by Benny Morris
371 / 5287).
122. Commodore M. Fitzmaurice to C- in- C, Mediterranean Station, 23 July 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5136.
123. De Robeck to Curzon, 6 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214; de Robeck to Curzon, 10 November 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5057; and De Robeck to Curzon, 8 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214.
124. Interior Ministry’s section of public order (Asayış Kalemi) police reports, 4 August 1920, BOA, DH. EUM. AYŞ, 44 / 63; ibid., 10 August 1920, DH. EUM. AYŞ, 44 / 79; and ibid., 20 September 1920, DH. EUM. AYŞ, 56 / 39.
125. Unsigned, “Summary of Reports on the Operations of the Greek army in Asia Minor and Thrace during June and July 1920, compiled by the British Military Mission, with Greek General Headquarters,”
undated, UKNA FO 371 / 5136.
126.
HMS
Bryony, “Smyrna Letter of Proceedings,” 10 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5135.
127.
HMS
Bryony, “Smyrna Letter of Proceedings,” 7 August 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5135.
128.
HMS
Bryony, “Smyrna Letter of Proceedings,” 10 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5135.
129. “Minutes of the 45th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 1 September 1920, and “Minutes of the 46th Meeting of the A.G.S. & Armenian and Greek Representatives,”
15 September 1920, both in UKNA FO 371 / 5214; and A.G.S., “Memorandum,” 20 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5057.
130. “Weekly Summary of Intelligence Reports Issued by M.I.1.c., Constantinople Branch, for Week Ending 16th April 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5167.
131. De Robeck to Curzon, 25 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5048.
132. “A Nationalist Proclamation,” 24 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
133. De Robeck to Curzon, 19 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
134. C- in- C Mediterranean to Admiralty Intelligence, 15 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5050.
135. C- in- C Mediterranean to Admiralty, 21 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5050.
136. Armenian Patriarchate, report dated 11 August, Bursa, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016 / 50–860J.401
6P81 / 99, Roll 5. See also report by Greek Patriarchate attached to De Robeck to Curzon, 25 August 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5054.
137. Edith Parsons to friends, 18 July 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 51.
138. “Summary of Intelligence Report Issued by M.I.1.c, Constantinople Branch, for Fortnight Ending 19.8.20,” UKNA FO 371 / 5171. For the destruction that followed, see GHQ General Staff, Intelligence, Constantinople, “Weekly Report No. 79 for Week Ending 28th July 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5170.
139. “Extracts from Ironside Forces, Daily Situation Reports . . . Report No. 79, dated 17.7.20,”
UKNA FO 371 / 5054.
140. A.G.S., “Memorandum,” 20 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5057.
141. Armenian Patriarchate, reports from Ismid, 22 and 24 July 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–
860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
142. GOC Army of the Black Sea to British High Commissioner, 4 October 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5214.
143. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Constantinople, 30 July 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 22 September 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
Notes to Pages 403–406
144. Armenian Patriarchate, reports from Ismid, 22 and 24 July 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–
860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4; and A.G.S., “Memorandum,” UKNA FO 371 / 5057.
145. FO to G. K. A. Bell, 23 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5287; and Rendel, “Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice,” 20 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
146. GHQ, ABS (Army of the Black Sea), “Turkish Atrocities at Isnik,” 7 October 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5214.
147. “Minutes of the 47th Meeting of the A.G.S. & Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 29 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214.
148. “Minutes of the 47th Meeting of the A.G.S. & Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 29 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214.
149. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 11 May 1921, and attached “Memorandum” by Greek officers of the Army in Asia Minor, UKNA FO 371 / 6512.
150. H. Earle Russell to SecState, 21 September 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
151. Director, NER, Bursa, to Bristol, 3 December 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
415; and Greek Ecumenical patriarchate, “A Summary of the Events of Kutahia as Exposed by the Greek Orthodox Community of the Town,” undated but from September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
152. Committee of Inhabitants Aidin, Nazli, Denizli, etc. to Lloyd George, 12 November 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5287.
153. A.G.S., “Memorandum,” 20 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5057.
154. Petition signed by 51 communities in central Anatolia, attached to de Robeck to Curzon, 8 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5054.
155. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon 11 May 1921, and attached “Memorandum,” prepared by Greek army officers, UKNA FO 371 / 6512.
156. Lt. Commander G. Muirhead Gould, “Intelligence Summary No. 19,” October 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5287.
157. “Minutes of the 53rd Meeting of the A.G.S. & Armenian & Greek Representatives,” 5 January 1921, and “Minutes of the 58th Meeting of the A.G.S. & Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 16
March 1920, both in UKNA FO 371 / 6548; and Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 31 March 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6491.
