21Virginia Company of London, A true and sincere declaration of the purpose and ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia . . . Sett forth by the authority of the Governors and Councellors established for that Plantation (STC 24832, London, 1610), p. 6.
22Hakluyt handbook, ed. Quinn, vol. I, p. 317.
23The Jamestown voyages under the first charter, 1606–1609, ed. Philip L. Barbour, 2 vols (Hakluyt Society, second series, nos. 136, 137, Cambridge, 1969), vol. I, pp. xxiv–xxviii.
24The great frost. Cold doings in London, except it be at the loterrie (STC 11403, London, 1608), esp. sigs. B2v–B3; Malcolm Gaskill, Between two worlds: how the English became Americans (Oxford, 2014), ch. 1.
25STC 24830.4, which is the certificate for £25 of Richard Widows, a London goldsmith: The records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbury, 4 vols (Washington, DC, 1906–35), vol. III, p. 89.
26The genesis of the United States, ed. Alexander Brown, 2 vols (Boston and New York, 1890), vol. I, pp. 257–8, 277–82, 291–3, 302–7.
27Richard Hakluyt, Virginia richly valued, By the description of the maine land of Florida, her next neighbour (STC 22938, London, 1609), sig. A4-v.
28Robert Johnson, Nova Britannia: offering most excellent fruites by Planting in Virginia. Exciting all such as be well affected to further the same (STC 14699.5, London, 1609).
29Virginia Company of London, For the Plantation in Virginia. Or Nova Britannia (STC 24831, London, 1609).
30STC 24830.9.
31William Symonds, Virginia. A sermon preached at White-Chappel, In The presence of many, Honourable and Worshipfull, the Adventurers and Planters for Virginia. 25. April. 1609. Published for the benefit And Use of the Colony, Planted, And to bee Planted there, and for the Advancement of their Christian Purpose (STC 23594, London, 1609), p. 1.
32Robert Gray, A good speed to Virginia (STC 12204, London, 1609), sig. B2v.
33Symonds, Virginia, p. 54.
CHAPTER 20: TIME PAST, TIME PRESENT
1Peter Barber, London: a history in maps, ed. Laurence Worms, Roger Cline and Ann Saunders (London Topographical Society, no. 173, London, 2012), pp. 22–3.
2Barrett L. Beer, ‘Stow [Stowe], John (1524/5–1605)’, ODNB.
3Taylor, Richard Hakluyts, vol. II, p. 509.
4Minnie Reddan and Alfred W. Clapham, The church of St Helen, Bishopsgate (vol. IX of London County Council’s Survey of London, ed. Sir James Bird and Philip Norman, London, 1924), p. 52 and plates 62–5.
5Alfred Povah, The annals of the parishes of St Olave Hart Street and Allhallows Staining, in the city of London (London, 1894), pp. 58, 66–8.
6Povah, St Olave Hart Street, pp. 89–91; Mortimer Epstein, The early history of the Levant Company (London, 1908), pp. 159, 255, 257, 258, 261; Alfred C. Wood, A history of the Levant Company (London, 1964), p. 22; The dawn of British trade as recorded in the court minutes of the East India Company, 1599–1603, ed. Henry Stevens (London, 1886), pp. 54, 56–8, 74–6, 98, 116, 167, 187, 249, 254, 263.
7Staper’s monument was moved from St Martin Outwich to St Helen, Bishopsgate, in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century: The registers of St Martin Outwich, ed. W. Bruce Bannerman (London, 1905), pp. v–vi; Reddan and Clapham, St Helen Bishopsgate, p. 71, plates 94–5.
8PC 2/13, p. 419.
9SP 12/187, no. 77.
10Immanuel Bourne, The godly mans guide: with a direction for all; especially, merchants and tradsmen, shewing how they may so buy, and sell, and get gaine, that they may gaine heaven (STC 3417, London, 1620), p. 19.
11Bannerman, St Olave, p. 123.
12Charles Dickens, The uncommercial traveller and reprinted pieces etc. (Oxford, 1987), pp. 233–40.
