20.“From the 107th Ohio,” Wooster Republican, January 21, 1864; Shankman, “Soldier Votes and Clement L. Vallandigham,” 90; “From the 107th,” Summit County Beacon, September 24, 1863; “From the 107th Regiment,” Newark [Ohio] Advocate, November 27, 1863; White, Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection, 110; Wooster Republican, January 4, 1864.
21.The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1864 (New York: Tribune Association, 1864), 69; “How the Soldiers Voted,” Lowell Daily Citizen and News, October 15, 1863; “Telegraphic,” Daily Cleveland Herald, October 22, 1863; “From the 107th Regiment—The Democratic Soldiers not Permitted to Vote,” Stark County Democrat, December 2, 1863; “The Election in Ohio,” Ohio Repository, October 21, 1863; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 155; Lincoln to Brough, as quoted in Christopher Dell, Lincoln and the War Democrats: The Grand Erosion of Conservative Tradition (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1975), 245; McArthur Democrat [Vinton County, Ohio], January 7, 1864; Holmes County [Ohio] Farmer, November 5, 1863.
22.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 156–60; John Brunny to friend, December 29, 1863, Society of Separatists of Zoar Records, Box 96, Folder 1, OHC; John Geissler to esteemed friend, January 8, 1864, Society of Separatists of Zoar Records, Box 96, Folder 1, OHC; Fritz Nussbaum to Friend Cary, November 14, 1863, George Shane Phillips Papers, Box 2, Huntington Library; Mahlon Slutz Reminiscences, Indiana State Library; Order of December 29, 1863, 107th Ohio Regimental Books, RG 94, NA; Fritz Nussbaum to Friend Cary, November 14, 1863, George S. Phillips Papers, Box 2, Huntington Library; Court Martial Case File LL–1584, RG 153, NA; McGrath, History of the 127th New York, 77–78; Wise, Gate of Hell, 9–10, 147–48; “The 107th Re-Enlisted,” Wooster Republican, February 4, 1864.
23.The Liberator, January 8 and January 15, 1864; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 159; Luis Fenollosa Emilio, The History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863–1865 (Boston: Boston Book Company, 1894), 144.
24.Dispatch to Seraphim Meyer, February 6, 1864, RG 393, pt. 2, entry 5364: Letters Sent May 1863–May 1864.
25.OR, vol. 28, pt. 2, pp. 129–30, 134–35; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, p. 279; Robert A. Taylor, Rebel Storehouse: Florida’s Contribution to the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003), 111, and chaps. 5 and 6, passim; William H. Nulty, Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990), 53–55, 72–73; John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century Company, 1909), 8:281–82; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 148.
26.H. David Stone, Jr., Vital Rails: The Charleston & Savannah Railroad and the Civil War in Coastal South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), 177–78; Daniel L. Schafer, Thunder on the River: The Civil War in Northeast Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010), 178; George F. Baltzell, “The Battle of Olustee (Ocean Pond), Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly 9, no. 4 (April 1931): 202–3; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 151; Oscar D. Ladley to Mother and Sisters, February 1864, Oscar D. Ladley Papers, Wright State; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 161; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, p. 31; William Warren Memoir, https://seventeenthcvi.org/blog/history-index/william-warren-history/the-warren-articles–18–22/; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 31, 106–7; “Letter from the 107th,” Stark County Republican, March 10, 1864.
27.Oscar D. Ladley to Mother and Sisters, February 1864, Oscar D. Ladley Papers, Wright State; William Warren Memoir, https://seventeenthcvi.org/blog/history-index/william-warren-history/the-warren-articles–18–22/; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 31, 106–7, 144–45; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 162; Stone, Jr., Vital Rails, 179–80; Stark County Republican, March 10, 1864; Mahlon Slutz, Tribute to Major Augustus Vignos, 2–3.
28.My narrative of the Florida expedition draws heavily on OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 281–86; Schafer, Thunder on the River, chap. 9; David James Coles, “Far From Fields of Glory: Military Operations in Florida during the Civil War, 1864–1865” (PhD diss., Florida State University, 1996), 40–65; and Nulty, Confederate Florida. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Gray: Lives of Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 142; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth, 173; Georgia soldier, as quoted in David J. Coles, “ ‘Shooting Niggers Sir’: Confederate Mistreatment of Black Soldiers at the Battle of Olustee,” in Gregory J. W. Urwin, ed., Black Flag Over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 74.
