The Boundless Sea

by David Abulafia

  Christians vs Muslims in 423, 477; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468

  coins 586

  and control of Atlantic 526

  and Cuba 565, 856

  and Denmark 685

  and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish

  and East Indies see East Indies: and the Spanish

  and the Falklands 795

  and France 676, 795

  Frankish raids in 346

  and Galápagos Islands 28

  Galicia see Galicia

  and gold 531, 553, 555, 582, 588–9, 729

  and Guinea 754

  Habsburg dynasty 614, 764–5

  and Hispaniola 528, 555

  Italian wars of Charles V 611

  and Jamaica 771, 773

  and Japan see Japan/Japanese

  and the Spanish Jews 698

  and Low Countries 673, 675 see also Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish

  Manila galleons see Manila galleons

  Manila’s Spanish settlers 620–21, 622, 625, 626

  merchants see merchants: Spanish

  and Mexico see Mexico: Spanish conquest/New Spain

  and the Moluccas 567–81, 606, 611, 614

  Morgan and the Spaniards of Panama 775

  Muslim (al-Andalus) 170, 369, 464, 465–7, 468, 698; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468; Granada as last Muslim kingdom 476, 477; and surrender treaties forged with Muslim princes 547

  navy 627, 676, 856

  Neolithic 309, 313

  and the Netherlands 627

  and Nootka Sound 794

  and North America see North America: and the Spanish

  nuraghic culture 324

  and Pacific islands 614, 728–33

  and Panama 591, 851

  papal global division and Spanish rights 533, 537, 570, 579, 611, 680

  and Peru 590, 611, 635

  and the Philippines see Philippines: and the Spanish

  and Polynesian islands 728, 731, 732

  and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and the Spanish

  pottery 586

  rock carvings 321

  and Ryukyu Islands 614

  salt 683

  search for southern continent 729–32

  ships see boats/ships: Spanish

  and silver 81, 635, 696

  and slavery see slavery/slaves: and the Spanish

  and South America see South America: and the Spanish

  Spaniards in London 455

  and spices see spices/spice trade: and the Spanish

  swords 318

  tin 324

  trade see trade: Spanish

  and the USA 856

  and Vancouver Island 791

  Viking raids 370, 465

  wine 459, 633

  Spanberg, Martin 803

  Spanish Inquisition see Inquisition

  spears 104, 321, 342, 736, 793

  Spencer Bay, Australia 875

  Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands

  spices/spice trade xxi, 93, 99, 114–15, 125, 143, 147, 161, 166, 175, 184, 187, 272, 279, 454, 540, 733 see also specific spices

  at Aceh, Sumatra 689

  and Alexandria 595, 600, 601, 604, 669

  Antwerp market 579, 600, 614, 615, 617, 668, 669–72

  and the Azores 745

  and Beirut 495, 544, 567, 594, 601, 604, 669

  and China 545, 574, 606, 643

  and Columbus 523

  cost of spices 181

  and the Danes 714–15

  and the Dutch 678, 684, 688, 736

  and the English 173, 688–90, 737; EIC 820

  and German banking houses 672

  and German Hansa 420, 429

  in Horrea Piperataria 114

  and incense-making 80

  and Indian cuisine 714–15

  Indo-Roman trade 52, 113–16, 877

  and Malacca Strait 220

  and Mamluks 595

  and the ‘Muscateers’ 831

  and the Philippines 622

  and the Portuguese 523, 537, 542, 543, 544–5, 546, 563, 567–8, 569, 599–601, 605, 617, 635, 700, 751; and Antwerp 668, 669, 672; Lisbon market 682–3, 684; and the Moluccas 568–81, 606, 611, 614; and pepper 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544–5, 595, 600, 669

  and Red Sea 52, 170–71, 594, 600, 603, 605–6, 672

  and Russia 801

  and Ryukyu Islands 231, 232, 233

  and Semudera 276

  and the Spanish 566–81, 606, 617; and the Moluccas 567–81, 606, 611, 614; and the Philippines 615 see also Manila galleons; search for southern continent 729

  spice routes 52, 170–71, 173, 523, 594, 606, 617, 672

  and Sturmy 460

  taxation of spice traffic 181, 187

  and theories about Indonesians and Madagascar 132–3

  and transatlantic attempts to reach the Indies 517, 522–35, 537, 550–64, 566–8, 571–2

