13. Foroohar, Makers and Takers.
14. Douglas Edwards, I’m Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 291.
15. Foroohar, “How Much Is Your Data Worth?”
16. Rana Foroohar, “Facebook Has Put Growth Ahead of Governance for Too Long,” Financial Times, December 23, 2018.
17. Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives (New York: Vintage Books, 2014), 261.
18. Rana Foroohar, “It Is Time for a Truly Free Market,” Financial Times, March 31, 2019.
19. Rana Foroohar, “U.S. Capital Expenditure Boom Fails to Live Up to Promises,” Financial Times, November 25, 2018.
20. Foroohar, “Tech Companies Are the New Investment Banks.”
21. Rana Foroohar, “Banks Jump on the Fintech Bandwagon,” Financial Times, September 16, 2018; Mark Bergen and Jennifer Surane, “Google and Mastercard Cut a Secret Ad Deal to Track Retail Sales,” Bloomberg, August 30, 2018.
22. Stacy Mitchell and Olivia LaVecchia, “Report: Amazon’s Next Frontier: Your City’s Purchasing,” Institute for Self-Reliance, July 10, 2018.
23. Lina M. Khan, “A Separation of Platforms and Commerce,” Columbia Law Review, https://columbialawreview.org/content/the-separation-of-platforms-and-commerce/.
24. Foroohar, Makers and Takers, 189.
25. Saule T. Omarova, “New Tech v. New Deal: Fintech as a Systemic Phenomenon,” Yale Journal on Regulation 36, no. 2 (August 1, 2018).
26. “IMF Warns of Giant Tech Firms’ Dominance,” BBC News, June 8, 2019.
27. Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016), 143–44.
28. Agustín Carstens, “Big Tech in Finance and New Challenges for Public Policy,” keynote address at the FT Banking Summit, London, December 4, 2018.
29. Rana Foroohar, “Political Ads on Facebook Recall Memories of the Banking Crisis.”
30. Wolf, “Taming the Masters of the Tech Universe.”
Chapter 11: In the Swamp
1. Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015), 196.
2. Hamburger and Gold, “Google, Once Disdainful of Lobbying, Now a Master of Washington.”
3. Pinar Akman, “The Theory of Abuse in Google Search: A Positive and Normative Assessment Under EU Competition Law,” Journal of Law, Technology and Policy 2017, no. 2 (July 19, 2016): 301–74.
4. “Google Academics Inc.,” Google Transparency Project, July 22, 2017, accessed May 9, 2019, https://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/google-academics-inc.
5. Brody Mullins and Jack Nicas, “Paying Professors: Inside Google’s Academic Influence Campaign,” The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2017.
6. “Google’s Silicon Tower,” Campaign for Accountability Report, July 19, 2016.
7. Author interview with the aide, 2017.
8. “Does America Have a Monopoly Problem?” U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy, and Consumer Rights, March 5, 2019.
9. Nitasha Tiku, “How Google Influences the Conversation in Washington,” Wired, March 13, 2019.
10. Numbers provided by the Center for Responsive Politics.
11. Tiku, “How Google Influences the Conversation in Washington.”
12. David McCabe and Erica Pandey, “Explore Amazon’s Wide Washington Reach,” Axios, March 13, 2019.
13. Beejoli Shah and Christopher Stern, “How Netflix Scaled Back U.S. Lobbying to Focus on Europe,” The Information, May 7, 2019.
14. Nicholas Thompson and Fred Vogelstein, “15 Months of Fresh Hell Inside Facebook,” Wired, May 2019.
15. Philipp Schindler, “The Google News Initiative: Building a Stronger Future for News,” March 20, 2018, https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/google-news-initiative/announcing-google-news-initiative/.
16. Rana Foroohar, “Travis Kalanick: With His $62.5 Billion Startup, the Uber Founder Is Changing the Nature of Work,” Time, 2015.
17. Author interview with senior aide to Democratic senator.
18. Daniel Kreiss and Shannon C. McGregor, “Technology Firms Shape Political Communication: The Work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with Campaigns During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Cycle,” Journal of Political Communication 35, no. 2 (2018).
19. Matt Warman, “Google, Caffeine, and the Future of Speech,” Telegraph, June 10, 2010.
20. Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 333.
21. Ibid., 334.
22. “Mission Creep-y,” Public Citizen, November 2014.
23. Federal Trade Commission, “FTC Charges Deceptive Privacy Practices in Google’s Rollout of Its Buzz Social Network,” press release, March 30, 2011.
24. “Updating Our Privacy Policies and Terms of Service,” Google: Official Blog, January 24, 2012, https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/updating-our-privacy-policies-and-terms.html.
25. Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction, Electronic Privacy Information Center v. The Federal Trade Commission, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, February 8, 2012, https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/google/TRO-Motion-final.pdf.
26. “Estimated Total Conversions: New Insights for the Multi-Screen World,” Google Inside Adwords, October 1, 2013, https://adwords.googleblog.com/2013/10/estimated-total-conversions.html.
