by Nigel West
4 Praun.
5 After the war Dr Hüttenhain joined the Federal German Bundesnachrichtendienst. He died in December 1990 in Bühl.
6 Radio Counterintelligence by Ernst de Bary, 1950. Appendix IV.
7 There is no mention in the TICOM material of SIM’s pre-war acquisition of the British Foreign Office ‘R’ code through a penetration of the embassy in Rome by two employees, Francesco and Secondo Costantini. This breach of security was not discovered until 1947 even though there had been an official investigation of lax security at the mission in 1937. See Crown Jewels by Oleg Tsarev.
Chapter 3
1 Walter Gaul, The German Air Force and the Normandy Invasion 1944 (US Office of Naval Intelligence, March 1953).
2 Bletchley Park and the RAF Y Service by Arthur Bonsall (Intelligence & National Security. Vol. 6, 2008. The other priority was to identify minelaying aircraft deployed over the English Channel.
Chapter 4
1 For details of MI5’s investigation of leaks to Liddell Hart endangering OVERLORD, see KV2/2410– KV2/2411.
2 Heinrich Ahlrichs’ MI5 file is at KV2/1173
3 Meiler was identified in 1964 in the Reader’s Digest by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover as a double agent named ‘Albert van Loon’, the author apparently unaware that PAT J was a likely triple cross case. See also Walter Kohler, NARA Records, Class 105, File No. 009673, Section 001, Box 156, Location 130 86/1805. Also FBI File 65-41275; Meiler’s MI5 file is at KV2/2102.
4 Udo von Bonin’s MI5 file is at KV2/1973.
5 The MI5 files of MUTT and JEFF are at KV2/1067 and KV2/1068 respectively.
Chapter 5
1 Friedrich Baumeister’s MI5 file is at KV2/265.
2 Transferred to Caen in July 1944, Hummel later undertook a sabotage mission in Algeria. He was interrogated by the CIC in 1945 and returned to Madrid, where he operated as an arms dealer. He moved back to Germany in 1956 and died in Felnsburg in July 1993 aged 83.
3 Ernst Kleyenstueber’s MI5 file is at KV2/1326.
4 Ibid.
5 BRUTUS’s MI5 file is at KV2/72.
6 GARBO’s MI5 file is at KV2/4190 and KV2/39-43; 63-71; 101-102; 2863.
7 POGO’s MI5 file is at KV2/3848.
8 Otto Kurrer’s MI5 file is at KV2/1962.
9 Joachim Canaris’ MI5 file is at KV2/167.
10 Theodor Schade’s MI5 file is at KV2/1974.
11 Kurt von Rohrscheidt’s MI5 file is at KV2/239.
12 Wolfgang Blaum’s MI5 file is at KV2/1976.
13 Fritz Cramer’s MI5 file is at KV2/1742.
14 Aloys Schreiber’s MI5 file is at KV2/3568.
15 CARELESS’s MI5 file is at KV2/1438.
16 David Scherr’s History of the Security Intelligence Department of the Defence Security Office, Gibraltar 1939–45 is at KV4/259.
17 Gino Birindelli was repatriated in 1944. In 1970 he was appointed NATO’s naval commander for southern Europe and upon his retirement was elected to the Italian parliament. He died in 2008.
18 After the war Molina was claimed by Commander Don Gomez-Beare as a useful contact. See Guy Liddell’s diary for 13 November 1946.
19 Gottfried Paul-Taboschat’s MI5 file is at KV2/93.
20 Alberto Koepke’s MI5 file is at KV2/92.
21 LIPSTICK’s MI5 file is at KV2/687.
Chapter 6
1 TRICYCLE’s MI5 file is at KV2/850.
2 TATE’s MI5 file has not been declassified. He died on 19 October 1992, aged 80. See his Daily Telegraph obituary, Harry Williamson, 23 October 1992.