13Freshfield, Account books, pp. 62–3.
14The marriage, baptismal, and burial registers, 1571 to 1874 . . . of the Dutch Reformed church, Austin Friars, London, ed. W. J. C. Moens, (Lymington, 1884), pp. xxxi–xxxii.
15The English factories in India: a calendar of documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Record Office, ed. William Foster et al., 13 vols (Oxford, 1906–27), vol. I, pp. 183–6.
16The records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbury, 4 vols (Washington, DC, 1906–35), vol. I, p. 398.
17Council for Virginia, A declaration of the state of the Colonie and Affaires in Virginia: with the Names of the Adventurors, and Summes adventured in that Action (STC 24841.4, London, 1620), p. 1.
18Council for Virginia, Declaration of the state of the Colonie, pp. 3–4.
19By the King. A Proclamation for the restraint of the disordered trading for Tobacco (STC 8637, London, 1620).
20Virginia Company, ed. Kingsbury, vol. I, pp. 402–3.
21Barber, London: a history in maps, pp. 36–9.
22The diary of John Evelyn, ed. William Bray, 2 vols (New York and London, 1901), vol. II, p. 21.
23Barber, London: a history in maps, p. 52.
24J. Lindeboom, Austin Friars: history of the Dutch Reformed church in London, 1550–1950 (The Hague, 1950), pp. 191–2.
25Kingsford, vol. I, p. 143.
26Kingsford, vol. I, p. xcviii.
27Dickens, Uncommercial traveller, p. 234.
List of Illustrations and Maps
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.A Fête at Bermondsey, c. 1569, attributed to Marcus Gheeraerts the elder (Hatfield House, Hertfordshire/Bridgeman Images)
2.Lord Mayor, alderman and liveryman, late sixteenth century, by Lucas de Heere. British Library, London (copyright © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/Bridgeman Images)
3.Detail of a death’s head ring, from a portrait of Gawen Goodman, 1582, British school (National Museum of Wales, Cardiff/Bridgeman Images)
4.Dr King preaching at Old St Paul’s, 1616, by John Gipkyn (Society of Antiquaries of London/Bridgeman Images)
5.Detail of London Bridge viewed from Southwark, from A Panorama of London, c. 1544, by Anthonis van den Wyngaerde (Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford/Bridgeman Images)
6.Two views of a signet ring bearing the grasshopper badge of Sir Thomas Gresham and the arms of Sir Richard Lee, mid sixteenth century (copyright © Victoria & Albert Museum, London)
7.Portrait of Thomas Gresham, 1544, British school. Mercers’ Hall, London (courtesy of the Mercers’ Company; copyright © Louis Sinclair)
8.The Royal Exchange, c. 1600 (Alamy)
9.Portrait of John Isham, c. 1560s, circle of Gerlach Flicke. Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire (reproduced by kind permission of the Lamport Hall Trustees)
10.Portrait of Thomas Gresham, c. 1565, by Anthonis Mor (copyright © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)
11.Detail of the map Nova Absolutaque Russiae Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio, 1562, by Anthony Jenkinson (University Library, Wrocław, Poland. Call no.: 9590-IV.C.)
12.Richard Hakluyt, detail from a stained-glass window in the south transept above the entrance to the cloister of Bristol Cathedral, c. 1900, by C. E. Kempe (Bristol Cathedral/Dave Pratt Photography)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS
13.The Universal Instrument, 1582, by Humphrey Cole (reproduced by courtesy of the University of St Andrews)
14.Portrait of Martin Frobisher, c. 1577, by Cornelis Kettel. Bodleian Library, Oxford (De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images)
15.An Elizabethan half pound, gold, sixth issue, 1582–1600 (M&H Coins, Brentwood)
16.The printing plate used for the Moorfields section of the ‘Copperplate Map’ of London, 1559 (copyright © Museum of London)
17.Portrait of Sir Thomas Smythe, seventeenth century, by Simon de Passe (British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library)
18.Title-page of Nova Britannia, 1609, by Robert Johnson (Virginia Historical Society. Call no.: Rare Books F229 J671)
19.The church of St Andrew Undershaft, City of London (Alamy)
20.Tomb of Paul Bayning, early seventeenth century. Church of St Olave, Hart Street, City of London (copyright © Jim Harris)
MAPS
p. 75.The voyage to Cathay, 1553, and Richard Chancellor’s discovery of Russia instead.
p. 156.The north-western seas explored by Martin Frobisher, 1576–8.
p. 225.The East Indies, 1599.
p. 238.North America, Richard Hakluyt’s ‘fourth part of the globe’.