27. Federal Trade Commission, “Google Will Pay $22.5 Million to Settle FTC Charges It Misrepresented Privacy Assurances to Users of Apple’s Safari Internet Browser,” press release, August 9, 2012.
28. Tiku, “How Google Influences the Conversation in Washington.”
29. Yang and Easton, “Obama and Google (A Love Story).”
30. Rana Foroohar, “Why Big Tech Wants to Keep the Net Neutral,” Financial Times, December 17, 2017.
31. Rana Foroohar, “Back to My Roots,” Financial Times, September 17, 2018.
32. Cecilia Kang, “Net Neutrality Vote Passes House, Fulfilling Promise by Democrats,” The New York Times, April 10, 2018.
33. Kiran Stacey, “Broadband Groups Cut Capital Expenditure Despite Net Neutrality Win,” Financial Times, February 7, 2019.
34. “Don’t Forget the ‘Net Neutrality’ Panic,” The Wall Street Journal, editoral page, June 15–16, 2019.
35. Consumer Watchdog, “How Google’s Backing of Backpage Protects Child Sex Trafficking,” report from Consumer Watchdog, Faith and Freedom Coalition, Trafficking America Taskforce, DeliverFund, and the Rebecca Project, May 17, 2017.
36. Nicholas Kristof, “Google and Sex Traffickers Like Backpage.com,” The New York Times, September 7, 2017.
37. Consumer Watchdog, “How Google’s Backing of Backpage Protects Child Sex Trafficking.”
38. Kieren McCarthy, “Google Lobbies Hard to Derail New US Privacy Laws—Using Dodgy Stats,” The Register, March 26, 2018.
39. “Platform Monopolies in NAFTA—The Body Camera Monopoly—Price Discrimination in the Airline Industry,” Open Market Institute, May 17, 2018.
40. Rana Foroohar, “Fear and Loathing in Silicon Valley,” Financial Times, July 23, 2018.
41. Author interview with David Greene.
42. Author interviews with diplomats in Brussels and Washington.
43. Germán Gutiérrez and Thomas Philippon, “How EU Markets Became More Competitive Than U.S. Markets: A Study of Institutional Drift,” NBER Working Paper 24700, June 2018, National Bureau of Economic Research.
44. John Paul Rathbone, “Google
Strikes Deal to Bring Faster Web Content to Cuba,” Financial Times, March 28, 2019.
45. Rana Foroohar, “It Is Time for a Truly Free Market,” Financial Times, March 31, 2019.
Chapter 12: 2016: The Year It All Changed
1. Sean J. Miller, “Digital Ad Spending Tops Estimates,” Campaign and Elections, January 4, 2017.
2. Status Memo from Teddy Goff to Clinton Campaign Officials can be accessed here: https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/fileid/12403/3324.
3. Kreiss and McGregor, “Technology Firms Shape Political Communication.”
4. Ibid., 415.
5. Evan Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?” The New Yorker, September 17, 2018.
6. Joshua Green and Sasha Issenberg, “Inside the Trump Bunker, With 12 Days to Go,” Bloomberg, October 27, 2016.
7. Mueller, Robert S., III, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” Homeland Security Digital Library, March 2019, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=824221.
8. Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?”
9. McNamee, Zucked, 7–8.
10. “Disinformation and ‘Fake News’: Final Report,” United Kingdom Parliament, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, February 18, 2019.
11. Roger McNamee, “Ever Get the Feeling You’re Being Watched?” Financial Times, February 7, 2019.
12. Rana Foroohar, “Have You Been Zucked?” Financial Times, February 4, 2019.
13. McNamee, “Ever Get the Feeling You’re Being Watched?”
14. Amarendra Bhushan Dhiraj, “Report: Facebook’s Annual Revenue from 2009 to 2018,” CEO World, February 4, 2019.
15. Edward Luce and Rana Foroohar, “Election Manipulation Edition,” Financial Times, February 19, 2018.
16. Indictment, United States of America v. Internet Research Agency.
17. Ryan Mac et al., “Growth at Any Cost: Top Facebook Executive Defended Data Collection in 2016 Memo—and Warned That Facebook Could Get People Killed,” BuzzFeed News, March 29, 2018.
18. Osnos, “Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?”
19. Eli Pariser, “Beware Online ‘Filter Bubbles,’ ” TED Talk, March 2011.
20. McNamee, Zucked, 152.
21. Sam Levin, “ACLU Finds Social Media Sites Gave Data to Company Tracking Black Protesters,” The Guardian, October 11, 2016.
22. Shapiro and Aneja, “Who Owns Americans’ Personal Information and What Is It Worth?”
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Rana Foroohar, “Companies Are the Cops in Our Modern-Day Dystopia,” Financial Times, May 27, 2018.
26. Sarah Brayne, “Big Data Surveillance: The Case of Policing,” American Sociological Review 82, no. 5 (2017).
27. Aria Bendix, “Activists Say Alphabet’s Planned Neighborhood in Toronto Shows All the Warning Signs of Amazon HQ2-Style Breakup,” Business Insider, April 14, 2019.
