4.“Locals Concerned as ‘Sharia Police’ Patrol Streets of German City,” Deutsche Welle, 2014. http://www.dw.de/locals-concerned -as-sharia-police-patrol-streets-of-german-city/a-17904887.
5.Pakistan Human Rights Commission, State of Human Rights in 2013. www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/report14/AR2013.pdf.
6.Terrence McCoy, “In Pakistan, 1,000 Women Die in ‘Honor Killings’ Annually. Why Is This Happening?” Washington Post, May 28, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning -mix/wp/2014/05/28/in-pakistan-honor-killings-claim-1000 -womens-lives-annually-why-is-this-still-happening/.
7.Aymenn Jawad, Al-Tamimi, “The Problem of Honor Killings,” Foreign Policy Journal, September 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/2010/09/13/the-problem-of-honor-killings
8.Dawood Azami, “Controversy of Apostasy in Afghanistan,” BBC, January 14, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia -25732919.
9.Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Modern King in the Arab Spring,” Atlantic, April 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive /2013/04/monarch-in-the-middle/309270/?single_page=true.
10.Ibid.
11.Cook, Forbidding Wrong in Islam, pp. 114–15, 122.
12.Patricia Crone, “Traditional Political Thought,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, pp. 554–60.
13.Kathy Gilsinan, “The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women,” Atlantic, July 25, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/international /archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/.
14.Nadya Labi, “An American Honor Killing: One Victim’s Story,” Time, February 25, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2055445,00.html.
15.“Brother of Slain Girls Defends Father at Vigil,” NBC News, March 9, 2008. http://www.nbc5i.com/newsarchive/15546408/detail.html.
16.Oren Yaniv, “Pakistani Man Gets 18 Years to Life for Beating Wife to Death After She Made Lentils for Dinner,” July 9, 2014. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/pakistani-man-18-years-life-beating-wife-death-made-lentils-dinner-article-1.1860459.
17.“Derby Gay Death Call Leaflet Was ‘Muslim Duty,’ ” BBC, January 12, 2012. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derby shire-16581758.
18.Kunal Dutta, “ISIS Suicide Bomber from Derby Thought to Have Killed Eight in Iraq ‘Could Have Been Brainwashed,’” Independent, November 9, 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-suicide-bomber-from-derby-kills-eight-in-iraq-9849307.html.
19.James Harkin, “Inside the Mind of a British Suicide Bomber,” Newsweek, November 21, 2014. http://www.newsweek.com /2014/11/21/inside-frenzied-mind-british-suicide-bomber -283634.html.
20.“Muslim Radio Station Fined for Saying People Should Be Tortured,” Daily Telegraph, November 23, 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9698967/Muslim-radio-station-fined-for-saying-gay-people-should-be-tortured.html.
21.Ibid.
CHAPTER 7: Jihad
1.Capital Bay News, “Lee Rigby Trial Updates,” 2013. http://www.capitalbay.com/news/432534-live-lee-rigby-trial-updates -as-michael-adebolajo-and-michael-adebowale-stand-accused-of-woolwich-soldier-murder.html.
2.“Text from Dzokhar Tsarnaev’s Note Written in Watertown Boat,” Boston Globe, May 22, 2014. http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/05/22/text-from-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-note-left-watertown-boat/KnRIeqqr95rJQbAbfnj5EP/story.html.
3.Ibid.
4.Sebastian L. v. Gorka, “The Enemy Threat Doctrine of Al Qaeda: Taking the War to the Heart of Our Foe,” in Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), pp. 198–201.
5.David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 32–33.
6.Rajia Aboulkeir, “Meet Islam Yaken, a Cosmopolitan Egyptian Who Turned into ISIS Fighter,” Al-Arabiya, August 3, 2014. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2014/08/03/Meet-Islam -Yaken-a-cosmopolitan-Egyptian-who-turned-into-ISIS-fighter -.html.
7.Hamas, “Boy Vows to Join Father in Martyrs’ Paradise,” 2009. http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=585&fld_id=633&doc_id =2789.