All maps are details from Richard Hakluyt, The principal navigations, voiages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation, 1598–1600 (Reproduced by courtesy of the Department of Special Collections, University of Leiden. Shelf Mark: 1370 C 10-12)
Acknowledgements
The persuasive nudge to write this book came from Peter Robinson, and the initial idea and prospectus for it has since been shaped and nurtured into existence by Simon Winder at Penguin, George Gibson at Bloomsbury USA and George Lucas at Inkwell Management. Peter has a spooky talent for apparently knowing what I want to write about before I quite do myself, and Simon, George and George have helped enormously in giving to the project direction and purpose. To all four I owe substantial debts of gratitude. I must also thank the team at Penguin (most especially Maria Bedford, Richard Duguid and Marina Kemp) for their unfailing help, Jane Robertson for her superb copy-editing and Cecilia Mackay for her skill in locating and securing so many wonderful images for the illustrations.
The first draft of the book was read by Dr Sara Barker, Professor Martin Butler and Professor John Guy, whose comments, corrections and suggestions (some but by no means all of which are recorded in the Notes) have improved it no end. Needless to say, in the conventional scholarly caveat, any mistakes or oddities in this final version are entirely my own. To John Guy I owe a further and special debt: twenty years ago he taught me my trade as a historian, and his scholarship and writing is a continuing inspiration.
I am grateful indeed to my colleagues in the School of History at Leeds for allowing me a term of study leave after three-and-a-half busy teaching years, months in early 2016 that gave me the peace and silence necessary to finish the book. Professor Ian Wood deserves particular thanks for sharing with me his own extensive Elizabethan interests. The research that underpins this book owes a very great deal to the professionalism and courtesy of the staffs of the Brotherton and Laidlaw libraries in Leeds, of Cambridge University Library, of the London Metropolitan Archives and of the Special Collections reading room of the Universiteitsbibliotheek in Leiden.
Not a word of this book would be in print without the unfailing love of Max, always my best supporter and most perceptive critic, and our darling Matilda, from whom I learn so much every day, and whose joy of life makes everything worthwhile. It is dedicated with love to my parents, Jennifer and Tony Alford, who have always encouraged me on a historical journey that began a long time ago with pitched battles at Weston Park, L. du Garde Peach’s Oliver Cromwell, and the Roman ruins that sit in the long shadow of the Wrekin.