29.Meyer to Edward W. Smith, February 13, 1864, Seraphim Meyer Compiled Service Record, RG 94, NA.
30.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 163; Gordon, A War Diary of Events, 289; “The 107th Re-Enlisted,” Wooster Republican, February 4, 1864.
CHAPTER 8: “SO MANY HARDSHIPS”
1.Justus M. Silliman to My Dear Mother, February 24, 1864, February 28, 1864, and March 11, 1864, in Edward Marcus, ed., A New Canaan Private in the Civil War: Letters of Justus M. Silliman, 17th Connecticut Volunteers (New Canaan. CT: New Canaan Historical Society, 1984), 62–63, 65; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 163–64; “From the 107th Regiment,” Stark County Republican, April 7, 1864; John Adams, Warrior at Heart: Governor John Milton, King Cotton, and Rebel Florida, 1860–1865 (Victoria, BC, Canada: Friesen Press, 2015), 3, 31; Otis L. Keene, “Jacksonville, Fifty-Three Years Ago: Recollections of a Veteran,” Florida Historical Quarterly 1 (January 1909): 9–12; Thomas Addison Richards, ed., Appleton’s Companion Hand-Book of Travel (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1864), 181; “From the 107th O.V.I.,” Stark County Republican, November 24, 1864; journalist, as quoted in Egerton, Thunder at the Gates, 214; George E. Stephens, as quoted in Ouchley, Flora and Fauna of the Civil War, 87; P. J. Staudenraus, ed., “A War Correspondent’s View of St. Augustine and Fernandina: 1863,” Florida Historical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (July 1962): 60–61; The Traveller’s Tour Through the United States: An Instructive Pastime, Performed on a Map (New York: Roe Lockwood, 1842), 32; Paul Ortiz, Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005), 15; Charlie Duren to Dear Mother, February 15, 1864, in “The Occupation of Jacksonville, February 1864 and the Battle of Olustee: Letters of Lt. C. M. Duren, 54th Massachusetts Regiment, U.S.A.,” Florida Historical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (April 1954): 264; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 151; Gordon, A War Diary of Events, 297, 301; Ira Bisbee to his brother, June 28, 1862, Spared & Shared blog [accessed January 9, 2019]; Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 17–18, 211–12; Samuel Proctor, “Jacksonville During the Civil War,” Florida Historical Quarterly 41, no. 4 (April 1963): 353; “From the 107th Regiment,” Stark County Republican, April 7, 1864; Coles, “Far From the Fields of Glory” (PhD diss., Florida State University, 1996), 47–48; Frederic Denison, Shot and Shell: The Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery Regiment in the Rebellion 1861–1865 (Providence: J. A. & R. A. Reid, 1879), 242.
2.“From the 107th O.V.I.,” Stark County Republican, April 28, 1864; James Harvey McKee, Back “In War Times”: History of the 144th Regiment, New York Volunteers (Unadilla, NY: Horace E. Bailey, 1903), 154; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 175, 178; “From the 107th Regiment,” Stark County Republican, April 7, 1864; O. D. Ladley to Dear Mother and Sisters, June 5, 1864, in Carl M. Becker and Ritchie Thomas, eds., Hearth and Knapsack: The Ladley Letters, 1857–1880 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1988), 172; “Biography of John Knaus, M.D., A Candidate for Asst Surg U.S.A.,” Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Entry 561, Box 321, RG 94, NA. On soldier “self-care,” see Kathryn Shively Meier, Nature’s Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
3.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 166; John Brunny to a friend, December 29, 1863, in Society of Separatists of Zoar Records, Box 96, Folder 1, OHC.
4.Brooks D. Simpson, “Great Expectations: Ulysses S. Grant, the Northern Press, and the Opening of the Wilde
rness Campaign,” in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Wilderness Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 19–21. The literature on these campaigns is voluminous; for the best, one volume treatment, see Mark Grimsley, And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002).
5.Simpson, “Great Expectations”; Gordon C. Rhea, The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May 7–12, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997); Horace Greeley, as quoted in Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 397; Steven R. Sodergren, The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017).