3 FREAK’s MI5 file is at KV2/1069.
4 TREASURE’s MI5 file is at KV2/465.
5 ARTIST’s MI5 file is at KV2/845-866.
6 Educated at University College, Oxford, and Madrid University, Charles de Salis died in February 2007.
7 The US 1st Infantry Division would become better known to the Germans in April 1944 when it was one component of the disastrous exercise TIGER which was a night-time practice assault on Slapton Sands in south Devon. The operation was disrupted by the surprise appearance of Kriegsmarine E-boats and the loss of 749 American servicemen.
8 Paul Fidrmuc also wrote several novels, including El Crimen Submarino (1950) and a travel guide, Una Pirgua en la Costa Brava (1996). His MI5 file is at KV2/196-201.
9 Wilhelm von Carnap was the leader of the RHSA’s Mil B.
10 Karl-Heinz Krämer’s MI5 file is at KV2/145-156.
11 Hans Brandes’ MI5 file is at KV2/3295. He was interrogated by the USCIC in December 1945 and released.
12 CEAs in Italy in 1944, 226/119/23, US National Archives, College Park, Suitland, Maryland.
Chapter 7
1 The Enemy as Seen by the Oberrkommando of Geeregruppe B Before the Invasion (End of May–Beginning of June 1944) by Anton Staubwasser (MS No. B675, 1 October 1947).
2 The BAOR Intelligence Review of 4 March 1946 included an article entitled ‘The File of Colonel M’, which alleged that Staubwasser’s replacement at FHW, Major Roger Michael, had revealed under post-war interrogation that he and von Roenne had colluded in the falsification of FHW estimates to exaggerate Allied strength by twenty divisions (twelve or thirteen infantry divisions, seven or eight armoured divisions, four or five mechanised infantry divisions, five Canadian divisions and three or four divisions in the Mediterranean) to compensate for OKW’s over-optimistic assessments. The article was mentioned by Chester Wilmot in The Struggle for Europe (1951).
3 The Japanese diplomatic intercepts of traffic from Berlin were stored at the US Naval Security Group repository at Crane, near Bloomington, Indiana, until they were transferred to NARA, College Park: Record Group 38, identifier 1165120, Box 2.
5 PANDORA was a one-time pad cipher system employed by the Reich Foreign Ministry, a sub-set of the FLORADORA decrypts.
6 Hans Cramer wrote his memoirs in November 1944, and died in October 1968. Shortly before his release, Ops (B) suggested using Cramer as an unconscious deception vehicle for a scheme code-named GILMERTON, but permission was denied.
Chapter 8
1 The Rommel Papers, ed. Fritz Bayerlein, 1948.
2 Ibid.
3 Hitler, 20 March 1944.
4 The Rommel Papers.
5 Albert Praun, German Radio Intelligence, 1950.
6 Ibid.
7 Hans Speidel, We Defended Normandy.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 8 July 1944.
Chapter 9
1 Post-war, Jean Rosenthal became a leader of Paris’ Jewish community and died in August 1993.
2 See Robert Bourne-Paterson’s British Circuits in France. (HS8/1002) Also Unearthing Churchill’s Secret Army by John Grehand and Martin Mace (Pen & Sword, 2012).
3 John Starr’s SOE personal file is at HS9/1406/8. See also MI5’s file on German Penetration of SOE at KV3/75.
4 Ernst de Bary.
5 Raoul [Jean Lucien] Kiffer’s MI5 file is at KV2/753. He was tried in December 1949, sentenced to death, reprieved, and finally released in 1953. He died in Senlis in September 1973.
6 Horst Kopkow’s MI5 file is at KV2/1500.
7 The compromise of VENTRILOQUIST is documented by M.R.D. Foot in SOE in France (p. 341) but notes that BUTLER had been assigned the precise same code phrase. He also suggests Marcel Rousset’s transmitter, which was SD-controlled for nine months, may have been a culprit, as well as Henri Garry’s CINEMA-PHONO. However, Colonel Hermann Giskes of Abt. III in Brussels asserted in his memoirs London Calling North Pole (William Kimber, 1953), ‘Although German counter-espionage was in fact able to work out the sense of these messages, it did not succeed in obtaining any definite indications about the Allied invasion programme.’ (p. 157). Giskes’ MI5 file is at KV2/962.