158. William Hawkes, “Report of Conditions in Sivas,” 5 June 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
159. Armenian Patriarchate report from Zoungouldek, 26 August 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 4.
160.
Annie Allen, “Interview with Mustafa Kemal Pasha at Angora,” 9 October 1920, LC, Bristol Papers 34.
161. Tuck to SecState, 19 January 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440. “Hellenic Greeks” were citizens and subjects of the Kingdom of Greece.
162. Jackson to Bristol, 10 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
163. Rendel, “Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice,” 20 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
164. War Office, “Turkish Atrocities,” 22 May 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7878; and “A.1. Turkey. Unrest in Northern Anatolia,” containing what purports to be the (intercepted) text of Fethi to Kemal, “14” (or 4) February “1338 [sic, should be 1339],” UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
165. C. S. Joyce, Diary of USS Fox, Samsun, from 12 to 28 May 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
Notes to Pages 406–408
166. Rendel, “Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice,” 20 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
167. Unsigned, “Recent Conditions and Events in Northern Anatolia Particularly in Marsovan,” undated but from October 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6578.
168. Julian Gillespie, US assistant trade commissioner, US High Commission (Ankara) to Bristol, 10
January 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 10. It is unclear whether he was penalized. In any event he was soon back in the saddle, and in August– September 1922 would lead the army that conquered Ionia.
169. “Answers by Mustapha Kemal Pasha (Written by Yussuf Bey, Minister of Foreign Affairs), Memorandum to Lt. R. S. Dunn,” 3 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.
170. For example, White to Robbins, 18 November 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
171. Hosford, “Recent Conditions and Events in Northern Anatolia Particularly in Marsovan,” 6 December 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46, and USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 10.
172. Toynbee to Charles, 9 June 1921, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 51.
173. Allen Dulles (for HC) to SecState, 28 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
438. Shaw, From Empire to Republic, vol. 3, part 1, 1297, who devotes do
zens of pages to Greek atrocities, covers the massive Turkish massacres and deportations in 1921 in exactly half a sentence: “At the same time . . . most of the Greeks who had evaded Nureddin Pasha’s earlier deportation of Pontus sympathizers and supporters were now also deported to Sivas and other places in central Anatolia.” There is no description of the deportations or mention of the accompanying massacres. He also writes that a Greek naval shelling on June 8, 1921, “destroy[ed] much of Samsun”— a complete fiction.
174. Commander C. H. Knox- Little, HMS Sportive, “Letter of Proceedings in Black Sea from July 27th to August 3rd,” 3 August 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6498. For the Turkish Security Directorate’s Travel and Transportation section (Seyrüsefer kalemi) reports on Greek naval activities in the Black Sea, see BOA, DH. EUM. SSM, 46 / 35, 31 August 1921; and Interior Ministry’s Special Section (Kalem- i Mahsus) reports, 24 September 1921, DH. KMS, 60–3 / 19.
175. “Diary of Station Ship at Samsun, USS Brooks, from 7 July 1921 till ? July 1921,” entry for 14
July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
176. Head of the Armenian Protestant Community in Turkey to Bristol, 18 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
177. Bristol to SecState, 18 July 1921, and Bristol to Izzet Pasha, Constantinople’s foreign minister, 19 July 1921, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438. Ankara denied that orders had been issued to deport women and children (see Bristol to SecState, 2 August 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438).
178.
USS
Overton, “Samsun Diary,” 3 August 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
179. Donald Hosford, “Brief Memorandum of Recent Conditions and Events in Northern Anatolia, particularly in Marsovan,” undated but from October 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 2.
180. “Minutes of the 73rd Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 12 October 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6549.
181.
CO
USS
Overton to Bristol, Diary for May 1921, 7 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
182. Unsigned, “The Tragedy of Baffra in Pontus, by an eye- witness . . . who Escaped the Massacre of Baffra and was rescued with 100 Others on a Sailing Ship to Medea in Thrace,” undated but possibly from 5 July 1921, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 50.
183.
CO
USS
Overton to Bristol, Diary for May 1921, 7 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
184. Greek Patriarchate, “Bulletin,” 31 August 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
438.
Notes to Pages 408–410
185. “Enclosure in Mr. Lindley’s Despatch No. 286 of June 3rd 1922,” UKNA FO 371 / 7879.
186. Unsigned, “The Tragedy of Baffra in Pontus, by an eye- witness . . . ,” undated, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 50.
187.
Communiqué from the League of Nations to its member states, 14 November 1921, UKNA FO
371 / 6536.
188. Rendel, “Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice,” 20 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7876.
189. Youssouf Kemal to high commissioners, 15 September 1921, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016 / 50–86
0J.4016P81 / 99.