6.“From the 107th Regiment,” Stark County Republican, June 16, 1864; Taylor, Rebel Storehouse, 152, 154; William Watson Davis, The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida (New York: Columbia University Press, 1913), 297; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 371–72; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 170–71; Gordon, A War Diary, 294; Canton [Ohio] Repository, September 22, 1871.
7.Davis, The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, 297–98; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 167, 170; Oscar Ladley to Dear Mother and Sister, May 10, 1864, Oscar D. Ladley Papers, Wright State; John E. Johns, Florida During the Civil War (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1963), 203; C. M. Duren to Dear Father, March 15, 1864, in “The Occupation of Jacksonville, February 1864 and the Battle of Olustee,” Florida Historical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (April 1954): 278.
8.Proceedings of Garrison Court Martial, August 19, 1864, and Order of the Provost Marshal, July 16, 1864, 107th Ohio Regimental Books, vol. 5, RG 94, NA; Court Martial Case File 00–566, RG 153, NA; 107th Ohio Regimental Descriptive Books; Court Martial Case File MM1863, RG 153, NA. See also Stark County Democrat, May 11, 1864, and Biographical Record of Civil War Veterans Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 625–26.
9.Court Martial Case File NN2836, RG 153, NA; “Report of Persons and Articles Employed and Hired in the Field in Va. During the Month of April 1863,” Warren Russell Papers, Box 1, Folder 2, BGSU. Company D’s “colored servant” was known by the name of “Yelper.” See Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 165. For a fresh analysis of camp servants and race in Union armies, see Kristopher Teters, Practical Liberators: Union Officers in the Western Theater during the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018).
10.OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, p. 399; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 168–69; Richard F. Miller, ed., States at War, Vol. 4: A Reference Guide for Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey in the Civil War (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2015), 537; William M. Jones, “A Report on the Site of Camp Finegan,” Florida Historical Quarterly 39, no. 4 (April 1961): 366–73; Davis, Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, 303.
11.OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, p. 399; OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 401–2; Daisy Parker, “John Milton, Governor of Florida: A Loyal Confederate,” Florida Historical Quarterly 20 (April 1942): 346–61; Davis, Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, 296. On Milton, see also Adams, Warrior at Heart.
12.OR, vol. 35, pt. 1, pp. 401–2, 403; Davis, Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, 296; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 172; Gordon, A War Diary of Events, 303–4.
13.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 172; Frank A. Ofeldt, III, Fort Clinch (Charleston, NC: Arcadia, 2017), 7; OR, ser. 1., vol. 35, pt. 2, pp. 128–29.
14.OR, ser. 1., vol. 35, pt. 2, pp. 128–29; William J. Gladwin, Jr., “Men, Salt, Cattle, and Battle: The Civil War in Florida, November 1860–July 1865” (Research paper, U.S. Naval War College, 1992).
15.Oscar Ladley to Dear Mother & Sisters, August 8, 1864, in Becker and Thomas, Hearth and Knapsack, 175–76; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 170.
16.Oscar Ladley to Dear Mother & Sisters, July 31, 1864, and August 8, 1864, in Becker and Thomas, Hearth and Knapsack, 174–76; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 176–77.
17.1864 Democratic Party Platform, as quoted in David E. Long, The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Re-election and the End of Slavery (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994), 283–84.
18.William Allen, as quoted in Roseboom, The History of the State of Ohio. Vol. 4, 434; “A Few Paragraphs on ‘Peace,’ ” Stark County Republican, August 11, 1864; “Lieut. Harrison,” Stark County Republican, October 27, 1864; Annals of Cleveland 47 (1864): 289; Weber, Copperheads, 154; James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), 151.
19.“Company A, 107th O.V.I.,” Stark County Republican, October 27, 1864; “From the 107th O.V.I.,” Stark County Republican, November 24, 1864; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 179; White, Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Re-Election of Abraham Lincoln, 98–128. On the election of 1864, see Long, Jewel of Liberty, and John C. Waugh, Re-Electing Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Da Capo, 2001). Jonathan W. White has persuasively argued that soldiers in the 1864 election “voted for the candidate they believed would end the war quickly and honorably.” White likewise documents widespread voter intimidation within the ranks. See White, Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Re-Election of Abraham Lincoln, 103–4.
