Spring 1917
ZURICH: ‘heard the news’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 199. ‘staggering’: Figes, 185. ‘simply shit’: Catherine Merridale, Lenin on the Train, 2016, 132. ‘slogans remain the same’: to Alexandra Kollontai, 16 March 1917, CW XXXV, 295–296. ‘no trust in’: telegram to Bolsheviks leaving for Russia, 19 March 1917, CW XXIII, 292. ‘put on a wig’: to V. A. Karpinsky, 19 March 1917, CW XXXV, 300. ‘fools’: to Inessa Armand, 19 March 1917, CW XLIII, 616–618. ‘Mensheviks in your dreams’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 200–201. ‘administrative deposit’: Gautschi, 260. • HALIFAX: for a full account see Richard B. Spence, ‘Interrupted Journey: British Intelligence and the Arrest of Leon Trotskii, April 1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 13/1, 2008, 1–28. ‘Following on board’: ibid., 4. ‘punches British naval officer’: Trotsky, 280. ‘Prince George Hotel’: Service, Trotsky, 159. • ZURICH: for Lenin’s journey back to Russia see Merridale. For an eyewitness account see Karl Radek, ‘V plombirovannom vagone’, Pravda, 20 April 1924. ‘James Joyce’: Merridale, 142. ‘young American diplomat’: Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, 1995, 27. ‘confiscated by Swiss customs’: Merridale, 148. ‘seasick’: Service, Lenin, 259. • WASHINGTON: ‘no quarrel’: address to joint session of Congress, 2 April 1917, WW XLI, 519–527. ‘thirty-two minutes’: diary of Colonel House, 2 April 1917, WW XLI, 529. ‘Mrs Wilson stands’: diary of Thomas W. Brahany, 5 April 1917, WW XLI, 549. ‘not my war’: Eric Homberger, John Reed, 1990, 122. ‘James Reese Europe’: Jeffrey T. Sammons and John H. Morrow, Jr, Harlem’s Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality, 2014, 126. • MILAN: for the life of D’Annunzio see Lucy Hughes-Hallett, The Pike: Gabriele D’Annunzio: Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War, 2013; John Woodhouse, Gabriele D’Annunzio: Defiant Archangel, 1998; and Paolo Alatri, Gabriele D’Annunzio, 1983. ‘Now the group of stars’: English text of D’Annunzio’s message is taken from ‘D’Annunzio Acclaims our Entry into the War’, New York Times, 8 April 1917; the Italian can be found in Gabriele D’Annunzio, Fante del Veliki è del Faiti, 1932, 52–54. ‘Chicago Tribune’: ‘Hails America as Beacon Light Pointing Peace’, Chicago Tribune, 8 April 1917. • BERLIN: ‘American dentist’: Arthur N. Davis, The Kaiser I Knew: My Fourteen Years with the Kaiser, 1918, 2. ‘neither sweets nor potatoes’: diary entry 5 April 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 254. ‘Never before’: Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Vol. 2, 1961 (ed. Ernst Rudolf Huber), 467–468. • WRONKE: for Luxemburg’s life and work see J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 volumes, 1966; Paul Fröhlich, Rosa Luxemburg: Ideas in Action, 1972 (trans. Joanna Hoornweg); and Rosa Luxemburg, The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg, 2013 (eds. Georg Adler, Peter Hudis and Annelies Laschitza; trans. George Schriver)–here abbreviated as LRL. ‘Rosa’s cat’: to Kostya Zetkin, March 1911, LRL, 296. ‘finer points’: H. Schurer, ‘Some Reflections on Rosa Luxemburg and the Bolshevik Revolution’, Slavonic and East European Review, 40/95, 1962, 356–372. ‘on leave from World History’: to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, LRL, 392. ‘slit each other’s throat’: Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Rebuilding the Internationale’, Die Internationale, No. 1, 1915. ‘small overture’: to Clara Zetkin, 