Stephen Alford
Gargrave
December 2016
Index
Locations such as streets and buildings are in London, except where otherwise stated
Abdul-khan here
Addle Street or Lane here
Ady, John here
Aegean Sea here
Africa here, here, here, here
Africans (in London) here
Agra here
Akbar, Emperor here
Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of here, here
Aldersgate here
Aldgate here, here, here, here
Aleppo here, here, here, here, here, here
Alexandria here
All Hallows the Great, parish here
All-Hallows-on-the-Wall here
Amadas, Philip here
America here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here
see also North America; South America
Amsterdam here, here, here, here
Ancona here
Andrewes, John here
Angel, Bishopsgate here
Anne Boleyn, Queen here, here
Anne (ship) here
Antioch here
Anton, Robert here
Antwerp:
Bamis mart here
Church of Our Lady here
and cloth trade here, here, here, here, here, here
English House here, here
fairs here, here
finance in here, here, here
and Henry VIII’s debts here–here
and intelligence here
and London merchants here, here–here, here, 95–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here
New Bourse here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here–here
Old Bourse here
population here
printing and book trade here, here, here, here, here
royal agents in here–here, here, here
Sinxen mart here, here, here
spice market here
taken by Spanish here, here
town hall here
as trading centre here, here
‘Wonderyear’ (Calvinists in) here
apprenticeship here, here, here, here
archaeology here
Archangel here
Arctic Circle here
Arctic Ocean here, here, here, here, here
Aristotle here
Arthington, Henry, Provision for the Poore here
Asia here
Asia Minor here
Astrakhan here
Atlantic Ocean here
Augsburg here, here, here, here
Augustinians here
Austin Friars here, here, here, here, here
Jesus Temple here–here, here, here, here
Australia here
Ave Maria Lane (Ave Mary Lane) here, here
Awdeley, John here–here
Bacon, Sir Francis here
Baedeker guides here
Baffin Island here, here
Baker, Matthew here
ballads and songs here, here, here
Baltic here, here, here, here
banking here, here, here, here–here, here–here
Bankside here
Bantam here, here, here
baptism records here, here
Barbary coast here
Barbican here
Bardi family here
Barker, Anne here
Barker, Leonard here–here, here
Barking here
Barlowe, Arthur here
Barnaby, John here
Barne, Anne (née Garrard) here
Barne, Sir George here–here
Barne, George, younger here
Barré, Captain Nicholas here
Barret, Charles here
Bartholomew Lane here
Basinghall Street here, here
Basra here
Bayning, Andrew and Paul here, here, here
Bear, Basinghall Street here
bear- and bull-baiting here
Becke, Goody here
Becke, Thomas here
Becket, Thomas here, here, here
beggars here, here, here, here
Belle Isle, Strait of here
Bengal here
Gulf of here
Bergen-op-Zoom, Passmarkt and Cold mart here
Bermondsey here
Bermuda here
Berwick-upon-Tweed here
Best, George here, here–here, here
Best, Robert here, here, here, here, here
Bethlehem Hospital (St Mary Bethlehem; Bedlam) here, here, here, here, here
Beza, Theodore here
Bible here, here, here, here, here
Bijapur here
Billingsgate here, here
bills of exchange here–here
Bishop, George here
Bishopsgate here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here
Bishopsgate Street here
Black Death here
Black Raven Alley (later Pope’s Alley) here
Blackfri
ars here, here
Bladder Street here
Boar’s Head theatre here
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Decameron here
Bolt and Tun, Fleet Street here
Bona Confidentia (ship) here
Bona Speranza (ship) here, here–here
Bones, Jan here
Bonvisi, Antonio here
Bonvisi (banking house) here, here, here
Book of Common Prayer here
books and pamphlets here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here
Borneo here
Borough, Stephen here, here
Borough, William here, here, here
Boudicca here, here
Bourne, Immanuel here
Bow Lane here
Bowes, Sir Martin here
Brabant here, here, here, here
dukes of here
Bradbury, Thomas here
Bradley, John here
Bradley family here
Bramley, Goodwife here
Braunston, Northamptonshire here–here, here, here
Brave (ship) here
Brazil here, here, here
Brereton, John here–here, here
brewhouses here
Bricklayers’ Company here
Bridewell hospitals here, here, here–here
Bridewell Palace here, here
Bristol here, here, here, here
Broad Street here, here
Broken Wharf here
Bronze Age here
brothels (‘stewhouses’) here
Bruges here, here
Brussels here, here, here
Brute (Brutus) here
Bukhara here, here, here, here
Bull inn, Dartford here
bullion here, here
Buntingford, Hertfordshire here, here
Burghley, Lord see Cecil, Sir William
burials here, here, here
Burma here
Cabot, John here
Cabot, Sebastian here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here
Cairo here
Caius, John here
Calais here
Calvin, John here
Calvinism here, here
Cambalu here
Cambridge, University of here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Gonville Hall here–here
Peterhouse here
Candlewick Street here, here
Cannon Row here
‘canters’ dictionary’ here
Cape Best here
Cape of Good Hope here, here, here, here
London’s Triumph: Merchants, Adventurers, and Money in Shakespeare’s City Page 35