20.Justus Silliman to My Dear Mother, November 9, 1864, in Marcus, ed., A New Canaan Private, 83; “From the 107th O.V.I.,” Stark County Republican, November 24, 1864; “Vote of the 107 Ohio Regiment for President,” Stark County Democrat, December 7, 1864; Stark County Republican, December 15, 1864; Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 250. Democratic soldier, as quoted in White, Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Re-Election of Abraham Lincoln, 125. Meyer’s speech no doubt enthused the Stark County contingent, which cast fifty-eight votes for Lincoln and just four for McClellan.
21.Jefferson Davis, as quoted in Jesse Ames Spencer, History of the United States: From the Earliest Period to the Administration of Andrew Johnson (New York: Johnson, Fry and Company, 1866), 504.
22.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 180; OR, vol. 39, pt. 3, p. 740; Paul M. Angle, ed., Three Years in the Army of the Cumberland: The Letters and Diary of Major James A. Connolly (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 311; Frank J. Welcher, The Union Army, 1861–1865: Organization and Operations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 1:120; Mahlon Slutz Reminiscences, Indiana State Library; Leonne M. Hudson, “A Confederate Victory at Grahamville: Fighting at Honey Hill,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 94, no. 1 (January 1993): 19–33, quote from Savannah Republican, December 3, 1864, at 30; C. C. Jones, Jr., “The Battle of Honey Hill,” Southern Historical Society Papers 13 (1885): 362; Stone, Jr., Vital Rails, 210–25, 232; Justus Silliman to Dear Mother, December 12, 1864, in Marcus, ed., A New Canaan, 86–87; OR, vol. 44, pp. 535, 636. On Sherman’s March to the Sea, see also Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War, and Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaign (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985).
23.Stone, Jr., Vital Rails, 228–29; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 180.
24.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 181–82; McKee, Back “In War Times,” 200.
25.Joel C. Fisk and William H. D. Blake, A Condensed History of the 56th Regiment, New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry (Newburgh, NY: Newburgh Journal Printing House and Book Bindery, 1906), 64; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 182–83; OR, vol. 44, p. 824; Company K roster in 107th Ohio Regimental Books, RG 94, NA. On the harrowing experience of rebel captivity and the struggles of survivors to wrestle with those experiences, see Brian Matthew Jordan, Marching Home: Union Veterans and Their Unending Civil War (New York: Liveright, 2014), chap.5.
26.OR, vol. 44, pp. 824–25; Fisk and Blake, A Condensed History of the 56th Regiment, 65–66; McGrath, History of the 127th New York, 142; Annals of Cleveland 47 (1864): 326; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 185.
27.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 184; McGrath, History of the 127th New York, 143.
28.Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 143–46. The burning of Columbia has invited no shortage of controversy; see Marion Br
unson Lucas, Sherman and the Burning of Columbia (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988).
29.Denison, Shot and Shell, 287–88; Howard, Autobiography, 2:131–132; Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 12; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 185–87; OR, vol. 47, pt. 1, p. 202; Fisk and Blake, A Condensed History of the 56th Regiment, 74.
30.OR, vol. 47, pt. 1, pp. 254–55; OR, vol. 47, pt. 2, p. 856; Howard, Autobiography, 2:135; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 289; Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 121.
31.OR, vol. 47, pt. 1, pp. 1025, 1027, 1033; OR, vol. 47, pt. 2, pp. 856–57; Noah Andre Trudeau, Out of the Storm: The End of the Civil War, April-June 1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994), 245; Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 5, 9–11; Ramona LaRoche, Georgetown County, South Carolina (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2000), 7; Mary H. Leonard, “An Old Industry,” Popular Science Monthly 46 (1895): 649, 657–58; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 187. For a compendium of documents on Potter’s Raid, see Allan D. Thigpen, ed., The Illustrated Recollections of Potter’s Raid, April 5–21, 1865 (Sumter, SC: Gamecock City Printing, 1998).
32.Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 380–81; OR, vol. 47, pt. 1, p. 1028; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth; OR, vol. 47, pt. 3, p. 98; John Hammond Moore, ed., “The Last Officer: April 1865,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 67, no. 1 (January 1966): 3; John Snider Cooper Diary, April 2, 1865, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke. After a hard march that required its men to wade through waist-deep water, the 25th Ohio would not arrive until late on the evening of April 2. It did not participate in Gillmore’s review. See A. P. Zurbrugg to Dear Brother Frederick, March 15, 1865, in Thomas Edwards Collection, Box 2, Folder 1, BGSU.
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