190. “Enclosure in Mr. Lindley’s Despatch No. 286 of June 3rd 1922,” UKNA FO 371 / 7879.
191.
CO
USS
Williamson to Bristol, 28 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
192.
CO
USS
McFarland to Bristol, 1 September 1921, and Bristol to SecState, 1 September 1921, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438; and CO USS Sturtevant to Bristol, 20 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
193.
CO
USS
McFarland to Bristol, ? October 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
440.
194. Prof. J. P. Xenides, “The Recent Greek Deportations and Other Atrocities in Asia Minor,”
undated but from November 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
195.
USS
Overton, “Samsun Diary,” 3 August 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
196.
CO
USS
Williamson to Bristol, 28 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
197. Lt. Commander E. G. Haas, CO USS Sturtevant, to Bristol, diary entry for 21 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
198. Lt. Commander E. G. Haas, USS Sturtevant, to Bristol, 28 September 1921, diary entry for 21
September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
199. “Destruction of Greek Villages above Ordou February 12–16, 1922,” attached to Riggs to Bristol, 21 June 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47; and Lindley to Balfour, 21 June 1922, and attached unsigned memorandum, “Condition of Greeks of Pontus,” undated, UKNA FO 371 / 7880.
200.
USS
Brooks to Bristol, 8 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
201. “Enclosure in Mr. Lindley’s Despatch No. 286 of June 3rd 1922, ( Free) Translation of Tele gram, Forwarded by Sub- Governor of Tyroleos, Thrace, on the Part of Twenty- One Greeks and Circassian Refugees from Baffra, Pontus,” UKNA FO 371 / 7879. Bafra Circassians saved about 140 Greek neighbors by hiding them in cellars.
202. Gertrude Anthony to Bristol, 1 November 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
438; and Hofmann, “Cumulative Genocide,” 75. Anthony spent 21 March–13 June 1921 in Samsun and 13 June–3 October 1921 in Merzifon.
203.
USS
Humphreys to Bristol, 8 June 1921, and Bristol to SecState, 8 June 1921, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
204. “Minutes of the 70th Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 31 August 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6548. See also CO USS Overton to Bristol, “Samsoun Diary,” 3 August 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
205.
CO
USS
McFarland to Bristol, “Report of Operations October 27, 1921 to November 11, 1921,”
USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
206.
CO
USS
St. Louis to Bristol, 24 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
207.
“USS
Overton: Notes on Samsoun Station after being Relieved by USS Humphreys, ” entries for 16–17 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 440.
Notes to Pages 410–414
208.
USS
Scorpion to Bristol, 19 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
209. Allen Dulles to SecState, 28 June 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
210. Unsigned memorandum, Samsun, 10 June 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.
211. “Diary of Station Ship at Samsun, USS Brooks, from 7 July till ? July 1921,” entries for 16 and 17
July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438; and, “Report on Situation . . . Part Two,”
24 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
212. “Statement of Ethel Thompson of Boston, Mass., concerning her work in the interior of Anatolia from August, 1921– June 11, 1922,” 4 August 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
213. Ralph Harlow, International College, Smyrna, to Officers of the Board (ABC), 1 December 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 51.
214.
USS
Brooks to Bristol, 10 July 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438.
215. “Minutes of the 76th [should be 77th?] Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 23 November 1921
, UKNA FO 371 / 6549.
216. White to Robbins, State Department, 18 November 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 49.
217. Knapp, “Memorandum Regarding Treatment of Americans in Asia Minor,” 27 June 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
218. “Foreign Schools and their Influence,” in Enyud (?), Ankara area, undated but from late June 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 1.
219. “American Institutions in Our Country,” undated but possibly from May 1922, in “Extracts from Nationalist Newspapers, Indicating the Attitude of the Official Press towards American Relief Workers,”
UKNA FO 371 / 7879.
220. Bristol, draft letter to SecState, 28 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35.
221. Theodore Riggs to friends, 17 April 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 2.
222. Bristol (draft letter) to SecState, 28 July 1921, LC, Bristol Papers 35; and White to Robbins, 18
November 1921, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 49.
223. The description of the Merzifon massacre is based on D. M. Hosford, “Brief Memorandum of Recent Conditions and Events in Northern Anatolia, Particularly in Marsovan,” 6 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6538; and Gertrude Anthony to Bristol, 1 November 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 438. The A.G.S. estimated the number killed in the town at 950 (“Deportations and Massacre on Black Sea Littoral, and Massacre at Marsovan,” UKNA FO 371 / 6534). Bristol and Anthony thought the number was around 1,200 (entry for 1 November 1921, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary).
