Autumn 1922
MOSCOW: for the photographs and article see Pravda, 24 September 1922. • SMYRNA: descriptions and chronology are largely drawn from Milton, 261–371; and Captain A. J. Hepburn, ‘Report upon Smyrna to Commander, US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters’, 25 September 1922, USNA, RG45, Box 823. ‘hysterical Armenian priest’: entry for Sunday, 10 September 1922 in Hepburn’s report. ‘Bring ships and take them out’: entry for Monday, 11 September 1922, ibid. ‘wears a locket’: Edib, 884. ‘why did he bother’: Milton, 284. ‘nothing to fight about any more’: Milton, 292. ‘tonight’s holocaust’: from Ward Price’s account in the Daily Mail, in Milton, 325. ‘final solution’: entry for Thursday, 14 September 1922 in Hepburn’s report, as above. ‘must drink with us’: Edib, 388. • NEW YORK: ‘Mustapha Kemal has become’: speech, 17 September 1922, MG V, 19–26, 20. ‘holy war’: ibid., 21. ‘tell us that Kemal is a barbarian’ to ‘sticks and stones’: ibid., 22. • SMYRNA: for Sheridan’s interview with Kemal see Sheridan, Many Places, 155–161. ‘Don’t go anywhere’: Mango, 353. ‘will come back, my dear’: Edib, 399. • BERLIN: ‘The man Mustafa Kemal’: Stefan Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination, 2014, 58; see also a similar example quoted from Heimatland in September 1922, at 75–76. ‘all attempts to contain it’ to end: ‘La Lune Crescente’, Gerarchia, 25 September 1922. • PARIS: description is drawn from Polizzotti, 178–186, Breton’s own description, and quotations, from ‘Entrée des Médiums’, Littérature, No. 6 (new series), November 1922, 1–16, specifically 12–13. ‘By this word we mean’: ibid., 2. • PETROGRAD: ‘If these people had stayed’: Chamberlain, 121. ‘additional renovations’ to ‘inflammation of the gums’: Ulyanova, No. 5. ‘not working, just reading’: L. A. Fotieva, Iz Zhizni Lenina, 1956, 75–79. ‘Are you plotting’: note to Fotieva, October 1922, LS XXXV, 356. ‘height of stupidity’: note to Kamenev, July 1922, Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 166. Pipes elsewhere describes this as most likely being in October 1922, in response to Trotsky’s refusal to take the job offered to him in September. • MUNICH: for Kurt Lüdecke, see Arthur L. Smith, ‘Kurt Lüdecke: The Man Who Knew Hitler’, German Studies Review, 26/3, 2003, 597–606; and Lüdecke’s memoirs cited above. ‘regales Hitler with tales’: Lüdecke,16–39. ‘sent off to Italy’: see Lüdecke, 60–73. Lüdecke’s reliability as a witness has long been in question, not least given his criminal history and obvious opportunities for enrichment by writing a book in the late 1930s about the German leader (with little downside once he had fallen out of favour with Hitler’s court and fled to America). Though his later trips to Italy were picked up by German diplomatic officials in 1923, there is no direct corroboration of this trip to Italy in 1922. It is plausible. But there are strong doubts about the details. See Ronald V. Layton, ‘Kurt Lüdecke and “I Knew Hitler”: An Evaluation’, Central European History, 12/4, 1979, 372–386. • DEARBORN: Henry Ford (with Samuel Crowther), My Life and Work, 1922. • ISTANBUL: ‘electric tension’ to ‘bandit’: ‘Constantinople Cut Throats Await Chance for an Orgy’, Daily Star, 19 October 1922 (dateline 1 October 1922). ‘dance of death’: ‘“Old Constan” in True Light; Is Tough Town; Dust and Dirt, Mud and Immorality, Bad Meat and Worse Booze’, Daily Star, 28 October 1922 (dateline 6 October 1922). ‘hate to be Kemal’: ‘Constantinople Cut Throats’, as above. ‘Ernest scores an interview’: ‘Hamid Bey Wears His Shirt Tucked in When Seen by Star’, Daily Star, 9 October, 1922. ‘Kemal the businessman’: ‘Turks Beginning to Show Distrust of Kemal Pasha’, Daily Star, 24 October 1922. • ACROSS IRELAND: ‘just a simple volunteer’: for de Valera’s meeting with Mulcahy, see Coogan, De Valera, 333–334. ‘Yeats’s new home’: Foster, Vol. 2, 225. ‘Vanity, perhaps self-conceit’: Coogan, De Valera, 344. • BERLIN: ‘The Peril to German Civilization’, published in The New Leader, October 1922, CPAE