  and the Turks 602, 603

  undermining of Muslim economies by diversion of 523, 537, 546

  and Venice 595, 675

  spinning 414

  Spinola family 470

  Spitsbergen 396, 655, 661

  Sri Lanka see Ceylon

  Śri Vijaya, Sumatra 133, 147, 148–65, 187, 243, 250

  and Buddhism 152, 154

  and China 149–52, 153–6, 161, 273

  Chola’s attack on 273

  and India 161

  and Java 159, 160, 272–3, 279–80, 287

  merchants 154, 164

  and monsoons 149

  as Zabaj, and the Arabs 155–8

  Stamford Bridge, battle of 377

  Staraya Ladoga 365, 367

  starlight navigation 17, 18

  Statue of Liberty 860, 879

  steam power

  and globalization 877

  and the railways 854

  and shipping 848–9, 860–61, 864–73

  steel 104

  stegodons 7

  Sterling silver 449

  Stettin (Szczecin) 423, 452

  Stiles, Ezra 785

  Stockholm 418, 421

  archipelago 364–5

  Danish siege 436

  and Vitalienbrüder 436

  Störtebeker, Klaus 437

  Strabo 96, 98, 99, 106, 118, 121, 334, 335, 336–7

  Stralsund 425

  Stuart, Charles Edward, ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’ 723

  Stuart, James Francis Edward, the ‘Old Pretender’ 723

  Sturmy, Robert 460–61

  submarines 883, 887

  German U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891

  Sudan 78, 174

  slave castration in Coptic monastery on Mount Jebel-Eter 832

  Suez Canal xviii, 848–51, 857, 859, 866, 867

  closure (1956) 896

  nationalization 896

  sugar xxiii, 104, 118, 154, 238, 429, 454, 459, 485, 500–501, 545, 676, 717, 718, 772

  Barbadian 768

  Bermudan 766

  Brazilian 745, 748, 753

  and Britain/England 657, 768, 881

  and the Canaries 589–90

  cane 12

  Caribbean 582, 589–90, 748, 766, 768–9

  Columbus and sugar trade 525, 589

  Cuban 591

  the Danes, and sugar from West Indies 721

  equipment for manufacturing 721

  and Flanders 486, 669

  global reach of sugar trade 877

  and Hispaniola 582, 589–90, 768–9

  Jamaican 777, 779

  from La Gomera 589

  Madeiran xxiii, 464, 485, 486, 501, 561, 562, 748, 749

  mills 486, 589, 749

  and Moroccans 839

  and the ‘Muscateers’ 831

  plantations 582, 683, 748, 749, 768, 774, 777, 831

  and the Portuguese 669, 697

  and São Tomé 493

  and slavery 582, 584, 589, 749, 762, 768, 831

  and tea trade 768, 839

  Sugawara no Mi
chizane 201

  Suione boats 342–3

  Sulayman of Basra 171–2, 183–4, 185

  Süleyman the Magnificent/Lawgiver 603, 604, 605, 607

  Süleyman Pasha, Hadım 605, 608

  sulphur 391

  Sumatra 147, 149, 157, 159, 233, 244, 261, 264, 269, 273, 279, 606, 740, 821

  Chinese piracy off 293

  copper 160

  East India Company base in 831

  EIC pepper factory, Bencoolen 761, 820

  Lancaster in 689

  Palembang see Palembang, Indonesia

  Parameśvara and Javan rule 287, 289–90

  and the Portuguese 578

  Śri Vijaya see Śri Vijaya

  and Thailand 279

  tin 160

  Sumbal, Samuel 836

  Sumer/Sumerians 46, 47, 50, 55–70

  boats 57

  and Dilmun see Dilmun

  and Indus Valley 62

  literature 55

  myths 55, 56, 67

  pottery 61

  seals 63–4

  trade 57–62

  Sunbay (slave girl) 553

  Sunda (Pleistocene island bridge linking south-east Asia to Sahul) 7

  Sunda Strait 606, 736, 787, 821, 868

  Sunni Muslims 295, 594, 705

  Turks 599

  Surabaya 268–9

  Surat (Armenian merchant) 706

  Sūryavarman II 244

  Sutton Hoo ship burial 349

  Svantovit (god) 425

  Svein Asleifarson 363, 373

  Svein Forkbeard of Denmark 361, 375, 401–2

  Sverre of Norway 444

  Sveti Pavel 804

  Swahili coast 519, 545–6, 831, 833

  Swan Hellenic 900

  Sweden xxi, 322, 342, 364–5, 426, 427

  and west Africa 716–17

  and Baltic conquest 421, 422, 677

  boats 342, 365

  and the British 725

  and China 725, 726

  and the Danes 724

  and the Dutch 718, 724

  and a ‘General Commercial Company for Asia, Africa, America and Magellanica’ 716–17