8.AIVD, The Transformation of Jihadism in the Netherlands: Swarm Dynamics and New Strength (The Hague, 2014). https://www.aivd.nl/english/publications-press/@3139/transformation-0/.
9.Bart Olmer, “Threat of Jihadists Greater Than Ever,” De Telegraaf, June 30, 2014.
10.Ibid.
11.Ibid.
12.Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” 2007, p. 6.
13.Pew Research Institute, “Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism,” 2011, p. 4.
14.Dominic Evans, “Exiled Cleric Who Taught UK Knifeman Praises Courage,” Reuters, May 24, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-britain-killing-bakri-idUSBRE 94N0D920130524.
15.Patricia Crone, “Traditional Islamic Political Thought,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought.
16.Human Rights Watch, “Nigeria: Boko Haram Kills 2,053 Civilians in 6 Months,” July 15, 2014. http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2053-civilians-6-months.
17.UNHCR. 2015 UNHCR Country Operations Profile. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4e43cb466.html.
18.Pew Research Center, “Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population,” 2011, p. 64.
19.André Aciman, “After Egypt’s Revolution, Christians Are Living in Fear,” New York Times, November 19, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/opinion/sunday/after-egypts-revolution-christians-are-living-in-fear.html.
20.Richard Spencer, “Egypt’s Coptic Christians Fleeing Country After Islamist Takeover,” Telegraph, January 13, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9798777/Egypts-Coptic-Christians-fleeing-country-after-Islamist-takeover.html.
21.Nina Shea, Paul Marshall, and Lela Gilbert, Saudi Arabia’s Curriculum of Intolerance, with Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education Textbooks for Islamic Studies (Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute Center for Religious Freedom and the Institute for Gulf Affairs, 2008), pp. 7, 43. http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattach ments/attachment/656/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf.
22.“UK Jihad Fighter in Downing Street Flag Threat,” Scotsman, July 5, 2014. http://www.scotsman.com/mobile/news/uk/uk-jihad-fighter-in-downing-street-flag-threat-1-3467362.
23.Mark Townsend, “British Muslims’ Right to Fight in Syria Backed by an Ex-Adviser on Radicalization,” Guardian, June 28, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/28/british -jidahis-syria-defended.
24.Nadim Roberts, “The Life of a Jihadi Wife: Why One Canadian Woman Joined ISIS’s Islamic State,” CBC, July 7, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-life-of-a-jihadi-wife-why-one-canadian-woman-joined-isis-s-islamic-state-1.2696385.
25.Press Association, “British Jihadist Warns of ‘Black Flag of Islam’ over Downing Street,” Guardian, July 4, 2014. http://www .theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/04/british-jihadi-black-flag-islam-downing-street.
26.Ibid.
27.Jessica Stern, “Mind over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamic Extremists,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2010.
28.Elizabeth Dickinson, “Rise of IS Elicits Soul Searching in Arab Gulf, a Source of Funds and Fighters,” Christian Science Monitor, October 13, 2014. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/1013/Rise-of-IS-elicits-soul-searching-in-Arab-Gulf-a-source-of-funds-and-fighters.
29.Staff, “British Jihadists Urge Their ‘Brothers’ to Join War,” Times of Israel, June 21, 2014. http://www.timesofisrael.com/british-citizens-urge-their-brothers-to-join-jihad/.
30.Helen Davidson, “ISIS Instructs Followers to Kill Australians and Other ‘Disbelievers,’ ” Guardian, September 23, 2
014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/23/islamic-state-followers-urged-to-launch-attacks-against-australians.
31.See Cook, Understanding Jihad, and David Cook, Martyrdom in Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
CHAPTER 8: The Twilight of Tolerance
1.Adam Wolfson, Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, 1689–1704 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010).
2.John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002).
3.Patrick Kingsley, “80 Sexual Assaults in One Day—the Other Story of Tahrir Square,” Guardian, July 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/egypt-women-rape-sexual-assault-tahrir-square.