28. Marco Chown Oved, “Google’s Sidewalk Labs Plans Massive Expansion to Waterfront Vision,” Toronto Star, February 14, 2019.
29. Anna Nicolaou, “Future Shock: Inside Google’s Smart City,” Financial Times, March 22, 2019.
30. Ryan Gallagher, “Google Dragonfly,” Intercept, March 27, 2019.
31. Shannon Vavra, “Declassified Cable Estimates 10,000 Killed at Tiananmen Square,” Axios, December 24, 2017.
32. Matt Sheehan, “How Google Took On China—and Lost,” MIT Technology Review, December 18, 2018.
33. Mark Warner, “Warner, Colleagues Raise Concerns About Google’s Reported Plan to Launch Censored Search Engine in China,” press release, August 3, 2018.
34. Jack Poulson, “I Used to Work for Google. I Am a Conscientious Objector,” The New York Times, April 23, 2019.
Chapter 13: A New World War
1. Rana Foroohar, “The Global Race for 5G Supremacy Is Not Yet Won,” Financial Times, April 21, 2019.
2. Rana Foroohar, “ ‘Patriotic Capitalism,’ ” Financial Times, October 8, 2018.
3. Rana Foroohar, “Globalised Business Is a US Security Issue,” Financial Times, July 15, 2018.
4. Alliance for American Manufacturing, “American-Made National Security,” press release.
5. U.S. Department of Defense, “Assessing and Strengthening the Manufacturing and Defense Industrial Base and Supply Chain Resiliency of the United States: Report to President Donald J. Trump by the Interagency Task Force in Fulfillment of Executive Order 13806,” September 2018.
6. Michael Brown and Pavneet Singh, “China’s Technology Transfer Strategy,” GovExec.com, January 2018.
7. Daniel R. Coats, “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community,” Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2019.
8. Rana Foroohar, “Government Contracts Become Amazon’s New Target Market,” Financial Times, May 26, 2019.
9. Louise Lucas and Emily Feng, “Inside China’s Surveillance State,” Financial Times, July 20, 2018.
10. Javier C. Hernandez, “Why China Silenced a Clickbait Queen in Its Battle for Information Control,” The New York Times, March 16, 2019.
11. Adrian Shahbaz, “Fake News, Data Collection, and the Challenge to Democracy,” Freedom House, 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism.
12. Rana Foroohar, “China’s Xi Jinping Is No Davos Man,” Financial Times, January 20, 2019.
13. Ibid.
14. Jordan Robertson and Michael Riley, “The Big Hack: How China Used a Tiny Chip to Infiltrate U.S. Companies,” Bloomberg Businessweek, October 4, 2018.
15. Lee outlines some of this in his book AI Superpowers as I do in Makers and Takers.
16. Rana Foroohar, “Advantage China in the Race to Control AI?” Financial Times, September 21, 2018.
17. Rana Foroohar, “Fight the FAANGs, Not China,” Financial Times, May 6, 2018.
18. Foroohar, “China’s Xi Jinping Is No Davos Man.”
19. Lauren Easton, “How I Got That Photo of Zuckerberg’s Notes,” Associated Press, April 11, 2018.
20. Louise Lucas, “Huawei Deal with AT&T to Sell Phones in US Falls Through,” Financial Times, January 8, 2019.
21. Mike Isaac and Cecilia Kang, “Facebook Expects to Be Fined Up to $5 Billion Over Privacy Issues,” The New York Times, April 24, 2019.
22. David Shepardson, “Facebook Confirms Data Sharing with Chinese Companies,” Reuters, June 5, 2018.
23. Rana Foroohar, “Facebook’s Data Sharing Shows It Is Not a US Champion,” Financial Times, June 6, 2018.
24. Luce and Rana, “Election Manipulation Edition.”
25. Robert D. Atkinson and Michael Lind, “Who Wins After U.S. Antritrust Regulators Attack? China,” Fortune, March 29, 2018.
26. Max Ehrenfreund, “A Majority of Millennials Now Reject Capitalism, Poll Shows,” The Washington Post, April 26, 2016.
Chapter 14: How to Not Be Evil
1. Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers: How Wall Street Destroyed Main Street (New York: Crown Business, 2016).
2. John Thornhill, “The Social Networks Are Publishers, Not Postmen,” Financial Times, March 25, 2019.
3. Matt Novak, “New Zealand’s Prime Minister Says Social Media Can’t Be ‘All Profit, No Responsibility,’ ” Gizmodo, March 3, 2019.
4. Open Markets Institute, “Key Judge Warns of Concentrated Power, Calls for Reviving Antitrust Tools,” Corner, May 2, 2019.
5. Shapiro and Aneja, “Who Owns Americans’ Personal Information and What Is It Worth?”
6. Ibid.
7. Cathy O’Neil, “Audit the Algorithms That Are Ruling Our L
ives,” Financial Times, July 30, 2018.
8. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, “Explore the Panama Papers,” January 31, 2017.
9. Author interviews with Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2017, 2018.
10. Rana Foroohar, “The Need for a Fair Means of Digital Taxation Increases,” Financial Times, February 27, 2018.
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