XIII, 499–501. • COBURG: for the context of the Coburg march see Maser, 355–359. For the programme of events see ‘Zum Dritten Deutschen Tag in Coburg’, Coburger Zeitung, 14 October 1922. ‘nationalist sing-along’: Lüdecke, 82. ‘main Coburg newspaper’: ‘Dritter Deutscher Tag in Coburg’, Coburger Zeitung, 15 October 1922. ‘ruthless punishment’: ‘Der Deutsche Tag in Koburg’, Völkischer Beobachter, 18 October 1922. ‘democratic poison’: speech in Coburg, 14 October 1922, SA, 700–701. • PARIS: for a full account of the build-up to the occupation of the Ruhr see Stanislas Jeannesson, Poincaré, la France et la Ruhr, 1922–1924: Histoire d’une Occupation, 1998, 109–147. ‘living through an armistice’: ‘Pourquoi il faut occuper la Ruhr’, Action française, 25 October 1922. • MOSCOW: ‘empty throne at one end’: Louis Fischer himself was present, and his account is in Lenin, 615–617. ‘deluge of paper’: speech to the Central Executive Committee, 31 October 1922, CW XXXIII, 390–395, 395. ‘special obstacles’ and following: Fischer, Lenin, 618. ‘leaves after the first act’: Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 201–207. • NAPLES: for the lead-up to the march on Rome and the march itself, see Bosworth 136–139; and Martin Clark, Mussolini, 2014, 50–65. For the text of Mussolini’s 24 October 1922 speech: ‘Il Discorso di Napoli’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 25 October 1922, OO XVIII, 453–460. ‘wherever there is demand for a speech’: reports in OO XVIII, 469–470. ‘return to their families’: interview given to Luigi Ambrosini on the morning of 30 October 1922 at 3.30 a.m., La Stampa, 30–31 October 1922, OO XVIII, 468–469. ‘florists run out of flowers’: Smith, Mussolini, 1981, 63. ‘eyes of Pallas’ to ‘blindfold’: see 31 October 1922 exchange in AN/MUSS, 29. • NEW YORK: ‘filled with cheering’: ‘Legions Enter in Triumph’, New York Times, 1 November 1922. ‘had got tired’: ‘Black Shirts Hold a Roman Triumph’, New York Times, 1 November 1922. ‘Mussolini’s chin’: ‘Mussolini Wears His First Frock Coat’, New York Times, 1 November 1922. ‘apostle of national regeneration’: ‘A Fascist Premier’, Guardian, 31 October 1922; and ‘Political Notes’, Observer, 5 November 1922. ‘marvellous ability to dominate’: slightly abbreviated from St. Galler Tageblatt, 4 November 1922, in Falasca-Zamponi, 51. ‘irresistible reality’: ‘Autour de la victoire du “Fascio”’, Action française, 31 October 1922. ‘in Moscow’: Kotkin, 550. ‘all those field marshals’: Dr Haehner’s diary in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1223. ‘not the shadow of the Italian Blackshirts’: ‘Aus der Bewegung’, Völkischer Beobachter, 4 November 1922. ‘name is Adolf Hitler’: Maser, 356. • ADRIANOPLE: ‘staggering march’: ‘A Silent, Ghastly Procession Wends Way from Thrace’, Daily Star, 20 October 1922. ‘tries to pretend’: letter of Lady Rumbold, 6 November 1922, in Gilbert, Rumbold, 278. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Activists blame Republicans’: Johnson, Along This Way, 371–373. ‘nothing else but the trick’: speech, 11 December 1922, MG V, 155–160, 158. • DOORN: ‘letter arrives from England’ to ‘get the monarchy back’: diary entry 6 November 1922, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 250–251. ‘husband’s design’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1211. • MOSCOW: Lenin’s speech to the Comintern gathering on 13 November 1922, CW XXXIII, 415–432. ‘nothing compared with’: ibid., 430. ‘noughts can always’: ibid., 422. ‘will be very useful’: ibid., 431. ‘not only good, but excellent’: ibid., 432. ‘merry story’: interview with Arthur Ransome, ‘Lenin on the State of Russia: A Remarkable Interview’, Guardian, 22 November 1922 (conducted the previous week). ‘no longer a matter of the distant future’: speech to the Moscow Soviet, 21 November 1922, CW XXXIII, 435–443. • BARCELONA: ‘Breton gives a talk’: Polizzotti, 185–186. For Proust’s death see William Carter, Marcel Proust: A Life, 2002, 807–808. ‘must be brave’: Errol Morris, ‘The Anosognosic’s Dilemma: Something’s Wrong but You’ll Never Know What It Is’, New York Times, 21 June 2010. ‘Mayakovsky’: see Jangfeldt, 217; and Charles A. Moser, ‘Mayakovsky’s Unsentimental Journeys’, American Slavic and East European Review, 19/1, 1960, 85–100, 88. • MARSEILLES: the entire travel diary, from which all the descriptive details here are drawn, is reproduced in CPAE XIII, 532–589. ‘two most significant people alive’: the suggestion of Einstein and Lenin came from Bertrand Russell according to Föls