8 See Harry Hinsley’s British Intelligence in World War II (Vol. 3, Part 2), p.127.
9 HW 40/76.
10 Oscar Reile’s MI5 file is at KV2/3016. His memoirs were only published in German: Treff Luteita Paris (Verlag Welsermuhl,
1973).
11 All the enemy-controlled circuits have never been identified in full, but may have included: Marcus Bloom (URBAN) was part of the PRUNUS network and was arrested on 14 April 1943, and the contact survived until June 1943; Gilbert Norman (ARCHAMBAUD) was arrested on 24 June 1943 in Paris and the contact lasted until August 1943; John Macalister (VALENTIN) and Frank Pickersgill (BERTRAND) were arrested on 21 June 1943. The contact continued from August 1943 to May 1944.; Rowland Dowlen (ACHILLE), of the CHESTNUT circuit, was arrested on 31 July 1943; Marcel Rousset (LEOPOLD) of the BUTLER network was arrested on 7 September 1943; Noor Inayat Khan (MADELEINE) of the PHONO network was arrested in Paris on 13 October 1943 and her transmitter was used until May 1944; Yolande Beekman (MARIETTE) of the MUSICIAN network was arrested on 13 January 1944; Isadore Newman (PEPE) of the SALESMAN circuit was arrested on 31 March 1944 near Rouen. Newman was shot at Mauthausen in September. See also Jean Overton Fuller, The German Penetration of SOE (George Mann, 1975).
12 HW 40/76.
Chapter 10
1 GARBO’s MI5 file is at KV2/4190; KV2/39-42; KV2/23-71; KV2/101-102; KV2/2863.
2 BRUTUS’s MI5 file is at KV2/72.
3 Hans Speidel, We Defended Normandy.
Chapter 11
1 Speidel also acknowledged in his memoirs We Defended Normandy the existence of ‘reliable agents in England’ (p.940).
2 The absent conspirators named in the indictment were: Udo von Bonin; Dr Ignatz Griebl; Herman Menzl; Erich Pfeiffer; Ernst Muller; Walter Gudenberg; Otto Sanders; Schmidt; Theodore Schütz; and Herbert Joenichen. In addition, Mrs Jessie Jordan, their live letter-drop in Dundee, Scotland, was also prosecuted and imprisoned.
3 Carl Eitel’s MI5 file is at KV2/882.
4 Alfred Gabas’ MI5 file is at KV2/210.
5 Jean Senouque’s MI5 file is at KV2/225.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
The German records consist of Helmut Arntz’s collection of FHW reports, retained by the US First Army, and OKW Lagebericht for 1944, recovered by the US Seventh Army from a cave in Thuringia in April 1945.
Bayerlein, F. (ed.), The Rommel Papers (DaCapo Press, 1982).
Bonsall, Arthur, ‘Bletchley Park and the RAF Y Service’, Intelligence & National Security, Vol. 6, 2008.
de Bary, Ernst, Radio Counterintelligence (1950).
Foot, M.R.D., SOE in France (HMSO, 1966).
Gaul, Walter, The German Air Force and the Normandy Invasion 1944 (US Office of Naval Intelligence, 1953).
Giskes, Colonel Hermann, London Calling North Pole (William Kimber, 1953).
Grehand, John & Mace, Martin, Unearthing Churchill’s Secret Army (Pen & Sword, 2012).
Heatts, Dorothy J., Footnote to Cicero (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013).
Hinsley, Harry, British Intelligence in World War II, Vol. 3, Part 2 (HMSO, 1979).
Macksey, Kenneth, Without Enigma (Ian Allan, 2000).
Overton Fuller, Jean, The German Penetration of SOE (George Mann, 1975).
Praun, Albert, German Radio Intelligence (Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1950, declassified 2014).
Reile, Oscar, Treff Luteita Paris (Verlag Welsermuhl, 1973).
Speidel, Hans, We Defended Normandy (Herbert Jenkins Ltd, 1951).
Tsarev, Oleg & West, Nigel, Crown Jewels (HarperCollins, 1999).
Wilmot, Chester, The Struggle for Europe (Collins, 1951).