  global trading network 709

  Gotland see Gotland

  and Great Northern War 802

  and Guinea 716, 718

  invasion of Jutland 685

  iron 724

  rune stones 368

  and Russia 802

  and silk 724, 725

  and silver 724–5

  Swedish East India Company 723–6

  Swedish Vikings 362

  and tea 709, 725, 871

  trade 709, 722, 724–6, 871

  Varangian merchants from 423

  sweet potato 12, 29, 37, 493

  Swift, Jonathan: Gulliver’s Travels 693

  Swire, John 866–7

  Swire family 867

  Switzerland 889

  Sword Brethren 420, 421

  swords 233, 342, 740

  Atlantic Bronze Age 317–19

  Carp’s Tongue 318

  Mongol 227

  Ryukyu 233, 234

  scimitars 318

  of Yavanas 114

  Sydney 813

  Syria 70, 79, 598

  Mamluks 265

  under the Ottomans 594, 601

  under Ptolemies 94, 97

  and Second Crusade 423

  under Seleucids 94

  and Ubaid 54

  Syros island 873

  Szczecin (Stettin) 423, 452

  Tacitus: Germania 342–3, 344, 345

  T’aeryŏm of Silla 193, 196, 197

  Tahiti/Tahitians 20, 21, 25–6, 810–12, 813

  Raiateans 13

  Taíno Indians 518–19, 521–2, 527, 528, 529, 530–31, 537, 555, 582–3, 585, 588, 591, 592

  Taira clan 217, 230

  Taiwan 6, 208, 278, 653, 693

  prehistoric culture 11–13

  and Republic of China 892–3

  and South China Sea 908

  Taizu 239

  Takashima island 227

  Takeno Jôô 649

  Takezaki Suenaga 223–4, 225–6

  Tale of Genji 194, 198, 215

  ‘Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor’ 74

  Talepakemalai 15

  Tallinn 421, 433, 438, 439

  tallow 381, 473, 678, 721

  Talmud 80

  Tamemoto no Minamoto 230

  Tamil language 112

  Tamils 52, 160, 183

  Chola 174, 273

  merchants 244

  in Singapore 823

  Tan Tock Seng 823

  Tanegashima 637

  Tangier 479

  battle of 484

  Tannenberg, battle of 452

  Tantalus 891

  Taprobané 109 see also Ceylon

  tar 721

  taro 25, 178

  Tarragona 346

  Tarshish 81, 82

  Tartessos 81, 322, 330, 332

  Tartu 438

  Tasman, Abel Janszoon 31–2, 741–3

  Tasmania 7, 741–2, 743

  Taunton cottons 750

  Tavira 478, 479

  taxation

  in Alexandria 595

  on Arctic shipping passing Novaya Zemlya 801

  Chinese 239, 240; customs rates on luxury goods 241–2, 273; and Macau 639; from Quanzhou trade 244, 273; ‘Single Whip’ taxes and silver payments 624

  on cod 562

  coffee import duties 831

  customs to Portuguese at Indian Ocean stations 606

  on Danish Sound shipping 801

  English exemptions 455

  on fur trade 804

  and Gibraltar 801

  under Harald Fairhair 363

  and Isaac the Jew 186

  of Koreans by Japanese 192

  Madeira’s trade tax exemption 486

  Mamluk 594, 595

  on merchants xviii, 109, 450; and England’s Carta Mercatoria 450, 469

  of non-Muslims in Aden 181

  Omani 833–4

  Ottoman tax in Egypt 603

  papal tax, ‘Peter’s Pence’ 403

  Portuguese: on Asian shipping 635, 751; avoidance in Cape Verde through using cloths as currency 754; customs duties avoided by Portuguese merchants 745; unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid 745, 751