13 April 1917, LRL, 390. ‘plutonic forces’: to Luise Kautsky, 15 April 1917, LRL, 392. ‘notes down’: daily calendars from this period are available at HIA, Luxemburg Jacob Papers, Box/folder 4. ‘dear little bird’ and ‘squeeze of the hand’: to Sophie Liebknecht, 19 April 1917, LRL, 399, and to Mathilde Wurm, 16 February 1917, 377. ‘two young sycamores’ to ‘a mouse finds its way’: slightly paraphrased from letter Clara Zetkin, 13 April 1917, LRL, 389–391, 390. ‘For three years’: Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Der alte Maulwurf’, Spartakusbrief, No. 5, May 1917. • VIENNA: ‘The world is not the same’: Czernin to Charles, 14 April 1917, GFA II, 103–108, 105. ‘Wilhelm takes a month’: Wilhelm to Charles, 11 May 1917, GFA II, 191. ‘question of nerves’: Grünau to the Foreign Office, 19 April 1917, GFA II, 130–131. ‘war aims’: Watson, 460–468, and Grünau to Bethmann Hollweg, 24 April 1917, GFA II, 149–151. For a wider description of war aims up to 1917 see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 101–123. • PETROGRAD: for an eyewitness account of Lenin’s return see Sukhanov, 269–292. For a general account of his reception and next moves see Merridale, 217–226; and Service, Lenin, 261–269. • CHICAGO: for Hemingway’s extraordinary life see Jeffrey Meyers, Hemingway: A Biography, 1985; and Carlos Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story, 1969. For more recent biographies, see Richard Bradford, The Man Who Wasn’t There: A Life of Ernest Hemingway, 2018; and Mary V. Dearborn, Ernest Hemingway: A Biography, 2017. ‘a poem’: poem by Marcelline Hemingway, 17 April 1917, EHC, Series 5, Box NC01, EHPP-NC01-002–002. ‘Miss Dixon’: Meyers, Hemingway, 19. • VIENNA: ‘frightful consequences’: to Ferenczi, 30 April 1917, FR/FER II, 198. ‘No Nobel prize’: Prochaskas Familien-Kalender 1917, 25 April 1917, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Subject File, 1856–1988, mss39990, box 48. • THE WESTERN FRONT: on the French army see Elizabeth Greenhalgh, The French Army and the First World War, 2014. On the 1917 mutinies see André Loez, 14–18. Les refus de la guerre. Une histoire des mutins, 2010; and Guy Pedroncini, Les Mutineries de 1917, 1967. ‘refuse to swear’: Jamie H. Cockfield, With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I, 1999, 121. ‘Shoot me if you like’: Loez, 9. • PETROGRAD: ‘I was born’: ‘An Unfinished Autobiography’, 17 May 1917, CW XLI, 430. ‘caution, caution, caution’: report to a Bolshevik party conference, 24 April 1917, CW XXIV, 228–243, 237. • HOMBURG PALACE: ‘received a letter’: diary entry 11 May 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 268–269. ‘long list’ to ‘Every week will be more expensive’: Grünau to the Foreign Office, 13 May 1917, GFA II, 194–195. • THE WESTERN FRONT: for the life of Churchill in these years see Martin Gilbert, World in Torment: Winston S. Churchill, 1917–1922, 1975. ‘new game’: ibid., 18–19. • TSARSKOYE SELO: diary of Nicholas, April/May 1917, ROM, 159–160. • PETROGRAD: for the formation and history of Maria Bochkareva’s battalion see Laurie S. Stoff, They Fought for the Motherland: Russia’s Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution, 2006; and Maria Botchkareva (Bochkareva) and Isaac Don Levine, Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Officer and Exile, 1919. ‘wrong cause’: order from Kerensky, 14 May 1917, RPG II, 935–936. ‘an offensive, an offensive!’: ‘The Virtual Armistice’, original article in Pravda, 9 May 1917, CW XXIV, 375–377.
Crucible Page 82
