess) 258, 261, 268, 823
Tibet 706
tides
Atlantic 306, 336
Brittany 328
English Channel 321
Indian Ocean 103, 107
Tidore 576–7, 580, 606
Dutch in 684
sultan of 568, 576
Tierra del Fuego 572, 718, 727
tigers 64
skins 194, 278
Tigris 50, 52
Timbuktu 500, 501, 509
Timor 578, 734
tin 108, 320–21, 324, 461
Atlantic tin trade 332–8
Cornish 302
in Haithabu 366
ingots 164
Malayan 164, 868
Sumatran 160
Tintam, John 507
Tirpitz, Alfred von 881, 887
Titanic, RMS 860, 870
Titus 113
Tlingits 808, 809
tobacco 643, 709, 717, 721, 766, 767, 772, 803, 840
Tobago, Caribbean 719
Tōdaiji temple, Nara 194, 202
Togen Eien 221–2
Toi 32, 35–6
Tokyo
Bay 846
as Edo see Edo, Japan
Toledo, Francisco de 730
Tolosa plains battle (Las Navas de Tolosa) 468
Tomber, Roberta 116
tombs see also burial
chambered/vaulted 311, 324
monumental 59, 61
Neolithic 308, 309, 311, 312
Orkney 311
passage tombs 308, 313
royal 287
Sardinian 324
Tonga 19
Tongking, Gulf of 136
tools
axes see axes
farm 221
Mesolithic 304, 306
Polynesian 15, 16, 24
in Roça do Casal do Meiro tomb 324
stone 53, 91, 304, 314, 316
topaz 141
Topia 553
Topsham, Devon 314
torpedoes 882, 890
Torres, Luís de 527, 731–3
Torres Strait 9–10, 733
Torsdesillas, Treaty of 537, 541, 611
Torshavn 383
tortoiseshell 105, 109, 118, 121, 130, 135, 198
Tortuga island 773–4
Toscanelli, Paolo 524
Tostig 361–2, 377
trade
African 510–11, 592; between Glückstadt and Guinea 719; South African 880; trans-Sahara caravan traffic 475, 834
Anglo-Saxon 355
Armenian 705–8
aromatic see aromatics; incense; perfumes
The Boundless Sea Page 149