  ‘Single Whip’ and silver payments 624

  of spice traffic 181, 187

  on tea 725, 726, 784

  and trade agreements 838–9

  tea xxi, 207, 215–16, 230, 246, 649, 715, 724, 809, 816

  ‘Afriat Tea’ 839

  bowls 216, 230, 649

  and Britain 724, 725, 726

  bushes 725

  ceremonies 216, 649

  clippers 866

  fake 710–11

  gatherings 649

  herbal 784

  and Japan 215–16, 230, 649, 847

  lodge 216

  and New England 781

  and the sugar trade 768, 839

  taxes on 725, 726, 784

  trade 706, 709–11, 725, 726, 790, 860; Danish 709, 715; English Tea Act and EIC 784; global reach of 877; and Moroccans 839; North American 781, 783–4, 789; Scandinavian pick of best teas 725; and sugar 768, 839; Swedish 709, 725, 871

  teacups 715, 725

  teak 106, 122, 642

  Teide, Mount 472

  Teixeira family 701

  Teldo (Venetian messenger) 595–8

  telegraph cables 864, 877, 907

  Tell el-Kheleifeh 83

  Tell Qasile 83

  Temasek 279, 282, 283, 285, 286 see also Singapore

  Tenerife 472, 488, 501, 505

  Tengah/Muhammad 291–2, 293

  Terceira, Azores 488, 504, 745, 750

  Ternate 576, 577, 580, 606

  Dutch in 684

  sultan of 568

  Tetouan, Morocco 839

  Teutonic Knights/Order 420–21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452

  Thailand 113, 117, 137

  and Ayutth
aya 290

  boats 278

  ‘eaglewood’ 278

  merchants in South China Sea 240

  pottery 232

  and Siam 279

  and Sumatra 279

  Thaj 93–5

  Thames 807

  Thames, River 360, 369

  Theodoric, king of Metz 348

  Thirty Years War 714

  Thomas (cog) 456–7

  Thomas, Hugh 627

  Thomas Aquinas 499, 680

  Thorne, Robert, the elder 534, 657

  Thorne, Robert, the younger 657

  Thorne family 657

  Thousand and One Nights see Arabian Nights

  Three Kings, battle of the 479

  Thule 337

  Tianfei/Mazu (sea goddess) 258, 261, 268, 823

  Tibet 706

  tides

  Atlantic 306, 336

  Brittany 328

  English Channel 321

  Indian Ocean 103, 107

  Tidore 576–7, 580, 606

  Dutch in 684

  sultan of 568, 576

  Tierra del Fuego 572, 718, 727

  tigers 64

  skins 194, 278

  Tigris 50, 52

  Timbuktu 500, 501, 509

  Timor 578, 734

  tin 108, 320–21, 324, 461

  Atlantic tin trade 332–8

  Cornish 302

  in Haithabu 366

  ingots 164

  Malayan 164, 868

  Sumatran 160

  Tintam, John 507

  Tirpitz, Alfred von 881, 887

  Titanic, RMS 860, 870

  Titus 113

  Tlingits 808, 809

  tobacco 643, 709, 717, 721, 766, 767, 772, 803, 840

  Tobago, Caribbean 719

  Tōdaiji temple, Nara 194, 202

  Togen Eien 221–2

  Toi 32, 35–6

  Tokyo

  Bay 846

  as Edo see Edo, Japan

  Toledo, Francisco de 730

  Tolosa plains battle (Las Navas de Tolosa) 468

  Tomber, Roberta 116

  tombs see also burial

  chambered/vaulted 311, 324

  monumental 59, 61

  Neolithic 308, 309, 311, 312

  Orkney 311

  passage tombs 308, 313

  royal 287

  Sardinian 324

  Tonga 19

  Tongking, Gulf of 136

  tools

  axes see axes

  farm 221

  Mesolithic 304, 306

  Polynesian 15, 16, 24

  in Roça do Casal do Meiro tomb 324

  stone 53, 91, 304, 314, 316

  topaz 141

  Topia 553

  Topsham, Devon 314

  torpedoes 882, 890

  Torres, Luís de 527, 731–3

  Torres Strait 9–10, 733

  Torsdesillas, Treaty of 537, 541, 611

  Torshavn 383

  tortoiseshell 105, 109, 118, 121, 130, 135, 198

  Tortuga island 773–4

  Toscanelli, Paolo 524

  Tostig 361–2, 377

  trade

  African 510–11, 592; between Glückstadt and Guinea 719; South African 880; trans-Sahara caravan traffic 475, 834

  Anglo-Saxon 355

  Armenian 705–8

  aromatic see aromatics; incense; perfumes