ing, 524. ‘Deutschland, Deutschland’: ibid., 526. ‘schmaltzy coffee-house style’: travel diary, 2 November 1922, ibid., 539. ‘sense of belonging together’: 14 November 1922, ibid., 543. ‘I admire you’: this story is contained in a German diplomatic report from the embassy sent back to Berlin on 3 January 1923, the text reproduced in Grundmann, 225–226. ‘worth fifty times’: calculations in footnote to letter from Henrik Sederholm and Knut A. Posse, 11 December 1922, CPAE XIII, 617. • LAUSANNE: ‘They All Made Peace’: first published the following year, in 1923. ‘I·smet Pasha’ to ‘French–English dictionary’: ‘Mussolini, Europe’s Prize Bluffer’, Toronto Daily Star, 27 January 1923. ‘HUSTLE DOWN’: to Hadley Hemingway, 25 November 1922, LEH I, 369. ‘Gare de Lyon’: Baker, Hemingway, 103. • LONDON: ‘What bloody shits’: T. E. Lawrence to Edward Marsh, 18 November 1922, WSC X, 2125. ‘they have many excuses’: Churchill to H. A. L. Fisher, 18 November 1922, WSC X, 2126. ‘tennis courts’: Lady Hamilton’s diary, 17 November 1922, WSC X, 2123. ‘proverbial cat’: in William Manchester, Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932, 1983, 745. ‘Scotch electorate’: Lord Stamfordham to Churchill, 22 November 1922, WSC X, 2128. • DUBLIN: ‘eye for an eye’: letter to Liam Lynch, 12 December 1922, quoted in Pakenham, 208. ‘best man at the wedding’: Walsh, 385. • MOSCOW: ‘day in late November’: journal of Lenin’s duty secretaries, CW XLII, 463–494. ‘wind up all political work’: letter to Kamenev and others, 13 December 1922, CW XLII, 432–433. • MUNICH: ‘Italian diplomatic correspondence’: report from before 17 November 1922, SA, 730–731. ‘Duke of Anhalt’: Lüdecke, 94. ‘portrait of Ford’: ‘Berlin Hears Ford is Backing Hitler’, New York Times, 20 December 1922. ‘American military attaché’: interview with Truman Smith, 20 November 1922, SA, 733. ‘something to believe in’: Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years, 1957, 31–37. As with Lüdecke’s memoirs, Hanfstaengl’s need to be treated with care. They are occasionally transparently self-serving. Nonetheless, there is no reason to disbelieve the basic outlines of much of what he writes. For a biography of Hanfstaengl see Peter Conradi, Hitler’s Piano Player: The Rise and Fall of Ernst Hanfstaengl, Confidant of Hitler, Ally of FDR, 2004. • ROME: for the interview see Clare Sheridan, Many Places, 257–266. ‘British Secret Intelligence Service’: Sheridan’s file is at NA KV2/1033. ‘rejects his violent advances’: Anita Leslie suggests that Mussolini tried to force himself on Clare, badly bruising her in the process. Anita Leslie, Clare Sheridan, 1977, 218. ‘J’aime pas’: Sheridan, Many Places, 266. • VIENNA: ‘Such important things’: to Abraham, 11 December 1922, FR/AB, 461. ‘Vienna is left quiet and lonely’: Sigmund to Sam, 14 December 1922, JRL Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/33. • MOSCOW: for the run-in between Krupskaya and Stalin see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 286–290; and Volkogonov, Lenin, 273. • LAUSANNE: ‘bad and vicious solution’: discussed on 12 December 1922, Umut Özsu, Formalizing Displacement: International Law and Population Transfers, 2015, 82. ‘passion, not a program’: Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945, 1953, Vol. 1, 520. ‘music box’: ibid., 525. • MOJI: from Einstein’s travel diary in CPAE XIII. • WASHINGTON DC: Memorandum by Dr Grayson, 28 December 1922, WW LXVIII, 252. • MOSCOW: ‘ten million fewer people’: Gerwarth, 93.
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