4.UNICEF, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change, 2013. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69875.html.
5.Ali Khan and Hisham Ramadan, Contemporary Ijtihad: Limits and Controversies (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 59.
6.Maribel Fierro, “Heresy and Innovation,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 218–19.
7.Einah, “An Open Letter to Ben Affleck,” Pakistan Today, October 25, 2014. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/10/25/comment /an-open-letter-to-ben-affleck/.
8.Michael Warner, “Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom,” Studies in Intelligence 38, no. 5 (1995). See also Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1989).
9.Hilton Kramer, “What Was the Congress for Cultural Freedom?” New Criterion, 1990. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/What-was-the-Congress-for-Cultural-Freedom —5597.
10.Angel Rabasa, Cheryl Bernard, Lowell Schwartz, and Peter Sickle, Building Moderate Muslim Networks (Arlington: RAND Corporation, 2007), pp. 17–18. http://www.rand.org/pubs/mono graphs/MG574.html.
11.Frances Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 89.
12.Barton Gellman and Greg Miller, “ ‘Black Budget’ Summary Details U.S. Spy Network’s Successes, Failures and Objectives,” Washington Post, August 29, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08 /29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html.
13.Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008); Joseph Stiglitz, “The Price of 9/11,” Project Syndicate, 2011. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-price- of-9-11.
CONCLUSION: The Muslim Reformation
1.Quoted in Thomas Friedman, “How ISIS Drives Muslims from Islam,” New York Times, December 6, 2014.
2.Malala Yousafzai, “Malala Yousafzai: ‘Our Books and Our Pens Are the Most Powerful Weapons,’ Address to the United Nations,” Guardian, July 12, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/12/malala-yousafzai-united-nations-education-speech-text.
3.Yousef Al-Otaiba, “The Moderate Middle East Must Act,” Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2014. http://www.wsj.com/articles/yousef-al-otaiba-the-moderate-middle-east-must-act-141 0304537.
4.Ibid. Emphasis added.
5.See Muhammad Abu Samra, “Liberal Critics, ‘Ulama’ and the Debate on Islam in the Contemporary World,” in Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ‘Ulama in the Middle East, edited by Meir Hatina (Leiden: Brill, 2008), pp. 265–91.
6.Geneive Abdo, No God but God: Egypt and the Triumph of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 68.
7.Ibid.
8.S. S. Hasan, Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 176–77.
9.Abdo, No God but God.
10.Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, edited by Zeyno Baran (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 33–55; Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 17–32.
11.“The Enemies of the Muslims According to the Global Islamic Resistance,” in Stephen Ulph, “Islamism and Totalitarianism: The Challenge of Comparison,” in Fighting the Ideological War: Winning Strategies from Communism to Islamism, edited by Katherine C. Gorka and Patrick Sookhdeo (McLean: Isaac Publishing, 2012), p. 75.
12.Quoted in Crone, God’s Rule, p. 303.
13.Abul ‘Ala’ Al-Ma’arri [11th century], The Epistle of Forgiveness: A Vision of Heaven and Hell, translated by Geert Jan van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler (New York: New York University Press, 2013).
14.France 24, “Jihadists Behead Statue of Syrian Poet Abul Ala al-Maari,” February 14, 2013. http://observers.france24.com/content /20130214-jihadists-behead-statue-syrian-poet-abul-ala-al-maari).
15.Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
APPENDIX: Muslim Dissidents and Reformers
1.See Ida Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2009); Zeyno Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
2.Zuhdi Jasser, “Americanism vs. Islamism,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 175–91.
3.Akbar Ahmed, Journey into America: The Challenge of Islam (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), pp. 238–40.
4.Saleem Ahmed, Islam: A Religion of Peace? (Honolulu: Moving Pen Publishers, 2009).
5.Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular.
6.Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 33–55.
7.Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers, pp. 346–48.
8.Ibid.
9.Ibid.
10.Samia Labidi, Karim, mon frère: Ex-intégriste et terroriste [“Karim, my brother: Former fundamentalist and terrorist”] (Paris: Flammarion, 1997).
11.Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers, pp. 346–48.
12.Samia Labidi, “Faces of Janus: The Arab-Muslim Community in France and the Battle for Its Future,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 107–22.
13.Der Spiegel, “German-Turkish Author Seyran Ateş: ‘Islam Needs a Sexual Revolution,’ ” October 13, 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-turkish-author-seyran-Ateş-islam-needs-a-sexual-revolution-a-654704.html.
14.Ibid.
15.Poggioli 2008.
16.Abou El-Magd, “Egyptian Blogger Gets 4 Years in Prison,” Washington Post, February 22, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/22/AR2007022200 269_pf.html.
17.MEMRI, “Egyptian Blogger Abdelkareem Suleiman Arrested for Critizing Al-Azhar Sheikhs,” December 7, 2006. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1967.htm.
18.Isabel Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims,” New York Times, November 16, 2010. http://www.nytimes .com/2010/11/16/world/europe/16blogger.html?_r=0.
19.Diaa Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/12/06/palestinian_atheist_jailed _for_weeks_apologizes.html.
20.Kershner, “Palestinian Blogger Angers West Bank Muslims.”
21.Hadid, Associated Press, December 6, 2010.
22.Luavut Zahid, “Brandeis University: You’ve Made a Real Booboo,” Pakistan Today, April 14, 2014. http://www.pakistan today.com.pk/2014/04/19/comment/brandeis-university-youve-made-a-real-booboo/.
23.Taslima Nasrin, “They Wanted to Kill Me,” Middle East Quarterly, 2000. htt
p://www.meforum.org/73/taslima-nasrin-they-wanted-to-kill-me.
24.See Hedieh Mirahmadi, “Navigating Islam in America,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 17–32; Yunis Qandil, “Euro-Islamists and the Struggle for Dominance within Islam,” in Baran, The Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular, pp. 33–55.
25.Hanne Obbink, “Muslims Are Not Allowed to Look Away Any Longer,” Trouw, December 30, 2014. http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4492/Nederland/article/detail/3819986/2014/12/30/Moslims-mogen-niet-langer-wegkijken.dhtml.
26.Ibid.
27.Interview with al-Ansari, Al-Arabiya TV, May 11, 2007. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/1450.htm.
28.MEMRI, “Qatari Liberal and Former Dean of Islamic Law at the University of Qatar: Arab Liberals, Secularists Are Facing Jihad,” March 17, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/ 0/0/0/0/4041.htm
29.Yotam Feldner, “Liberal Iraqi Shi’ite Scholar Sayyed Ahmad Al-Qabbanji Calls for Reason in Islamic Discourse and Jurisprudence,” MEMRI 937, 2013. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7015.htm.
30.Ibid.
31.Ibid.
32.Ibid.
33.Ibid.
34.Ayad Jamal al-Din, “A Civil State in Which All Citizens Are Equal in the Eyes of the Law,” Middle East Media Research Institute and Al-Iraqiya TV, October 17, 2014. http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4556.htm.
35.Nimrod Raphaeli, “Sayyed Ayad Jamal al-Din—Liberal Shi’ite Cleric and Foe of Iran,” MEMRI, 2010. http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3920.htm.
36.Interview with al-Buleihi on Al-Arabiyya, MEMRI, March 30, 2010. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2414.htm.
37.Interview with al-Musawi on Al-Jazeera, May 4, 2010. http://www.memri.org/clip_transcript/en/2471.htm.
• ABOUT THE AUTHOR •
Globally known, award-winning human rights activist Ayaan Hirsi Ali is the New York Times bestselling author of Infidel, Nomad, and The Caged Virgin. Born in Somalia and raised Muslim, she grew up in Africa and Saudi Arabia, before fleeing to the Netherlands in 1992, where she went from cleaning factories to winning a seat in the Dutch Parliament. A prominent speaker, debater, and op-ed writer, she was chosen as one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world. She is now a fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Hirsi Ali is the founder of the AHA Foundation.
Heretic Page 24
